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LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

nM MOORE, D.Sc.,

FELLOW OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, AND OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF LONDON; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF STETTIN,
AND OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF THE NETHERLANDS; ASSOCIATE
MEMBER OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, LONDON, AND OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY
OF BENGAL.

RHOPALOCERA.
FAMILY NYMPHALIDA.

SUB-FAMILY NYMPHALINA (continued), Groups LimenrtIna, NYMPHALINA, AND ARGYNNINA.

LONDON:

LOVELL REEVE & CO., LIMITED,
PUBLISHERS TO THE HOME, COLONIAL, AND INDIAN GOVERNMENTS,
6, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN.
1899—1900,

OFS) 7S
i yee
ee

DESCRIP LION =O PLAT iS.

Puare 287.
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Bimbisara Cartica, 3 9
(Dry- season brood) ‘
le, d. Bimbisara Cartica, ¢ Om et-
season brood) 6 .
2a. Bimbisara Burmana, ¢ .

la, b,c. Bimbisara Nashona, ¢ 9
2,2 a. Bimbisara Nar, 2 : 0
9

289.
Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Bimbisara Sankara, ¢ ?
(Wet-season brood) 5
1d, e, f, g. Bimbisara Sankar: 3 9
(Dry-season broo’) : : :

Puate 290.

Fig. 1, 1a. Bimbisara Quilta,
season brood) k
1 b, ¢, d,e. Bimbisara Quilta,
(Ww et-season brood)

Puate 291.

3 Rey
é 9

Fig. 1, 1 a, b, ¢. Bimbisara pseudovikasi,
3 Ff.
7, 2a, 6, ¢. Bimbisara Harita, 3 9
Prate 292.
Fig. 1, 1 a, b,¢. Bimbisara Omeroda, ¢ ?
2,2, b. Bimbisara Anjana, ¢ ?

)
’
Pruate 2938.

Bigs l,, La, 6: Pandassana fuliginosa,
3g (Dry y-season brood)
1 d, e, f, g. Pandassana fuliginosa,
3 2 (Wet-season brood)
Puate 294.
Fig. 1, 1 a,b, ¢. Stabrobates Radha, ¢ ?
Prater 295.
Fig. . Stabrobates Narayana, @
2a. Stabrobates Nana, ¢
3a. Stabrobates Manasa, ¢

4, 4a. Stabrobates Nycteus, ¢.
PLaTE 296
Fig. 1, la, b, «. Stabrobates Zaida, ¢ 9

(Dry-season brood) 5
1 d, e. Stabrobates Zaida, 3 cm et-
season brood) 5 :

PAGE

om oo

conw

PuaTE 297.
Fig. 1, 1 a,b, e. Stabrobates Ananta, J :
(Wet-season brood)

1d, e, f, yg. Stabrobates Ananta, 33
(Dry- season brood) : v

Puate 298.
Fig. 1. Piero Viraja (larva and pupa)
la, b, c,d, Stabrobates Viraja, ¢
(Dry-season brood) 5 .
2, 24. Stabrobates Nolana, ¢ 2 (Dny
season brood) : ;

PuateE 299.

Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Stabrobates Miah, ¢ 9
(Wet-season brood) ' :
1 ec, d, e. Stabrobates Miah, ¢ 2
(Dry-season brood)
Puate 300.
Fig. 1. Rahinda Hordonia (larva and
pupa) . a A : : :
1 a, 6, «. Rahinda Hordonia, ¢ 3
(Wet-season brood) ;
1 d, e, f. Rahinda Hordonia, . 9
(Dr y-season broo 1) A
Puate 301.
Fig. 1, la. Rahinda sinuata, ¢ 2.
2, 2 a, b, ce. Rahinda Cnacalis, ¢ g
(Wet-season brood) .
2d, e. Rahinda Cnacalis, ¢ ? (Dry-
season brood) : ‘ ;

PLATE 302.

Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Rahinda aurelia, ¢ 9?
2,2a,b. Rahinda Paraka, ¢ 2 (Dry-
season brood) : .
2 c, d. Rahinda Parakea,, 2 (Wet-

season brood)

Prate 303.

Fig. 1, la. Rahinda Assamica, ¢ :
2,2 a, b,c. Rahinda Dindinga, ¢ 2

(Dry-season brood)
2d,e. Rahinda Dindinga, 2
season brood)

(Wet-

PAGE

vl DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

PAGE
Puate 304.
Fig. 1, 1 a, U, c. Lasippa Heliodore, ¢ 9
(Dry-seasor, brood) 40
1d/,e, Lasippa Heliodore, g 2 (Wet-
Season brood) . 5 . 4]
2, 2a. Lasippa Kuhasa, @ : a) Ad
Puare 305.
Fig. 1, la. Lasippa Sattanga, g (Dry-
season brood) e . 42
1 b, ec. Lasippa Sattanga, 9 (Wet-
season brood) : : : Pe ee
2, 2a. Lasippa Camboja, ¢_ pe es
PLaTe 306.
Fig. 1, la. Cyrestis Thyodamas (larva
and pupa) . 0 . 48
1 b,c, Cyrestis Thyodamas, OR ee 4S
2, Qa. Cyrestis Andamanieca, ¢ ? 5 al

PLATE 3
Fig. 1, la. Cyrestis Nivalis, g 5 ao
2, eect Tabula, ¢ : Am)
3, 3 a, b. Chersonesia Risa, oe? 5
4, ie Chersonesia Rahrioides, ¢ 2 5

Puate 308.
Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Apsithra Cocles, ¢ 2 (Wet-

season brood) . 58
1 ¢, d,e. Apsithra Cocles, 3 e (Dry
season brood) 59

2, 2a, Apsithra Periander, 3 Q Gil
PuaTE 309.
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, Junonia Iphita, S 9 (Wet-

season brood) 64
1 c, d, e. Junonia Iphita, cE to) (Dry-
season brood) : 65
Prate 310.

Fig. 1. Junonia Atlites (larva and pupa) 67
1 a, b,e,d. Junonia Atlites, ¢ 9 ee 20:11

Puate 3811.

Fig. 1. Junonia Orithya (larva and pupa) 69
1 a, 6, ¢, d,e. Junonia Orithya, ¢ ? 69

Puate 312.

Fig. 1. Junonia Hierta (larva and pupa) 72
la, b,c, d,e. Junonia Hierta, $2. 72
Puate 315
Fig. 1, l a. b, ce, d, e. Junonia Lemonias,
roe : 75
Puate 314,

Fig. 1. Junonia Almana (larva and pupa) 78
la,b,e. Junonia Almana, gf 2 (Dry-

season brood) . a tis:
1 d,e,7f. Junonia Almana, 8 ©) (Wee
season brood) 6 ZS

Prate 315.
Fig. 1, la. Kaniska Canacea, ¢ 2
2. Kaniska Haroniea (larva and pupa)
2, a, b. Kaniska Haronica, ¢ 2
Prate 316,
Fig. 1, la. Euvanessa Antiopa, ¢ 9
2, 2a. Eugonia Xanthomelas, ¢ 2
3, 3a. Aglais Kaschmirensis, ¢ ?
PLatE 317.
Fig. 1, la. Aglais Rizana, ¢ 2
2, 2a. Aclais Ladakensis, ¢ Q
3, 3a. Polygonia Vau-album, ¢
Puate 318.
Fig. 1, la. Polygonia interpositaa 2? .
2,2 a, b, c. Polygonia C-album, ¢ 9
(Wet-season brood) : 5 5
2d, e. Polygonia C-album, 2 (Dry-
season brood) : ; .
Puate 319.
Fig. 1, la. Polygonia Cognata, 9 Ss
season brood) :
Nas ey ek Polygonia Cognata, 3 8
5 on y-season brood) 5
2a. Polygonia Agnicula, 3 (Wet-
season brood) 7 ; 5
2 b,c. Polygonia Agnicula, 3 (Dry-
season br 00d) : : .

Pirate 520.
Fig. 1, la, b. Vanessa Indica, ¢ 9?
2,2 a, b. Vanessa Cardui, g 2 :
3, 3a, b. Avaschnia Dohertyi, ¢ 9
Prate 321.
Fig. 1. Symbrenthia Lucina (larva and
pupa) . : : 5 ; :
l a,b, c. Symbrenthia Lucina, ¢ ?
( Wet-season brood) 5 : :
ld, e, f, g. Symbrenthia Lucina,
3 2 (Dry-season brood)
Prats 322.
Fig. 1, 1 a, b, ce, d. Symbrenthia Cotanda,
3 (Wet- season brood)

9 :
le, f, g, h. Symbrenthia Cotanda,
2 (Dry-season brood)
Puate 323.
Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Symbrenthia Brabira,
3 2 (Wet-season brood)
1 d,e. Symbrenthia Brabira, ¢ ‘(Dry-
season brood)
2, 2 a, 0b: Symbrenthia_ Sivokana,
2 2 (Wet-season brood)
Puate 324,
Fig. 1,1 @, 6, ¢. Symbreathia Hysudra,
3? (Wet- season brood) :
1 d, e, 7. g. Symbrenthia Hysudra,
6 2 (Dry-season brood)

114
115

116
117
117

118
is)

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

PLaTE 325.
Fig. 1, 1 a, 0, c. Symbrenthia Niphanda,
=) eho (Ww et-season brood) :
1 d, e. Symbrenthia Niphanda,

€
is ry-season brood) : . ;
z. Symbrenthia Silana, g (Wet-
season brood) : P
3 (Dry-

2,2

2b. Symbrenthia Silana,
season brood)
Puate 326.
_ Fig. 1, 1 a, b, ¢. Prothoe Angelica
2, 2a. Prothoe regalis, ¢
Puate 327.

Fig. 1, la. Agatasa Belisama, g.
2, 2a, b. Rhinopalpa Polynice,
Puate 328, ;

Fig.. 1, 1 a, b, c. Yoma Vasuki, ¢ 2. .
Puate 329.

Fig. 1, Apatura Bolina (larva and pupa)

1 a, b, c, d, e, f. Apatura Bolina, 1) Q
as et-season brood) :
Prats’ 330. °

Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c, d, e, f. Apatura Bolina,
3 2 (Dry-season brood) : :

Puate 331.
Hig. Uy La, b, 6, d,.€, f, 9.
(varieties) ‘i

38 ¢

Apatura Bolina

PLate 332.
Fig. 1, la. Apatura Misippus, ¢ ‘
1 b, c, d, e, 7. Apatura Misippus,
Prate 333.
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6. Penthema Lisarda, ¢ 2
Puate 334.
Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Penthema Darlisa g ?
PuateE 335.
Fig. 1, 1 a. Penthema Binghami, g . a
2, 2 a, b, ec. Doleschallia Andama-
_ nica, d ?
Puate 336,
Fig. 1, la, 6, ec. Doleschallia indica, 3 2 .
2. Doleschallia indica (larva and
pupa
2a, . Doleschallia indica e
Puate 337.
Fig. 1, 1 a, 4, c. Kallima Hiigelii, ¢ ?
(Dry-season brood) : é ¢
1 d, e. Kallima Hiigelii ¢ (Wet-
season brood) : ; : 3
PuatEe 338.
Fig. 1, la, 6, ¢. Kallima eagle dS *
(Driy-season brood)

PAGE

138

164

Puate 339,
Fig. 1, 1 a,b,¢,¢. Kallima Ee uke
CW ep season brood) ‘
Puatr 340.
Fig. 1, 1 a, b, ¢. Kallima Inachus, ¢ 2
(Dry-season brood) ‘
Puate 341,
Fig. 1, 1 a, U, c. Kallima Inachus, ¢ 2
(Wet-season brood)
Pirate 342.
Fig. 1, 1 a. Kallima Limborgii, ¢ 2
(Wi “et-season brood) é °
1, 0b, ¢. Kallima Limborgii, 3
(Dry-season brood) : ;
PuaTE 343,
Fig. 1, la, b, c. Kallima ee ae ?
(Dry-season liroorl)
Puate 3-44,
Fig. 1, la, d, ¢. Kallima Philarchus. ¢ 9
( Wet-season brood) : :
Puate 345.
Fig. 1, 1 a, 6, ec. Kallima Horsfieldii,
(Dry- Season brood)
PuateE 346.
Fig. 1, la. Kallima Horsfieldii (larva and
pupa) (Wet-season brocd) ‘
3?

aoe

b, ec. Kallima aaa
(IWet-season brood)

Pave 347.
Big: 1; 1a.

its)
+3.

Fig. 1,

Kallima Knyvetti. ¢
Kallima abbofasciata,

Puate 348.
Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c, d, e. Cethosia Cyane, J 9

Priate 349.

Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Cethosia Nikobarica, J 2
PraTE 350.
Fig. 1, la. Cethosia Mahratta ane and
pupa) é
1B, ¢ . Cethosia Ma hratta, ‘8S ae
Puate 351.
Fig. 1. Cethosia Nietneri (larva and
pupa)
Ie lsai03 ce: Cethosia N Tietneri, 3 ON.

PuatTeE 352.
Fig. 1, 1 a, b,¢, d. Cethosia Biblis, g

Puate 350.
Fig. 1, la. Cethosia Biblis, g (var, The-
bava) ;

IGG; Cc: Cethosia Biblis, 3 (variety)

vil

PAGE

164

165

166

169

170

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

vill
Prate 354.
Fig. 1, 1 a, b, ¢, Cynthia Erol hes
(Wi el-season brood) P 3
PuaTe 355.
Fig. 1, 1 a, b, c. Cynthia Erota, ¢ 9
(Dry-season brood) : :
PLATE 356.
Fig. 1. Cynthia Saloma (larva and pupa) .
1 a, b. Cynthia Saloma, 3 Q (Wet-
season brood) : 5
PuaTE 357.
Fig. 1, 1 a, b, ¢. Cynthia Saloma, id ?
(Dry-season brood)
PuLatE 358.
Fig. 1. ae Asela (larva and pupa)
la, 6. Cynthia Asela, 2 .
PLATE ate
Fig. 1, la. Terinos Clarissa, ¢ .
2, 2a, b. Issoria Sinha, go ?
PLaTE 360.
Fig. 1. Atella Phalantha (larva and pupa)
1 a, 6, c. Atella Phalantha, ¢ ?
(Wet-season brood) ;
1 d, e f. Atella Phalanthra, 3 :
(Dry-season broo:) :
Prate 361.
Fig. 1, 1 a, b. Atella Alcippoides, ¢ 9?
(Wet-season brood) : 5 ,
1 d, e. Atella Aleippoides, g (Dry-
ane brood) ; :
2,2 a, b. Atelia fr: nterne! 3 2
PLATE 362.
Fig. 1, 1 a, b, ce. Cupha Erymanthis, ¢ 9
2. Cupha Maja (larva and pupa)
2 a, b, c. Cupha Maja, ¢ 9
Pate 363.
Fig. 1, 1 a. Cupha placida, ¢ 9
2, Gani Andamanica, ¢
3, 3 a, b, c. Ducapa fasciata, gS 2
4, Ducapa flavobrunnea, ¢
Prate 364.
Fig. 1, 1 a, b, ¢. Cirrochroa Aoris, ¢ 2
aye et-season brood) c
1 d, e. Cirrochroa ee 2 (Dry. =
season brood)
PLATE 365.
Fig. 1, 1 a. Cirrochroa Abnormis, ¢. ;
2,2 ce. Cirrochroa olivacea, ¢ 9
PLaTE 366.
Fig. 1, la, b, ¢. Cirrochroa Mithila, ¢ ?

(Wet-season brood)
1 d, e. Cirrochroa Mithila, 3 g (ry
season brood) :

PAGE

188

Puate 367.

Fig. 1, 1 a, 3, ¢.

PuLate :
Fig.

PLATE
Fig.

PLATE
Fig

PLATE
Fig.

ic. 1, la

Sale IL ar

«1, 1a, b. Rathora Issea,

Cirrochroa Anjira, ¢ 2.

2, 2a. Cirrochroa Surya, ¢ 9 pia
season brood)

2b, e. Cirrochroa Surya, é 2 (Dry. iy
season brood) -

368.

1, 1 a, b, c. Cirrochroa Thais, ¢ 9
(Wet-season brood)

1 d, e, f, g, h. Cirrochroa Thais, id 7
(Dry-season brood)

369,

1. Cirrochroa Lanka (larva and pupa)

la, b, ce, d. Cirrochroa Lanka, ¢ 2
( Wet-season brood) : é :

1 e, f. Cirrochroa Lanka, ¢ (Dry-
season brood) : ¢

370,

b, ¢. Cirrochroa Nieobarica,
3 2 (Wet-season brood) :

1 d, e. Cirrochroa Nicobariea, ¢
(Dry-season brood)

371,

1, la, b. Dryas Kamala, $2 .
2,2 a,b. Dryas Rudra, ¢ 2 .

372.

1, 1 a, b. Dryas Childreni, ¢ ?

2, 2a. Dryas Sakontala, ¢ ?

373.

1, 1a, 6. Acidalia Hyperbius, ¢ ? .
2, 2a. Acidalia Castetsi; ¢ 2 . :

O74.

7 iD i a, b, e. Argynnis Jainadeva, ¢ 2

2,2 a, b. Argynnis Vitatha, ¢ 9 P
375.

oan
2, 2a, b, ¢, d. Boloria Sipora, 3?
376.

1, la, b. Boloria generator, ¢? .
2, Ya. Boloria Hegemone, ¢ z
3, 3a. Boloria Chitralensis, OR :
4, 4a, 6. Boloria Jerdoni, ¢ 2

, 6. Boloria gemmata, ¢ ? ;
2, 2a. ” Boloria altissima, g
3, 38a. Boloria Mackinnonii, 4 9

Prate 378.

la, b, 2. Boioria Clara, g 2

Lo lo
om

bE PLDOP TERA ENDICA.

Sub-family NYMPHALINZA (continued).
Genus BIMBISARA.

Bimbisara, Moore, Lep. Indica, iii. p. 146 (1898).
Neptis (part), Auctorum.
Neptis (sect. 2, part), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 30 (1861).

Imaco.—Wings comparatively more elongated and narrower than in the species
of typical Neptis (Acevis, etc.). Forewing elongated, subtriangular ; costa slightly
arched from the base, exterior margin slightly oblique and scalloped, posterior
margin strongly recurved ; first subcostal branch emitted at one-third before end of
the cell, second at one-ninth before the end; discocellulars extremely short, both
outwardly-oblique ; cell open; lower median emitted at half-way before the opposite
discocellulars. Hindwing elongate, triangular; anterior margin very convex and
oblique apically, exterior margin very obliquely convex, scalloped; with a broad
glossy-white costal band and a medially-disposed unglossed brownish-grey patch
extending from costal vein to below base of subcostals ; costal vein ending at about
one-fourth before the apex; precostal vein short, bent outward near end; subcostal
branch and radial at a lengthened but equal distance from the costal vein; cell area
broad, open. Body moderately stout ; palpi slender, laxly hairy; antenne with a
lengthened slender club ; eyes naked.

Typg. B. Sankara [Amba].

BIMBISARA CARTICA.

Neptis Cartica, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 562, ¢ 2. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii.
p- 89 (1886)—Dry-season.

Neptis Carticoides, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 309. de Nicéville, le. p. 90 (1886) — Wet-
season,

Dry-season brood (Plate 287, fig. 1, la, b, d 2).

Iuaco.—Male and female. Upperside dark fuliginous-black, with blacker
voL. lv. January 2nd, 1899. B

2 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

intervening spaces between the veins ; cilia slightly alternated with white ; markings
fulizinous-white. Forewing with an elongated discoidal streak, which is broadly
indented at upper end of the cell; a transverse discal excurved macular band,
composed of three subapical spots, of which the upper is minute, slender, and
divided by the third subcostal veinlet, the two next somewhat elongate, and decreasing
in size, and four lower spots, the first of which is between the upper and middle
medians, small and dentate, the second larger and broadly conical, the third broadly
triangular, the lowest being narrow and slightly expanded on the posterior margin ;
these are bordered outwardly by a slender pale brownish-white inner-submarginal
wavy line, a broader submarginal lunular hne—which is almost white in the female,
and then by a marginal slender line. Hindwing crossed by a broad inner-discal
band, and a narrower more diffused outer band, between which is a pale brown
medial-discal sinuous fascia, and beyond a marginal slender line. Underside dark
ferruginous; markings as above, tinged with pinkish-white, the three marginal lines
on forewing more prominent and lilacine-white. Hindwing also with a broad basal
pinkish-white band, the medial discal sinuous fascia and marginal line lilacine-
white. Body and palpi above, blackish; palpi and thorax beneath, forelegs and
middle and hind femora pale grey ; abdomen beneath and middle and hind tibiz and
tarsi pale greyish-ochreous ; antennz blackish above, tip and beneath reddish.
Expanse, d ? 2;% to 2; inches.

Wet-season brood (Plate 287, fig. 1, c,d, ¢@).

Imaco.—Male. Smaller than dry-season form; markings similar. Upperside
dark fuliginous-brown, with blackish intervening spaces between the veins.
Forewing with a narrower and more sullied fuliginous discoidal streak and subapical
spots, the latter being smaller, the lower discal spots half the size of those in dry-
season examples, the upper one being minute, the next triangular, and the two
lower narrow. Hindwing with the inner-discal white band narrower, the outer-discal
band much sullied with fuliginous. Underside of a darker ground-colour than
dry-season form, the markings narrower, as above, otherwise the same.

Expanse, ¢ 2 inches.

Hasirat.—Nepal; Sikkim; Khasia and Naga Hills.

Distrinution.—Several specimens of the dry-season form were taken in Nepal
by the late General G. Ramsay, of which we possess examples of both sexes. Mr. de
Nicéville records it as ‘“‘rather a rare species in Sikkim, but occurs from April to
October ”’ (/.c. 89). ‘It is found in the lower valleys of Sikkim throughout the
warm weather, but is certainly not a common species” (id. Sikkim Gaz. 1894,
137). Numerous specimens of the dry-season form have been received from the

NYMPHALINA (Group LIMENITINA.,) 3

Khasia Hills by Colonel C. Swinhoe. The type specimen of the wet-season form
(Carticoides) and a second male, from Darjiling, is also in our possession, A male
of the wet-season form is also in the British Museum, and one from Sikkim in Mr.
W. Rothschild’s collection. Mr. de Nicéville also records “a single male of the
latter form, in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, taken in Sikkim by Mr. Otto Méller”’
(Butt. Ind. i. 90).

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 287, figs. 1, la, b, are from the
type male and female Cartica—the dry-season form, and figs. 1, c, d, from the type
male Carticoides—the wet-season form,

BIMBISARA BURMANA (Plate 287, fig. 2, 2a, ¢).
Neptis Burmana, de Nicéville, Journ, Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 251, pl. 9, fig. 9.

Imaco.—Male. Upperside black, with prominent white markings. Forewing
with the discoidal streak narrow and deeply indented (or entirely divided in some)
at end of the cell; the discal series of spots well separated, somewhat smaller and
more rounded than in B. Cartica, the three marginal lines distinct, but narrower,
the middle line white. Hindwing with the inner-discal band somewhat narrower
than in B. Cartica, the outer-discal band prominent, and somewhat macular ;
marginal line pale. Underside darker ferruginous than in Cartica, markings as
above, all very prominent, and pinkish-white. Hindwing also with a broad pinkish-
white basal band, and a slightly-defined medial discal sinuous fascia.

Female. Upperside as in male; the markings less prominent and somewhat
sullied-white. Underside as in male.

Eixpanse, ¢ 2,4, ? 2; to 2,% inches.

Hasirat.—Burma ; Upper Tenasserim.

Drstrisution.—Described by Mr. de Nicéville from two males in Col. Marshall’s
collection, “ both taken by Capt. C.T. Bingham, one on the Donat Range in January,
the other at Sekkam, Thoungyeen, in February” (de N. lc. 251). Specimens of
both sexes, taken at Tilin Yaw, February, March, and April, by Capt. HE. Y. Watson,
during the Chin-Lushai Expedition, are in the British Museum. Col. C. H. E.
Adamson has a male taken at Toungya, Sekkam, in February. We possess two
males from the Upper Mekong, Shan States, Burma, taken by Mr. R. Roberts, C.E.

BIMBISARA NASHONA (Plate 288, fig. 1, la, b,c, d 9).
Neptis Nashona, Swinhoe, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1896, p. 357.

Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside olivescent fuliginous-black; markings
B 2

4 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

fuliginous-white ; cilia alternated with white. Forewing with an elongated entire
discoidal streak which extends half-way along the upper median veinlet and slightly
below its base; the subapical spots are well-separated and broader than in
pseudovikasi, the three lower discal decreasing spots being rounded, the lowest not ex-
panding on the margin; the inner submarginal line is lunular, not sinuous, the outer
lines broader. Hindwing with the inner-discal band broader than in pseudovikasi,
and somewhat macular, the outer-discal band being also much broader, diffused, and
sullied ; the marginal line distinct. Underside chestnut-red, paler than in pseudovi-
asi, with lower discal dusky intervening spaces; the markings as above, slightly
broader and lilacine-white, the basal lilacine fascia broad and prominent; no
subbasal fascia. Body and palpi above black; palpi and thorax beneath, forelegs,
middle and hind femora grey ; abdomen beneath, middle and hind tibiz and tarsi
pale greyish-ochreous ; antennz black, tipt with red.

Expanse, ¢ 2,5, ¢ 2;% inches.

Hasirat.—Cherra Punji; Khasia Hills.

Distrisution.—So far as is yet known this species is restricted to the district of
the Khasia Hills, from whence Col. C. Swinhoe has received numerous specimens.

BIMBISARA SANKARA.
Wet-season brood (Plate 289, fig. 1, la, b,c, ¢ ?).
Limenitis Sankara, Kollar, Hugel’s Kaschmir, iv. 2, p. 428, 9 (1844). de Nicéville, Butt. of India,
ete., 1. p. 175 (1886).
Athyma Sankara, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. ii. p. 274 (1850).
Neptis Sankara, de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 350.
Neptis Amba, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1858, p. 7, pl. 49, fig. 4, g. de Nicéville, Butt. India, etc.,
ii. p. 88 (1886),

Imaco.—Male. Upperside fuliginous-black; markings white; cilia alternated
with white. Forewing with an elongated discoidal streak, which is indented at the
upper end of the cell; an excurved transverse discal broad macular band, composed
of a slender costal streak divided by the second subcostal veinlet, two elongated
subapical somewhat oval spots, a very small more or less obscurely defined dentate
spot, a short smal) dentate spot, a large broad ovate spot, a broad triangular spot,
and lastly a narrower longer spot on posterior margin; beyond is a submarginal
obscure black-bordered pale brown lunular line, and a less distinct marginal slender
line. Hindwing crossed by a broad inner-discal band, and a narrow outer-discal
lunular band, followed by an indistinct pale brown marginal lunular line, the
submarginal band being sometimes sullied with pale brown. Underside rich dark
ferruginous ; markings as above, but somewhat broader and all pinkish-white,

NYMPHALINZ. (Group LIMENITINA.) 5

including the two marginal lunular lines on both wings. Hindwing also with a
narrow pinkish-white basal and a subbasal fascia, and a less-defined medial discal
sinuous fascia.

Female. Upperside as in male; markings the same, but in some examples
slightly sullied yellowish-white. Underside as in male. Body and palpi above
fuliginous-black; palpi and thorax beneath, forelegs, middle and hind femora
ereyish-white ; abdomen beneath and middle and hind tibiz and tarsi pale ochreous-
white.

Expanse, d 2;%, ? 3 inches.

Dry-season brood (Plate 289, fig. ld, e, fy g, g ¢).

Neptis Amboides, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 241, ¢ O.

Smaller than wet-season brood. Male. Upperside. Ground-colour duller black.
Forewing with the discoidal streak broader, the discal spots also broader and more
compactly disposed. Hindwing with the discal band broader. Underside ground-
colour somewhat paler and duller coloured; markings broad, as above, otherwise as
in wet-season.

Female. Upperside; ground-colour duller black than in wet-season, the
markings sullied white. Underside as in male.

Expanse, d 2,3, 9 2;4 inches.

Hasirat.— Western Himalayas; Nepal.

Nots.— We have identified Kollar’s insect (Sankara) with that of Amba, from a
coloured drawing of his type specimen in the Nat, History Museum at Vienna,
kindly sent to us by Dr. Rogenhoffer.

Distripution.—We possess a male of the wet-season form taken in Kashmir by
the late Capt. R. Bayne Reed, two females from Naini Tal, and both sexes from
Nepal, taken by the late Genl. G. Ramsay; we have also the type specimens of the
dry-season form (Amboides), the males from Ruttun Pir, Kashmir, taken by Capt.
Reed, and the female from Kangra, taken by the Rev. J. H. Hocking. There are
specimens from Simla, Kangra, and Almora, in the British Museum. Mr. J. H.
Leech possesses specimens from Sultanpur, Kulu, taken by Mr. A. G. Young, and
from Dana, taken in August by Mr. MacArthur. Mr. L. de Nicéville records it as
**a common species in Simla; specimens from Kulu Valley and Masuri are in the
Indian Museum, Calcutta, and in Col. A. M. Lang’s collection, from Kunawur. Mrs.
Deane took it in Chini in June” (Butt. Ind. 1. 88). Mr. W. Doherty records it
from the ‘‘ Kali and Sarsu Valleys, 2000 to 5000 feet elevation, Kumaon” (J. A. S.
Beng. 1886, 125).

Hasirs or Imaco.—Mr. de Nicéville says that he ‘‘ always met with it in beds of

6 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

streams” (Indian Agriculturist, July, 1880). Col. Lang states that “it has the
same flight as N. Astola, but more fond of pitching on the ground in the shade of
trees and rocks” (MS. Notes).

BIMBISARA QUILTA (Plate 290, fig. 1, la, § (dry-season), fig. 1b, c, d, e, g 2 (wet-season brood).
Neptis Quilta, Swinhoe, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 408, ¢ 9.

Tmaco.—Male and female. Upperside olivescent-black, the veins outwardly
lmed with olivescent greyish-brown. Forewing with the discoidal streak, and
transverse discal bands on both wings, as in B. Sankara, but all narrower, smaller,
and less prominent, those of the male, in the dry-season brood, being sullied-white,
and of both sexes in the wet-seasun brood more or less olivescent-white ; in some
freshly-captured females the bands being slightly tinted with very pale yellowish-
ochreous; the outer marginal lunular lines brownish-grey. Underside darker
purpurescent ferruginous-brown; all the markings similar, but comparatively
narrower, as above, and less prominent.

Expanse, ¢ 2,4 to 2,8, ? 8 inches.

Hasitrat.—Sikkim; Bhotan ; Jaintia, Garro and Naga Hills; Burma.

Distripution.—The type specimens are recorded from Cherra Punji; Colonel
Swinhoe has also examples from the Jaintia and Naga Hills; a male from the Garro
Hills is in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection. We have it also from E. Pegu, taken by
Mr. W. Doherty, and from Bhotan, taken by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon. Specimens
from Sikkim, taken by Mr. Dudgeon in June, and from E. Pegu, 500 to 2000 feet
elevation, taken by Mr. Doherty in March and April, are in the British Museum.

Norr.—The female of Pantoporia Zeroca is, apparently, a mimic of this species.

BIMBISARA NAR (Plate 288, fig. 2, 2a, 9).
Neptis Nar, de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc, 1891, p. 349, pl. F. fig. 6, 2.

Imaco.— Female. Upperside brownish-black, with blacker intervening border-
ing patches between the veins; cilia slightly alternated with white. orewing with
an elongated pale brownish-ochreous streak occupying lower half of the cell and
joined to a discocellular triangular ochreous-white spot beyond ; three subapical
outwardly-oblique conjoined ochreous-white spots, their edges tinged with darker
ochreous, the upper spot slender, very small; four inwardly-oblique ochreous-white
spots, the two upper being discal, the others on posterior margin, the uppermost
spot composed of a clump of ochreous scales only, the next rounded, the two

NYMPHALINE. (Group LIMENITINA.) 7

posterior divided by the submedian vein; beyond is a submarginal sinuous obscure
pale brown line and then a marginal slender straight line. Hindwing crossed by a
discal broad almost pure white band, which is anteriorly decreasing in width from
the abdominal margin, but does not reach the costa; an obscure sullied brownish-
ochreous narrower submarginal band, and a less defined narrow marginal line.
Underside blackish-brown, with darker intervening spaces between the veins; all
the white markings, as in upperside, suffused with pale violet-grey. Forewing with
the discoidal streak entire, but indented anteriorly at end of the cell; the discal
spots larger and whiter, the two outer lines broader, prominent, and purplish-white.
Hindwing with a short basal costal pure white band, and a short subbasal pale violet-
grey band, an outer discal narrow sinuous violet-grey band, the submarginal band
and marginal line being also violet-grey. Body and palpi above brownish-black,
abdomen with a broad pale violet-grey band; beneath and legs pale violet-grey.

Expanse, ¢ 2,% inches.

Hasirat.—S, Andamans,

DIstTRIBUTION.
Mr. R. Wimberley, being the only specimens seen by him among many thousands

Described by Mr. de Nicéville from two examples received from

of butterflies from Port Blair received during the last twelve years. A single female
is in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection.
Nore.—tThis species is probably mimicked by the female of Pantoporia rufula.

BIMBISARA PSEUDOVIKASI (Plate 291, fig. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 2).

Imaco.—Male and female. Both sexes comparatively larger than the Javan
Vikasi. Upperside dark olivescent fuliginous-brown, with prominent blacker inter-
vening discal patches. Darkest and more richly coloured on both upper and
underside, and with more prominent markings, in the wet-season brood. Fore-
wing with the indented discoidal pale sullied olivescent greyish-ochreous streak
somewhat narrower, and its end more prolonged; the transverse discal excurved
series of pale spots smaller, the subapical series being conspicuously narrower,
slender and elongated in shape. Hindwing with the discal and both outer bands
paler and slightly narrower. Underside brown with dark purple-brown interspaces
between the markings ; with all the bands, as above, comparatively narrower and
purpurescent-white, the basal and subbasal pale lilacine fascia on hindwing distinct.
Body and palpi above dark brown; palpi and thorax beneath, forelegs, middle and hind
femora pale grey ; abdomen beneath, middle and hind tibiz and tarsi pale ochreous,

Expanse, ¢ 2;% to 2,5, ° 2;% to 8 inches.

Hasirat.—Sikkim ; Bhotan; Khasia and Garro Hills.

8 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Distriputioy.—We possess specimens from Sikkim, from Bhotan, taken by Mr.
G. C. Dudgeon, and from Cherra Punji and Khasia Hills. A specimen from the
Garro Hills is in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection. Colonel C. Swinhoe has received
numerous examples from the Khasia Hills. Mr. de Nicéville records it, as Vikasi,
as “a common species in Sikkim, occurring at low elevations almost throughout the
year” (Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 187).
Mr. W. Doherty records Vikasi as “rare in the Sarju Valley at Kapkot, Kumaon,
at 4000 feet elevation’ (J. A. Soc. Bengal, 1886, 125). This latter locality may
probably refer to the present species.

BIMBISARA HARITA (Plate 291, fig. 2, 2a, b,c, ¢ 9).

Neptis Harita, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 571, pl. 66, fig. 8, 9. de Nicéville, Butt. of India,
etc, ii. p. 92 (1886).

Neptis Vikasi, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 152, pl. 16, fig. 13, 2 (1883)—mnec Horsf.

Neptis Vikasi, var. Harita, Distant, id. p. 444, pl. 43, fig. 8, g.

Txaco.—Male and female. Upperside olivescent fuliginous-brown, with blacker
intervening patches between the markings. Jorewing with rather indistinct paler
olivescent-brown narrow discoidal streak and dentate discocellular mark, two trans-
verse discal series of obscure narrow pale black-bordered zigzag lunules, the upper
and lower pair in each series being broadest, and the one between the middle and
lower median of the inner series is broader and dentate in the female; and two
submarginal similar slender lunular lines, these markings being somewhat more
distinct in the female. Hindwing with a paler narrow inner-discal transverse band
with dark outer border, beyond which is a blackish medial-discal macular fascia,
and then a submarginal row of pale-bordered blackish dentate-lunules, these
markings being most distinct in the female. Underside brighter olive-brown;
markings as above; the cell-streak, discal, and outer lines being violet-white and
most prominent in the female.

Expanse, 2 to 2,5 inches.

Hasirat.—E, Bengal; Assam; Cachar; Khasia Hills; Burma; Tenasserim ;
Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; Borneo.

DistriBuTIon.—We possess the male and female type specimens from “ Hastern
Bengal.” Mr. de Nicéville records “a single specimen in the Indian Museum,
Calcutta, taken in the Dunseri Valley, Upper Assam, and a male from Cachar,
taken in July by Mr. J. Wood-Mason” (Butt. Ind. 92). A female from Tezpore,
Assam, is in Mr. R. H. F. Rippon’s collection. Colonel C. Swiuhoe possesses
specimens from the Khasias. There are also Assam and Khasia examples in Mr. W.

NYMPHALINA. (Group LIMENITINA.) 9

Rothschild’s collection. A female from Tounghoo, Burma, is in Mr. H. Grose-Smith’s
collection. A female taken by Mr. A. O. Hume at Malawoon, Burma, males from
Houngdraw Valley, Upper Tenasserim, taken in January by Capt. C. T. Bingham,
and a female from Mergui, are in the British Museum Collection. Dr. J. Anderson
also obtained it in the Mergui Archipelago in the cold season. Col. C. H. E.
Adamson records specimens taken in Akyab, and Tenasserim (List, p. 20), of which
we have examined examples from Tavoy, taken in November. The late Mr.
A. R. H. Tucker took specimens at Andhiaza, north of Tavoy, nearly at sea-level,
in October, 1891. A male from Malacca, taken by Capt. 8. Pinwill, is in the
British Museum. Mr. W. L, Distant records it from Province Wellesley, and Perak,
in the Malay Peninsula (Le. pp. 152, 444). Col. Swinhoe also has it from Perak,
and Borneo. Mr. D. Cator possesses specimens taken at Sandakan, N. Borneo, in
October, which we have verified,

Both sexes of this species may be distinguished from B, Omeroda, on the
upperside, by its more obscurely defined markings, and on the forewing, in both
the upper and underside, by the lower spots of the inner discal series being
dentate in form, and on the hindwing by the submarginal row of blackish lunules.

BIMBISARA ANJANA (Plate 292, fig. 2, 2a, b, J ?).

Neptis Anjana, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 309, g. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 92
(1886). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 445, pl. 36, fig. 11 (1886).

Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark olivescent blackish-brown, with blacker inter-
vening bordering patches between the veins; markings obscurely defined and of a
sullied pale olivescent yellowish-ochreous ; cilia slightly alternated with white.
Forewing with a narrow elongated discoidal streak which is indented anteriorly
above the middle median veinlet; a transverse discal excurved narrow macular
band, the lower portion being very obliquely-disposed inward, the spots of the
upper portion small, slender, but slightly dentate, those of the lower portion trans-
versely narrow and ovate, the medial portion being linear; beyond is a submarginal
very narrow lunular band, and a less-defined slender marginal line. Hindwing
crossed by a narrow inner-discal band and a similar outer-discal recurved band,
followed by a less-defined slender submarginal line. Costal border glossy violet-
grey, extending medially to below the first subcostal veinlet and enclosing an oval
pale ochreous-yellow patch of unglossed scales between base of costal vein and first
subcostal. Underside dark purplish chestnut-red ; discoidal streak and transverse
bands, and lines, as above, but broader, and glossy purplish-white, or, in certain

VOL. 1V. ©

10 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

lights, bluish-white. Jorewing also with the discal interspaces darkest, and with a
slender inner submarginal purplish-white lunular line. Hindwing also with a short
basal purplish-white band, and a medial-discal sinuous band ; each of the outer
bands being also bent inward to the costa above the upper subcostal.

Female. Upperside as in the male, the markings somewhat broader and
brighter pale olivescent yellowish-ochreous, Underside as in male.

Expanse, ¢ 2,5, % 2,8, inches.

Hasitar.—Lower Burma; Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; Borneo.

Distrisution.—The type specimen was taken in Moulmain. A male from
Meetan, and a female from Tenasserim taken in April by Col. Bingham, is in the
British Museum. Mr. W. Doherty found it not uncommon in H, Pegu during
March and April. “A male in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, was obtained by
Col. C. T. Bingham in the Mepley Valley, Upper Tenasserim, and one from the
Donat Range, taken in January, is in Major Marshall’s collection” (de Nicéville,
Le. p. 92). It also occurs at Perak, Malay Peninsula. Specimens from Perak are
in Col. Swinhoe’s collection. Males from Labuan, and Sarawak, Borneo, are
in the British Museum, and a male and female from Kinabalu, N. Borneo, is in
Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection. Mr. de Nicéville records it from Sumatra,
where it is found only in the Hills at 38000 feet elevation” (J. As. Soc. Bengal,
1895, 409).

Cuinese AND Inpo-Matayan Species.—Bimbisara Sinica (Neptis Amba (part),
Leech, Butt. of China, p. 199). Upperside blacker than in typical Amba (Sankara),
the white discoidal streak on forewing and the two bands on hindwing comparatively
narrower. On the underside these bands are also narrower, and there is only one
narrow outer submarginal lunular line, in both sexes of Amba there are two.
Habitat. W.China.—Bimbisara Antonia (Neptis Antonia, Oberthiir, Htudes Entom.
1876, p. 22, pl. 4, fig. 8, d. Syn. Neptis Amba, var. Leech, Butt. China, p. 199,
pl. 19, fig. 1, 2 (1892). Habitat. Moupin, W. China.—Bimbisara micromegethes
(Neptis micromegethes, Holland, Trans. Ent. Soc. Amer. 1887, p. 118. Habitat.
Hainan.—Bimbisara Omeroda (Plate 292, fig. 1, la, b,c, d ¢), Neptis Omeroda, Moore,
Proce. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 571). Male and female. Upperside dark olivescent
fuliginous-brown, with blacker intervening spaces between the veins; banded with
paler fuliginous brown; the upper series of transverse discal spots on forewing
narrow, almost oval in the female, the lower series rounded in both sexes. Under-
side dull purpurescent-brown in male, brighter brown in female, with black inter-
vening spaces between the markings, as above, the markings being pale fuliginous-
brown in male and violescent white in the female. Expanse, 3 2,4, % 2,% to
2,4, inches. Habitat. Penang; Singapore; Sumatra; Borneo. ‘The type speci-
men of Oimeroda now under examination, from Penang, a male from Sumatra

NYMPHALINZ (Group LIMENITIN4A.) 11

(Wallace) and a female from Singapore are in the Oxford University Museum. <A
male and female from Sumatra and a female from Borneo are in Mr. P. Crowley’s
collection. We possess both sexes from Borneo ; females from Borneo and Sumatra
are in Mr. H. Grose-Smith’s collection. A male and female from Labuan, Borneo,
are in the British Museum. Both sexes of Omeroda differ from the Javan species,
Vikasi, on the upperside, in the discoidal streak, and discal bands, being com-
paratively narrower and of a pale fuliginous brown, in Vikasi they are sullied
brownish-white; the discal series of spots on forewing are narrower, the lower
spots being rounded, in Vikasit they are broadly dentate. On the underside the
ground-colour is duller brown than in Vikasi, the streak and discal bands less
prominent, especially in the male.—Bimbisara Kheilii. Male. Upperside olivescent
fuliginous-brown, with blacker interspaces between the veins. Forewing with a
very slender sullied-white discoidal streak and point beyond the cell; two
prominent pure white subapical oblique spots and a lower discal rounded similar
white spot between the middle and lower median veinlets; a very indistinct slender
sullied brownish-whitish short outwardly-oblique streak above the latter, and an
inner-oblique similar streak below it; two submarginal very slender sullied
brownish-whitish sinuous lines and a marginal recular line. Hindwing with a
prominent white inner-discal band, a very slender medial-discal and an outer sub-
marginal indistinct sullied brownish line, between which is a slightly more distinct
inner submarginal slender lunulated line. Underside paler, with all the markings
more defined. Female. Upperside as in male, with all the markings more
prominent. Underside the same. Quite distinct from TJlira and Omeroda.
Expanse, ¢ 2, ? 2, inches. Types in Coll. Rothschild. Habitat. Nias Island,
—Bimbisara Ilira (Neptis Iliva, Kheil, Rhop. Nias, p. 24, pl. 3, fig.18, 14, ¢ 2°
(1884). Habitat. Nias Island.—Bimbisara Vikasi (Neptis Vikasi, Horsfield, Catal.
Lep. Mus. H. I. C. pl. 5, fig. 2, 2a, 2 (1829). Standinger, Exot. Schmett.
pl. 50. Male and female. Upperside dark olivescent fuliginous-brown. Fore-
wing with a rather broad pale sullied brownish-white discoidal streak, distinctly
indented at upper end of the cell; discal excurved series of spots broadly dentate,
broadest in female ; a very slender inner submarginal sinuous line, a middle lunular
line, and then an outer marginal even line. Hindwing with a moderately broad
inner-discal and a narrow outer-discal band, also a slender less defined submarginal
line and an obscure medial-discal line. Underside pale brown, with prominent
dark purplish-brown interspaces between the markings, as above, which are tinged
with purpurescent-white. Hxpanse, ¢ 2,45 to 2;, % 2; to 2;% inches. Habitat.
Java.—Bimbisara Celebica (Neptis Celebica, Wallace, MS.). Female. Larger than
Java Vikasi. Upperside with all the markings obscurely defined, the upper and
lower portions of the discal curved macular band on forewing somewhat narrower,
c 2

12 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

on the hindwing the narrow medial-discal pale line is broader and the outer-discal
band much broader. Underside with all the markings and bands broader than on
upperside, those on the hindwing conspicuously broader, and all being browner
than in Vikasi. Expanse, 2;% inches. Type in Hewitson Coll. British Museum.
Habitat. Macassar.—Bimbisara Palawanica (Neptis Palawanica, Staudinger, Deuts.
Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 64). Habitat. Palawan.—Bimbisara Nitetis (Neptis Nitetis,
Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iv. Nep. pl. 1, fig. 5, ? (1868). Semper, Reise Phil. Lep.
p- 150, pl. 30, fig. 1—3, d %. Syn. Neptis Vikasina, Staudinger, MS. Habitat.
Mindanao, Philippines.—Bimbisara Vibusa (Neptis Vibusa, Semper, Reise Phil. Lep.
p. 150, pl. 29, fig. 19, 2). Habitat. S. Mindanao.

Genus PANDASSANA.
Pandassana, Moore, Lep. Indica, iii. p. 146 (1898).

Imaco.—Male. Forewing subtriangular, rather short; costa very slightly
arched at the base, apex obtuse, exterior margin very slightly convex and almost
even, posterior margin slightly recurved; first subcostal branch emitted at fully
one-third before end of the cell, second at one-tenth before the end; first disco-
cellular outwardly-oblique, second concave; cell open. Hindwing conically-ovate ;
anterior margin gently arched towards the end, apex obtuse, exterior margin very
obliquely-convex, scalloped; precostal vein abruptly bent outward; subcostal
branch emitted near to costal, radial at nearly twice the distance from base of sub-
costal branch. Body moderately slender ; palpi very slender, finely hairy ; antennal
club stout ; eyes naked.

Tyre.—P. fuliginosa.

PANDASSANA FULIGINOSA.
Dry-season brood (Plate 293, fig. 1, la, b,e, gd ¢).

Neptis fuliginosa, Moore, Trans, Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 31. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 90
(1886)— Dry-season.

Neptis Thamala, Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, p. 36, pl. 3, fig. 1, 9 —Wet-season.

Imaco,—Male and female. Upperside dark fuliginous olive-brown. Forewing
with a fuliginous ochreous-white entire discoidal streak, two very indistinctly
defined spots situated between the bases of subcostal and lower radial veinlet, a
transverse discal interrupted rather broad macular band, two slender submarginal
lunular lines, and a less defined marginal line. Hindwing with a broad inner-discal
and an outer-discal band, a less distinct slender intervening medial-discal line, and
a similar outer marginal line. Underside paler fuliginous-brown, with markings as
above, but more prominent and whiter, the subcostal vein of forewing basally,

NYMPHALINA. (Group LIMENITINA.) 13

being also whitish, the hindwing having also an additional subbasal band, a less
defined shorter basal, and an additional outer marginal line. Body and palpi above
brown, beneath and legs fuliginous-white ; antenne black, tip reddish beneath.

oS)

Expanse, 3 2, ? 2, inches.

Wet-season brood (Plate 293, fig. d,e, f,g, d ?).

Male and female. Upperside dark fuliginous olive-brown ; markings slightly
narrower than in dry-season brood. Forewing with a pale dusky brownish-ochreous
entire discoidal streak, two small spots above end of the cell, two transverse discal
curved macular bands, a submarginal narrower band, and a slender marginal line,
the submarginal band with a large conical spot protruded between the radial and
upper median. Hindwing with an inner-discal and an outer-discal shghtly recurved
brownish-ochreous band, between which is a slender paler band, and beyond is a
similar submarginal band and a marginal line. Underside paler brown ; markings
as above, but of a yellowish-ochreous, the subcostal vein of forewing also ochreous,
and the hindwing also with a subbasal and a short basal ochreous band.

Expanse, ¢ 1,8, 2 2,% inches.

Hasitat.—Lower Burma; Tenasserim; Sumatra; Borneo.

Distrisution.—The type specimen of fuliginosa was taken at Moulmain by
Major C. H. E. Adamson, and the types of Thamala in Mergui, in February, and
at Pilai in March, by Dr. J. Anderson, and are in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. A
female of the dry-season form from the Donat Range, Upper Tenasserim, taken in
October, is in Mr. de Nicéville’s collection, who also records it from “ N.E.
Sumatra” (J. Bombay, N. H. Soc. 1895, 408). A specimen from Borneo is in the
British Museum, and one in Mr. D. Cator’s collection from N. Borneo.

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 293, figs. 1, la, b, c, are from male
and female types of diy-season form, and fig. 1, d,e, from those of the wet-season
form, kindly sent to me for this purpose, from the Calcutta Museum, by Mr. L. de
Nicéville.

Matayan Sprctes.—Pandassana Cura (Neptis Cura, Weymer, Stett. Ent. Zeit.
1885, p. 265, pl. 1, fig. 5. Habitat. Nias Island.—Puandassana Monata (Neptis
Monata, Weijenbergh, Pet. Nouv. Entom. 1874, p. 408; Snellen, Tijd. voor Entom.
1897, p. 141, pl. 6, fig. 3, d. Habitat. Banka Island.—Pandassana Ebusa (Neptis
Ebusa, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. 1863, p. 112 Reise Novara, Lep. 111, pl. 56, fig. 7
(1867). Habitat. Mindanao, Philippines.

Maayan ALLIED GENERA. Genus Bisarpa.—Male. Forewing rather elongated,
subtriangular ; costa very much arched from the base, apex obtuse, almost rounded,
exterior margin oblique and nearly even, posterior margin much recurved ; cell area

14 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

broad, open; first subcostal branch emitted at one-fifth, and second at a short
distance before end of the cell; discocellulars extremely short and outwardly
oblique ; base of upper radial almost touching the subcostal; submedian vein much
recurved. Hindwing somewhat narrow and elongate, ovate; anterior margin much
arched, apex rounded, exterior margin very obliquely convex and very slightly
scalloped, anal angle rounded, abdominal margin short; with a short basal costal
glossy white band, a less glossed medially-disposed pale area extending from the
costal vein to below the subcostals, and enclosing a distinctly-defined dull brown
patch of scales between the bases of the subcostals ; precostal vein abruptly
curved ; radial emitted from lower subcostal at nearly equal distance from
base of the latter and the costal. Body slender; palpi extremely slender,
apical joint long; compactly clothed with fine short hairs beneath; antennal
club elongated; eyes naked. Type. B. Neriphus.—Bisappa Neriphus (Neptis
Neriphus, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iv. Neptis, pl. 1, fig. 6, 7 (1868). Habitat. Sula.
—Bisappa Nirvana (Neptis Nirvana, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. ii. p. 426 (1867).
Habitat. Celebes.—Bisappa Sangira (Neptis Sangira, Staudinger. Habitat. Great
Sangir Island.

Genus Marosia.—Male. Forewing subtriangular; apex obtuse, exterior margin
almost erect, posterior margin slightly recurved, first subcostal branch emitted at
one-sixth before end of the cell, second at one-eighth beyond the cell; discocellulars
short. Hindwing conically-ovate ; anterior margin rather straight, apex obtuse,
exterior margin very oblique and convex, slightly scalloped. Eyes naked. Type.
M. Antara.—Marosia Antara (Neptis Antara, Moore, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 4,
pl. 49, fig. 2, %. Habitat. Celebes.—Marosia Zenica (Neptis Zenica, Swinhoe,
Ann. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 407. Habitat. Batchian.

Genus Pananna.—Male. Forewing subtriangular ; costa arched at the base, apex
obtuse, exterior margin slightly convex, very slightly oblique, and even, posterior
margin deeply recurved ; first subcostal branch emitted at one-fifth before end of
the cell, second close to the end; upper and middle discocellular very short ; cell
open; medians not widely apart. Hindwing narrowly triangularly-ovate ; anterior
margin long, very convex, apex obtuse, exterior margin very oblique, slightly
convex and uneven, abdominal margin short ; precostal vein abruptly bent outward ;
subcostal branch emitted very close to the costal, radial at four times the distance.
Body slender ; palpi very slender, very sparsely hairy, third joint long, pointed ;
eyes naked. Vype. P. Iligera.—Palanda Iiligera (Limenitis Iligera Hschscholtz,
Kotzeb. Reise, iil. p. 212, pl. 8, fig. 17 (1821). Athyma Illigera, Moore, P. Z. S.
1858, p. 19, pl. 51, fig. 4. Semper Reis. Phil. Lep. p. 148, pl. 29, fig. 15, 8,
3 ¢% (1889). Syn. Neptis Livilla, Wallengren, W. Ent. Mon. 1866, p, 36.
Habitat. Luzon; Manilla.x—Palanda Illigerella (Neptis Illigerella, Staudinger, D.

NYMPHALIN A: (Group LIMENITINA.) 15

Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 64. Habitat. Palawan.—Palanda Bella (Neptis Bella Stan-
dinger, id. p. 61. Habitat. Palawan.— Palanda Eschscholtzia (Neptis Eschscholtzia,
Semper, Reisen Philip. Lep. p. 149 (1889). Habitat. Luzon.

Genus STABROBATES.

Stabrobates, Moore, Lep. Indica, iii. p. 146 (1898).
Neptis (part), Auctorum.
Neptis (sect. 6), Felder, Neues Lep. p, 31 (1861).

Iuaco.—Male. Forewing elongated, subtriangular; apex rounded, exterior
margin oblique, concave in the middle, almost even, posterior angle rounded,
posterior margin much recurved ; first subcostal branch emitted at one-third before
end of the cell, second at one-ninth before the end; discocellulars outwardly
oblique, both very short; cell open; middle and lower median very wide apart,
lower median being emitted nearly opposite the first subcostal branch ; submedian
vein much recurved ; posterior margin of the underside below the submedian vein
glossy brownish-grey. Hindwing short, conically-triangular; anterior margin
obliquely-convex beyond the middle, apex rounded, exterior margin obliquely
convex and sealloped, anal angle obtuse; costal border glossy-grey, and a medially
disposed unglossed patch from costal vein to lower subcostal ; precostal vein rather
long, bent outward before its middle; costal vein ending at one-fourth before the
apex; radial and subcostal branch at equal distances from the costal vein. Body
slender ;* palpi long, slender, densely clothed with wide spreading fine long hairs ;
antennal club slender ; eyes naked. T'ype.—S. Radha.

STABROBATES RADHA (Plate 294, fig. 1, la, b,c, d 2).
Neptis Radha, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 166, pl. 4a, fig. 4, ¢ (1857); id. Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 6. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii, p. 84 (1886).
Neptis Asterastilis, Oberthiir, Etudes Entom. xv. p. 10, pl. 1, fig. 5, ¢ (1891).

Imaco.—Male. Upperside brownish-black, with blacker intervening bordering
spaces between the veins; markings yellowish-ochreous; cilia slightly alternated
with white. Forewing with a prominent yellowish-ochreous elongated discoidal
streak extending along lower half of the cell area to some distance above and below
base of the upper median veinlet, the streak being slightly indented opposite the
discocellulars ; a very slender short streak divided by the second subcostal branch

* In Stabrobates Viraja, the male of the dry-season form possesses a conspicuous tuft of laxly exserted
black (?glandular) scales of varied shapes, which is disposed laterally along the middle segments of the
abdomen beneath. Not observable in specimens of wef-season form,

16 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

on costal margin, below which are two very indistinctly defined lunules; beyond
which are three outwardly-oblique subapical spots, the upper being small, short,
and divided by the third subcostal branch, the second broadly elongated, the third
shorter and conical; below these are two large conjoined discal spots placed above
and below the middle median veinlet, the upper one being narrow, the other broad and
rounded; beneath these are two narrower conjoined inwardly-oblique spots ending
on middle of posterior margin; beyond these is a transverse submarginal slightly-
defined pale greyish-brown lunular line, its lower end being sometimes tinged with
ochreous. Hindwing crossed by a rather broad yellowish-ochreous inner-discal
band extending to the abdominal margin, and a narrower outer-discal lunular band,
followed by a slightly-defined submarginal pale greyish-brown lunular line.
Underside deep brownish-red, the ochreous markings as above, but paler and less
defined. Forewing also with the lower discal interspaces suffused with black; the
discoidal streak diffusedly extending below the median vein; a curved violet-grey
streak crossing upper end of the cell; two transverse violet-grey lunular fascize
inwardly-bordering the subapical spots, and a broader similar outer-bordering
fascia ; the submarginal line also being mostly violet-grey. Hindwing also with a
broad violet-grey basal fascia, subbasal streaks between the veins, two transverse
medial discal sinuous fascize and two submarginal narrower sinuous fascie.

Female. Upperside as in male, the yellowish-ochreous markings somewhat
broader and paler. Underside as in male. Body and palpi above brownish-black ;
abdomen above with a slightly-defined basal greyish band ; palpi, thorax and legs
beneath grey; legs above and abdomen beneath pale yellowish-ochreous ; antenne
black, tip ochreous beneath.

Expanse, ¢ 2,% to 3, ¢ 3,%o inches.

Hasrrat.—Nepal ; Sikkim ; Bhotan ; Cachar; Khasia Hills; Naga Hills ; Upper
Burma.

Disrrinution.— This is a rare species. Mr. Moller has obtained a single
specimen in Sikkim in the spring. I took a worn male at about 4000 feet elevation
below Darjiling, in October, and Mr. Wood-Mason obtained a single male on
Nemotha Peak, Cachar, in September” (de Nicéville l.c. 85). ** Probably occurs in
Sikkim throughout the warm months. Mr. Dudgeon has taken it several times at
5000 feet elevation, and finds that it is extremely fond of pitching on the same bush
for several consecutive days. Its elevation extends to 7000 and 8000 feet, and he
doubts its occurrence below 3000 feet” (id. Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 1386). Mr.
H. J. Elwes says it is “a rare species in Sikkim, which I have never taken myself,
but it oceurs between April and December at low elevations.” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888,
343). Mr. Elwes records “a single male, very pale in colour, from Bernardmyo,
Upper Burma, and others from the Naga Hills, taken by Mr. W. Doherty”

NYMPHALINZE, (Group LIMENITINA,) 1%

(P. Z. S. 1891, 274). An example of the male, very pale in colour (probably dry-
season form), taken by Mr. Doherty in Upper Burma, has been figured and described
as N. asterastilis, by Mons. Oberthur. We possess both sexes from the late General
G. Ramsay’s Nepal collection. Colonel C. Swinhoe has received several of both sexes
from Shillong and the Khasia Hills.

STABROBATES NARAYANA (Plate 295, fig. 1, la, 3).

Neptis Narayana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 6, pl. 49, fig. 3, g. de Nicéville, Butt, of India,
etc., ii. p. 87 (1886).

Imaco.—Male. Upperside olivescent fuliginous-black, with blacker intervening
bordering patches between the veins; markings white or sullied ochreous-white ;
cilia alternated with white. Forewing with a white elongated discoidal streak
extending along lower area of the cell to a short distance above and base of the
upper median veinlet, the streak widely indented opposite the discocellulars; three
very small slender streaks divided by the subcostals, beyond which are three
subapical outwardly-oblique spots, the upper short and vein-divided, the second
elongated, the third short and conically-triangular, below these are two discal larger
conjoined spots placed above and below the middle median, the upper one being
narrow, the lower somewhat broadly-quadrate ; beneath these are two smaller
inwardly-oblique conjoined spots; beyond is a transverse submarginal lunular line,
the upper part of which is pale fuliginous, the lower whitish. Hindwing crossed by
a broad sullied-white inner-discal band, and a narrower outer-discal lunular band,
followed by a very indistinctly-defined pale submarginal lunular line. Underside
dull brownish-red ; the white markings as above, but less prominent, and violaceous-
white. Forewing also with the costal base and upper cell area. pale yellowish-
ochreous, the lower discal interspaces fuliginous; outwardly bordering the subapical
spots are violaceous-white lunules; the submarginal lunular line also partly
violaceous-white. Hindwing also with the veins basally, and basal interspaces
below the costal and subcostal, a medial discal zigzag line, and two submarginal
slender lines violaceous-white,

Female. Upperside brighter olivescent-black ; markings pale ochreous-white.
Underside as in the male. Body and palpi above fuliginous-black ; palpi and thorax
beneath, and forelegs white; middle and hind legs and abdomen beneath pale
ochreous.

Expanse, ¢ 2; to 2;%, 2 2,% inches.

Hasirat.— Western Himalayas.

DistriscTion.—The type specimen, and a male and female, from Naini Tal,

yar wv D

18 LEPIDOPTERA INDIC4.

Kumaon, at 6500 feet elevation, taken by Col. A. M. Lang in May, is in the British
Museum ; also a female in the Hewitson collection. We possess two males from the
Western Himalayas. Mr. de Nicéville records it as having been “taken by Col.
Lang at Naini Tal, rarely, at from 5500 to 6500 feet elevation, in the middle of
May” (J. A. S. Beng. 1888, 276). The Indian Museum, Calcutta, possesses
specimens of both sexes from the Kulu Valley, taken in May by Mr. A. Graham
Young, and others from Kunawur are in Col. Lang’s collection. Mrs. Deane took a
single female at Chini in June” (de Nicéville, /.c. 88).

STABROBATES NANA (Plate 295, fig. 2, 2a, @).
Neptis Nana, de Nicéville, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 276, pl. 13, fig. 1, ¢.

Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Both wings distinguished from N. Narayana by
haying all the markings bright yellow-ochreous instead of white. Forewing with
the submarginal band narrower. Underside; both wings with the ground-colour
and pale violet markings of a deeper and richer shade of colour. Hindwing with
the submarginal band as above, narrower, the pale violet band between it and the
discal band broader and better defined, and the marginal pale violet line nearer the
margin.

Expanse, d 2, inches.

Hapitar.—Sikkim ; Bhotan.

Distripution.—‘* There are three males in the collection of Messrs. Otto Méller
and A. V. Knyvett, taken in April and June by their native collectors in Bhotan”
(de N. lic. 276). A male from Darjiling, taken by Col. Lidderdale, is in the British
Museum.

STABROBATES MANASA (Plate 295, fig. 3, 3a, 3).

Neptis Manasa, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 165, pl. 4a, fig. 2, ¢(1857) ; id. Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 5. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 87 (1886).

Iuaco.—Male. Upperside dark fuliginous-brown; markings pale yellowish-
white; cilia alternated with white. Forewing with an elongated entire discoidal
streak, which is continuous with the discal spots, extending elongatedly between
the upper medians and there joins the lower discal spot, below which are the two
inwardly-oblique conjoined spots on the posterior margin; from the costa before
the subapical spots are three minute pure white costal spots placed obliquely
outward ; an outwardly-oblique subapical streak composed of a minute costal streak,
an elongated fusiform spot and a third short somewhat quadrate spot, below which

NYMPHALINZE. (Group LIMENITINA.) 19

is a very obscure small pale brown dentate spot; a submarginal obscure pale
brownish-white lunular line. Hindwing crossed by a broad inner-discal band, a
narrow outer-discal somewhat quadro-lunular band, between which is a medial
discal obscure pale brown slender lunular line, and beyond a submarginal line.
Underside pale dull yellowish-ochreous ; markings as above, less defined, all pure
white, the submarginal lines, and the medial and outer-discal band on the hindwing
being suffused with pale lilac. Forewing also with the discoidal streak, discal and
lower spots continued in an uninterrupted curved series to the posterior margin,
the lower discal interspace being slightly suffused with fuliginous-brown. Hindwing
also with a series of small lilacine-white spots between the costal vein and discal
band. Body and palpi above fuliginous-brown, beneath and forelegs greyish-white ;
middle and hind legs pale greyish-ochreous ; antenne black.

Expanse, ¢ 2,4 inches.

Hasitat.—N. India.

Disrrizutioy.—The type specimen, now in the British Museum, is the only
example of this species we have seen. It was presented to the late East India
Museum by Col. Buckley, but in what locality it was taken is unknown.

STABROBATES NYCTEUS (Plate 295, fig. 4, 4a, ¢).

Neptis Nycteus, de Nicéville, Journ, Bombay Nat, Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 203, pl. D, fig. 7, 3.

Imaco.—Male. Upperside fuliginous-black ; markings sullied white; cilia
alternated with white. Forewing with a sullied-white somewhat fusiform elongated
entire discoidal streak extending along lower area of the cell to beyond the base of
upper median veinlet; above the middle of the streak, within the cell, is a very
small slightly-defined whitish speckled spot; above the end of the streak are four
small outwardly-oblique slender spots from the costa, divided by the subcostal
veinlets ; beyond are three subapical oblique spots, the upper small and narrow, the
second much larger and its ends sullied with ochreous, the third being smaller and
triangulate ; below are two discal larger elongated conjoined spots, disposed between
the medians, the upper one joining the lower end of the discoidal streak, both being
disposed obliquely-outward; below these are two smaller narrow conjoined spots,
disposed obliquely-inward on the posterior margin; beyond is a submarginal pale
fuliginous-grey narrow lunular line. Hindwing crossed by a broad white inner-
discal band, and a narrow submarginal anteriorly-attenuating fuliginous-white
lunular band. Underside, ground-colour yellowish-ochreous, the white markings, as
above, but somewhat broader, and their edges less sharply defined ; the two series
of subapical spots, and submarginal lunular band on both wings being distinctly

20 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

suffused with pale lilacine-grey ; the discoidal streak, discal spots on the forewing,
and discal band on hindwing, being pale yellowish-white. Forewing also with the
upper discal and apical interspaces deep castaneous-red, the lower discal and sub-
marginal interspaces blackish. Hindwing also with a subbasal lilacine-white broken
streak below the costal vein; the discal white band bordered on both sides, and the
submarginal lilacine-white lunular band inwardly bordered, with deep chestnut-red,
the latter also outwardly bordered by pale chestnut-red.

Female. ‘‘ Upperside. Forewing with the spot in the second median interspace
very narrow, touching the second median veinlet, and well-separated from the dis-
coidal streak, of exectly the same length as the spot below it, which latter is bounded
above and below by the second and first median veinlets, the two spots together
forming a perfect quadrangular oblong figure; other as in male. Hindwing with
the discal band narrower than in male, the submarginal band wider and pure white
instead of sullied. Underside, both wings very much paler than in the male, the
castaneous bands almost obliterated, the ground-colour mostly very pale yellow.”
Jody and palpi above fuliginous-black ; beneath and legs greyish-white ; antenne
black.”

Expanse, ¢, ?, 2,4, to 2,5, inches.

Hasitat.— Sikkim.

Distrisution.— The type male was taken in Sikkim in June by Mr. G. C.
Dudgeon, and the female in July, and a female in Mr. A. V. Knyvett’s collection
were all taken at Tonglo on the Singalelah Range, at an elevation of about 12,000
feet” (de N. lc. 204). A male, in Colonel Swinhoe’s collection, was taken by a
native collector at ‘‘ Lachin Lachoong, 8000 to 16,000 feet elevation.” Mr. H. J.
Elwes took ‘fa single male in the forest near the Rangbi Jhora, on the road to
Serail, at 6000 feet, in June”’ (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 344). Has also been taken by
Mr. G. C. Dudgeon at 7000 feet elevation in Daling.

STABROBATES ZAIDA.

Neplis Zaida, Doubleday and Hewitson, D. Lep. pl. 35, fig. 3; Westwood, id. p. 272 (1850). Moore,
Proe. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 6. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., 11. p. 86 (1886).

Dry-season brood (Plate 296, fig. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 2).

Imaco.—Male. Upperside fuliginous-black; markings pale ochreous-white, or
very pale ochreous ; cilia alternated with pale ochreous-white. Forewing with an
elongated broad discoidal streak extending along lower area of the cell and ending
in an acute point at some distance on the upper median veinlet, its upper edge entire
and curved from the base, its apex below extending slightly within the basal inter-

NYMPHALINZ. (Group LIMENITINA.) 21

space between the upper and middle medians; a subapical oblique-band composed
of vein-divided spots, the upper on the costa being very slender, the other two
broad, sometimes the lower extends over the lower radial ; below is a large broad
rounded or somewhat quadrate discal spot, disposed obliquely-inward and extending
from half-way above the middle median to the lower median, and sometimes slightly
over the latter veinlet, followed by a broad lower streak on the posterior margin ;
beyond is a slightly-defined submarginal pale line. Hindwing crossed by a broad
inner-discal band and an outer-discal narrower somewhat lunulated band; a pale
submarginal line also slightly apparent. Underside. Ground-colour pale yellowish-
ochreous or pale reddish-ochreous; markings as above, but less prominent and
whitish, the lower medial-discal interspace somewhat blackish; with the marginal
line on both wings, and the outer-discal band on hindwing is tinted with lilacine-
white. Hindwing also with a slightly-defined basal and subbasal pale yellowish-
ochreous fascia, and a similar-coloured lunular fascia between the discal and outer
band.

Female similar to male, with the markings somewhat broader.

Body and palpi above fuliginous-black ; palpi beneath brown, but whitish at
the sides ; body beneath and legs pale yellowish-ochreous,

Expanse, 5 2,4, ? 3 inches.

Wet-season brood (Plate 296, fig. 1d, e, ¢).

Upperside ; ground-colour blacker than in dry-season ; the discoidal streak and
bands pale ochreous or pure ochreous. Underside ; ground-colour reddish-ochreous
or chestnut-red ; all the markings pale ochreous, the subapical band and discal
bands on hindwing washed with pale violet-pink.

Expanse, d 2,, inches.

Hasitat.—W. and E. Himalayas; ? Siam.

Disrrisution.—‘‘ Specimens from Masuri, in Col. A. M. Lang’s collection, were
taken in June at 7000 feet elevation, and others from Sikkim, in which the markings
are almost pure white. In other Sikkim and Masuri examples the markings are
pure ochreous, and there are intermediate specimens in the Indian Museum, Cal-
cutta, taken by Mr. C. Templeton at Masuri’”’? (de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. 1.87). A
male and female taken at Masuri in May, by S. Robson, is in Mr. W. Roth-
schild’s collection. Examples from Darjiling, taken by Mr. Lidderdale, are in the
British Museum. ‘In Sikkim this rare and beautiful species is hardly ever taken by
the native collectors now, but I found it not uncommon in June and July, in the
forest above Rangbi at about 6000 feet elevation. The males fly about the tops of
Oak trees in the rare gleams of sunshine, sitting on the leaves, but descend seldom

22 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

to the ground” (H. J. Elwes, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 343). A male of the wet-season
form, with pure ochreous markings, labelled ‘‘ Siam,” is in Mr. H. Grose-Smith’s
collection.

STABROBATES ANANTA,

Neptis Ananta, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. East Ind. Company, i. p. 166, pl. 4, a, fig. 3 (1857) ; zd. Proce.
Zool. Soe. 1858, p. 5; Anderson’s Zool. Res. Yunan Exp. p, 294 (1878). de Nicéville, Butt. of
India, ete., ii. p. 85 (1886).

Wet-season brood (Plate 297, fiz. 1, la, b,c, ¢ ¢).

Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark brownish-black ; markings deep yellowish-
ochreous ; cilia slightly alternated with white. Forewing with an elongated narrow
discoidal streak extending along lower area of the cell and ending in a point some
distance on the upper median veinlet, the streak being very slightly angled below at
the middle median, and its upper edge indented above the angle; a subapical
oblique-series of three spots, the upper slender and divided by the third subcostal
veinlet, the second elongate and obliquely indented on its outer edge, the third
bemg short, broad and conical; these are joined by a more or less slightly-defined
pale slender streak to a larger discal inwardly-oblique rounded spot cut by the
middle median veinlet, below which is a narrower spot cut by the submedian on the
posterior margin ; beyond is a slender submarginal slightly-apparent pale brown
line. Hindwing crossed by a slightly broader inner-discal band, and a narrower
outer band, followed by a slightly-apparent pale brown submarginal line; a similar
hne also slightly apparent between the discal bands ; on the costa towards the base
is a broad glossy white patch, the base of subcostals also being lined with white.
Underside. Ground-colour bright ochreous-red or chestnut-red. Forewing with the
discoidal streak and discal spot pale yellowish-ochreous; the subapical spots, the
spot on posterior margin, and two submarginal broken lines, and the end of
discoidal streak bluish-grey ; lower discal interspaces slightly fuliginous-black.
Hindwing with the inner-discal band pale bluish greyish-white; the outer-discal
band, submarginal line, medial-discal sinuous line, and a broad basal costal band
bluish-grey ; the veins also lined with bluish-grey. Body and palpi above black ;
body and palpi beneath, forelegs, middle and hind femora bluish-grey ; middle and
hind tibiz and tarsi pale ochreous ; antennz black.

Female. Upperside. Ground-colour paler fuliginous-black ; markings as in

male, but somewhat broader and paler. Underside also somewhat paler; markings
as in male.

Expanse, 3 2, to 23%, 22,8 to 2.8, inches.

NYMPHALINZ. (Group LIMENITINA.) 23
Dry-season brood (Plate 297, fig. 1,d,e,f,g, d @).

Male. Upperside paler brownish-black than in wet-season brood; markings
somewhat broader and of a paler yellowish-ochreous. Underside. Ground-colour
paler ochreous-red ; all the markings less prominent.

Expanse, ¢ 2,4, to 2,8 inches.

Hasirat.—W. and HE. Himalayas; Assam; Silhet; Khasia and Naga Hills ;
Burma; Malay Peninsula.

Distrizurion.—This is rather a rare insect. Mr. de Nicéville ‘‘ took it in the
N.W. Himalayas at Kujiah near Dalhousie, and at Ulwas, Chumba, in wooded
streams at the end of May. Mr. A. G. Young has taken it in Kulu at the same
period, and Col. A. M. Lang took it at Kandloo in Kunawur, in July. Mr. C.
Templeton took it at Masuri, Mr. J. L. Sherwill at Hulunguri in the Jorehat District
of Assam in March, April, and June, and Mr. A. V. Knyvett has taken it in Sikkim
and Bhotan” (Butt. Ind. 1. 86). Specimens from Sultanpur, Kulu, are in Mr.
J. H. Leech’s collection. The Rev. J. H. Hocking records it as “very rare in
Kulu” (P. Z. 8S. 1882, 241). Mr. W. Doherty took it in Ramganga Valley,
Kumaon, at 2500 feet; rare” (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 125). We possess specimens
from Nepal taken by the late General G. Ramsay, a female from Ruttun Pir,
Kashmir, taken by Capt. Bayne Reed ; from Bhotan, taken by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon ;
and a male from the Khasias, Mr. de Nicéville records it as “very local in
Sikkim, where I have never seen it on the wing. Mr. Elwes says it is found in the
forests at 5000 to 6000 feet and at lower levels. He took it on the road to Pashok
above Lopchu, in June. It is very common at 4000 feet and upwards in Daling ”
(Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 136). Mr. W. Doherty obtained it in the Naga Hills, and
also in the Karen Hills, Burma, from 4000 to 6000 feet (P. Z.S. 1891, 274).
Colonel C. Swinhoe has received several specimens from the Khasia Hills. We
possess a male from the Upper Mekong, Shan States, Burma, taken by Mr. R.
Roberts, C.E. A male from Perak, Malay Peninsula, is in Mr. W. Rothschild’s
collection.

STABROBATES VIRAJA.

Neptis Viraja, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 563, pl. 32, fig. 6, @. de Nicéville, Butt. of India,
etc., ii. p. 86 (1886). Davidson and Aitken, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soe. 1890, p. 351 (larva) ;
id. 1896, p. 251, pl. 2, fig. 3 (larva and pupu).

Wet-season brood.

Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside brownish-black; markings broad and
deep yellowish-ochreous ; cilia slightly alternated with white. Worewing with an

24 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA,

elongated broad entire discoidal streak, which is somewhat claviform in shape, and
its lower end extending slightly for some distance below base of the upper median
veinlet, and its upper edge very slightly indented at end of the cell ; a subapical
broad outwardly-oblique band, and an inwardly-oblique lower continuous broad
band extending to the posterior margin; beyond which are two submarginal
slightly-defined sinuous greyish-ochreous incomplete lines. Hindwiny crossed by a
broad inner-discal band, and an outer band, followed by a slightly-defined greyish-
ochreous outer marginal line. Underside brownish-ochreous, with dusky-brown
intervening discal spaces between the veins; discoidal streak and bands, as above,
pale glossy violescent ochreous-white, their inner edges being suffused with pale
ochreous. Forewing also with the inner marginal line entire and violescent-grey,
the outer line less defined. Hindwing also with a short basal and a less-defined
subbasal fascia, a medial-discal slender sinuous line, and the marginal line violescent-
grey.

Female. Upperside as in male ; markings the same. Underside darker and
brighter brownish-ochreous than in male, with all the markings more prominent.
Body and palpi above brownish-black ; palpi and thorax beneath, and forelegs pale
grey ; middle and hind-legs, and abdomen beneath pale greyish-ochreous ; antennze
black, tip reddish,

Expanse, d 2,%, ? 2,% inches.

Dry-season brood (Plate 298, fig. 1, larva and pupa; 1,a,b,e,d, g @).

Male and female. Upperside with the discoidal streak and discal bands some-
what broader than in wet-season brood, the marginal lines on forewing yellowish-
ochreous. Underside with the ground-colour paler brownish-ochreous than in
wet-season, the cell-streak and discal bands broader, as above, but less defined.
Male with a conspicuous tuft of laaly ewxserted black glandular scales of varied
lengthened clavate shapes, disposed laterally along middle segments of abdomen
beneath. This tuft was not observable in males of wet-season form that we
examined.

Expanse, d 2,2, ¢ 2,8 inches.

CATERPILLAR.—* Resembles that of R. Hordonia in form, but the head is bifid at
the top, and the dorsal points are wanting, while the last segment is produced into
a single blunt point. The colour is dark greenish-brown, the fore-part, as in RF.
Hordonia, being much darker than the rest, but bordered with pale grey ’’(Davidson
and Aitken, /.c. 251).

CurysaLis.—‘ Like that of &. Hordonia, but rather broader, and the wing-cases
more evenly expanded ” (id. 251),

NYMPHALINZ. (Group LIMENITINA ) 95

Hasirat.—Sikkim ; Bhotan; EH. Bengal; Orissa; S. [ndia; Burma; Upper
Tenasserim.

DistrisuTion.—This is a rare species. Mr. de Nicéville “took a single female
in the Sikkim Terai in October, and Mr. Otto Méller has one specimen also from
Sikkim, taken in May. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, has examples from Buxa,
Bhotan, a male taken by Mr. W. C. Taylor in Orissa, in March, another from the
Wynaad, 8. India, taken by Mr. Rhodes-Morgan, and a third from Cannanore.
Major Marshall has a single female, taken in the Thoungyeen forests, Upper
Tenasserim, in March. The four latter specimens differing from Himalayan
females in having the submarginal band on upperside of hindwing nearly as broad
as the discal band” (Butt. Ind. 1. 86). ‘* Very rare in Sikkim, occurs in the Terai
and low Valleys, probably throughout the summer” (id. Sikkim Gaz. 1894, 136).
Colonel C. Swinhoe has examples of both sexes from Kawar, 8. India, and from
Shillong, Khasia Hills. Mr. G. F. Hampson records “one specimen taken on the
Western Slopes of the Nilgiris at 500 feet, in October ”’ (J. A. 8S. Beng. 1888, 352).
Mr. H. 8. Ferguson found it “rare in Travancore, two specimens being taken near
Trevandrum in July” (J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1891, 8). Capt. E. Y. Watson took
‘two specimens at Kathlekan, Mysore, in November” (id. 1890, 4). According to
Messrs. Davidson and Aitken, it is not very common in the N. Kanara District,
Bombay, but appears to be generally distributed’ (id. 1896, 251). Col. C. H. E.
Adamson records it as very uncommon at Bhamo, Upper Burma (List, 1897, 20).
Capt. E. Y. Watson obtained three specimens at Tilin, in March and April, during
the Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889-90 (J. Bombay N. H.S. 1891, 38). A male from
Naga Hills, and a female of the dry-season brood, from Atarum, Upper Tenasserim,
taken by Capt. C. T. Bingham in March, is in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection.

Hapits AND Foop-pnant or Larva.—‘‘ The larva of Viraja was discovered by Mr.
T. R. Bell, in the Kanara District of Bombay. It feeds on the Blackwood tree,
Dalbergia latifolia, and also on D. racemosa, and has similar habits to that of JL.
Hordonia, cutting through a leaf-stalk in such a way that all the leaflets beyond the
cut part hang over ; then it cuts off each leaflet of the pendant part, joins it to the
stem with silk, and lives in the house of dead leaves thus formed, feeding on the
dead leaves”? (Davidson and Aitken, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1896, 251, 351).

Notr.—This. species, S. Viraja, is probably mimicked by the females of
Pantaporia Inara and of P. Selenophora.

STABROBATES MIAH.

Neptis Miah, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. Ind. Company, i. p. 164, pl. 4a, fig. 1, ¢ (1857); Proe.
Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 4. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 85 (1886).
VOL. IV. E

LEPIDOPTERA INDICA,

bo
for)

7et-season brood (Plate 299, fig. 1, la, b, ¢ 2).

Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purpurescent-black ; markings deep yellowish-
ochreous; cilia slightly alternated with greyish-white. Forewing with an elongated
discoidal streak extending along lower half of the cell and ending in a more or
less obtuse point half-way along the upper median veinlet, its upper edge indented
at end of cell; a transverse curved discal almost complete macular band, composed
of outwardly-oblique subapical, discal, and lower spots, the subapical being joined to
the discal by a slender more or less complete streak, and the discal joined to the
lower spot; followed by a submarginal slender pale greyish-brown or ochreous-
brown line. Hindwing crossed by a moderately broad inner-discal band and a
narrow outer band, between which is a slightly-defined pale greyish-brown fascia,
and beyond by a similar submarginal line; on the costa is a broad basal glossy
brownish-grey patch. Underside deep purplish-red; markings, as above, pinkish-
white, the cell-streak and discal band of forewing having their edges inwardly
suffused with ochreous. Forewing also with the submarginal line and an inner
sinuous line purplish-grey. Hindwing also with a short basal fascia, a less-defined
subbasal fascia radiating along base of the veins, a medial discal sinuous band,
inner edges of the outer-discal band, and the submarginal line, all being purplish-
grey.

Female. Upperside as in male, with the markings somewhat broader and
paler. Underside as in the male. Body and palpi above black; palpi and thorax
beneath, and forelegs greyish ; abdomen beneath and hind-legs pale greyish-
ochreous; antennz black,

Expanse, ¢ 2 to 2,4, ¢ 2,% inches.

Dry-season brood (Plate 299, fig. 1, e, d,e, g 2).

Male and female. Upperside with the discoidal streak and discal bands
somewhat broader than in wet-season form; the submarginal line more distinctly
ochreous,

Expanse, d 2,%,, ? 2,‘ inches,

Hasitat.—Sikkim ; Bhotan; Assam; Khasia and Naga Hills.

Distrinution.—‘‘ This is a fairly common species in Sikkim throughout the
summer, and I have taken numerous males in October, sucking up the moisture
from damp sand in the beds of streams. Mr. J. L. Sherwill took a male at
Hulunguri in the Jorehat District, Assam, in March ”’(de Nicéville, l.c. 95). ‘* Not
uncommon in Sikkim by the river sides at from 1000 to 3000 feet elevation, from
April to October” (H. J. Elwes, Tr. Ent. Soc, 1888, 343). Colonel C. Swinhoe

NYMPHALINZ. (Group LIMENITINA.) 2

records it as “ very common in the Khasia Hills” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1893, 279). A
specimen from the Naga Hills is in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection.

STABROBATES NOLANA.
Neptis Nolana, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 105, 2.
Dry-season brood (Plate 298, fig. 2, 2a, f 9).

Male and female. Upperside purpurescent-black ; markings deep yellowish-
ochreous. Forewing with the discoidal streak comparatively broader than in Miah,
the subapical and lower discal band much broader, the upper part of the latter
portion larger and more quadrately-angular, the slender marginal line distinctly
ochreous. Hindwing with much broader discal and outer band, outer marginal line
distinctly ochreous. Underside dull deep chestnut-red ; markings broad as above ;
cell-streak and discal band on forewing violescent-white, slightly washed with pale
ochreous in male and more so in female; bands on hindwing violescent-white, the
medial discal fascia, outer marginal line and basal streak bluish-grey.

Expanse, d 1,%, ¢ 2 inches,

Wet-season brood.

Upperside ; ground-colour blacker; bands deeper yellowish-ochreous, some-
what narrower, but still broader than in Miah; marginal line less defined. Under-
side; ground-colour rich purpurescent chestnut-red; markings narrower, as above:
the bands sharper defined and more deeply coloured.

Expanse, 2 1,8, inch.

Hasirat.—Burma ; Siam; Malay Peninsula.

DistrisuT10N.— The type specimen, now in the British Museum, is recorded from
Chentaboon, Siam. Specimens of the dry and wet-season form from Tilin Yaw
taken in March, October, and November by Capt. E. Y. Watson, and a male from
Thoungyeen, Burma, are also in the British Museum, A male from Muong Gnow,
Shan States, Burma, is in Mr, W. Rothschild’s collection; a single specimen was
taken by Col. C. H. E. Adamson at Tounggya, Sekkan, Tenasserim, in February
(List, 1897, p. 20).

Of our illustrations on Plate 298, fig, 2 is from a Burmese male, and fig. 2a from
the type female of the dry-season form.

Mazayan AND Cutnese Species.—Stabrobates Batara (Neptis Batara, Moore,
Trans. Ent. Soc, 1881, p. 310. N. Miah, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 444, pl. 41,
fig.14,d. Habitat. Malay Peninsula, Sumatra.—Stabrobutes Javanica. Nearest

E 2

28 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

to Batara. Male. Wings somewhat shorter. Forewing with broader discoidal streak
and discal band, the lower end of the discoidal streak extending slightly below the
upper median, its end also less prolonged, the subapical and lower portions of the
discal band slightly joined; a submarginal very slender ochreous line. Hindwing
with a broader inner-discal band and narrower outer band, both also broader than in
Batara. Underside ; ground-colour rich ochreous-brown ; the discoidal streak, and
discal bands, as above, broader than in Batara, all being yellowish-ochreous ; the
submarginal band on both wings, and the slender sinuous medial-discal line on the
hindwing being slightly washed with violet-grey. Expanse, ¢ 1,8 inch. Type in
Coll. Hewitson, Brit. Mus. Habitat. Java.—Stabrobates Disopa (Neptis Disopa,
Swinhoe, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1893, p. 256. Syn. N. Miah, Leech, Butt. of China,
p. 198, pl. 19, fig. 8 (1893). Habitat. W. China.—Stabrobates Chinensis (Neptis
Chinensis, Leech, Butt. of China, p. 198, pl. 19, fig. 2 (1893). Habitat. W. China.
—Stabrobates Thestias (N. Thestias, Leech, l.c. p. 196, pl. 18, fig. 8, ¢ (1898).
Habitat. W.China.—Stabrobates Aspasia (N. Aspasia, Leech, Entom. 1890, p. 37;
Butt. of China, p. 193, pl. 18, fig. 5, ¢). Habitat. W. China.—Stabrobates Antigone
(N. Antigone, Leech, l.c. p. 192, pl. 18, fig. 6, 2. Habitat. W. China.—Stabrobates
Arachne (N. Arachne, Leech, l.c. p. 191, pl. 18, fig. 7, d¢. Syn. N. Giddeneme,
Oberthir, Et. Ent. 1891, p.9, pl. 1, fig. 7. Habitat. W. China.—Stabrobates Thetis
(N. Thetis, Leech, J.c. p. 191, pl. 18, fig. 10, ¢. Habitat. W. China.—Stabrobates
Armandia (N. Armandia, Oberthiir, Etud. Ent. 1876, p. 23, pl. 4, fig. 4, a, ¢.
Leech, l.c. p. 195. Habitat, W.C. China.—Stabrobates Tnemis (N. Themis, Leech, l.c.
p- 191, pl. 18, fig. 8, 2). Habitat. W.C. China.—Stabrobates Thisbe (N. Thisbe,
Ménetr. Schrenck’s Reis. Amur. ii. p. 26, pl. 2, fig. 9 (1859). Habitat. Amurland.
—WStabrobates Beroe (N. Beroe, Leech, l.c. p. 193, pl. 18, fig. 9, o. Habitat. C. China.
—Stabrobates Hesione (N. Hesione, Leech, l.c. p. 194, pl. 18, fig. 1. Habitat. W.C.
China.—Stabrobates Antilope (N. Antilope, Leech, lic. p. 197, pl. 18, fig. 2, ¢.
Habitat. W.C. China.—Stabrobates Cydippe (N. Cydippe, Leech, /.c. p. 196, pl. 18,
fig. 4,3. Habitat. W. China.

PuiwipPine ALLIED GeNus.—Genus Tacatsia.— Wings small. Forewing narrow,
subtriangular ; first subcostal branch emitted at one-eighth before end of the cell,
second at one-fourth beyond the end of the cell; the cell open. Hindwing rather
short, conically-ovate; exterior margin obliquely convex, even, anal angle
rounded; precostal vein short, slightly bent outward; second subcostal and
radial at equal distances from the costal. Body moderately slender; palpi
shorter than in fahinda, apical joint also shorter and _ stouter; eyes
naked. ‘Type. T. Dama.—Tagatsia Dama (Athyma Dama, Moore, P. Z. §.
1858, p. 19, pl. 51, fig. 5). Neptis Dama, Semper, Reis. Phil. Lep. p. 152, pl. 30,
fig, 17, 18, 3d ? (1889). Habitat. Manilla; Luzon.—Tagatsia Cyrilla (Neptis

NYMPHALINZ. (Group LIMENITINA.) 29

Cyrilla, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. 1863, p. 114. Semper, l.c. p. 152, pl. 30, fig. 7, 8,
3 9 (1889). Syn. N. fervescens, Butler, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 427. Habitat.
Luzon.—Tagatsia Vidua (Neptis Vidua, Staudinger, D. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 64.
Habitat, Palawan.—Tagatsia Athenais (Neptis Athenais, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon.
1863, p. 115. Semper, l.c. p. 152, pl. 30, fig. 9, 10, ¢ ¢ (1889). Habitut. Mindanao.
—Tagatsia Mysia (Neptis Mysia, Feld. Wien. Ent. Mon. 1860, p. 247. Habitat.
Batchian—Tagatsia Phrygia (Neptis Phrygia, Feld. W. Ent. Mon. 1863, p. 115).
Habitat. Mindoro.—Tagatsia Attica (Neptis Attica, Semper, Reis. Phil. Lep. p. 143,
pl. 30, fig. 11, 12, ¢ % (1889). Habitat. Mindanao.—Tagatsia Athene (Neptis
Athene, Staudinger, D. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 62. Semper, l.c. p. 158, pl. 30, fig.
13, 14, ¢ ?. Habitat, Palawan; Phil. Isles.

Genus RAHINDA.

Rahinda, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 56 (1881).
Pantoporia (part), Hiibner, Verz, Schmett. p. 44 (1816).
Neptis (part), Auctorum.

Neptis (sect. 7, part), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 31 (1861).

Imaco.—Male. Wing small. Forewing subtriangular, rather narrow, apex
obtusely pointed, exterior margin slightly convex and slightly scalloped; posterior
margin long, much recurved ; first subcostal branch emitted at one-fifth before eud
of the cell; second at about one-fourth beyond end of the cell; discocellulars both
short, outwardly oblique, second slightly concave ; cell open; base of posterior
margin of the underside broadly glossy silvery-grey, and enclosing an elongated
patch of brown glandular scales above the submedian vein. Hindwing
rather narrow, somewhat elongate, ovate; anterior margin arched in the
middle, apex rounded, exterior margin very oblique and convex, — slightly
scalloped; precostal vein short, slightly bent outward at tip; subcostal branch
and radial emitted at some distance equally apart from the costal; costal
vein ending at about one-third before the apex; with a broad glossy silvery-grey
costal border, extending in the dry-season form to below the second subcostal,
and isolating a conspicuous unglossed elongate (? glandular) patch of brown scales
situated between the bases of subcostals ; this patch, in the wef-season form pervad-
ing the interspace below the second subcostal veinlet. Body slender ; palpi rather
slender, laxly clothed with fine hairs, third joint long; antenne slender, with a
rather stout club; eyes naked. Type. R. Hordonia.

CaTERPILLAR.—Head bifid at vertex. Body armed with two subdorsal forward-
directed fleshy-pointed spines on the third and fourth segments and two hindward-
directed similar spines on the sixth and twelfth segments.

30 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

CurysaLis.—Head-piece obtusely pointed in front, thorax rounded, anterio-
dorsum arched.

Hasits or Imaco.—Under reference to R. Hordonia, Mr. J. Beetham (Journ.
Bombay N. H. Soc. 1890, 280) says, ‘* The flight of the butterflies of this genus is
peculiar. They seem to float and sail along, so that when on a level with the eye
they disappear and re-appear; when settled on leaves as is their habit, they rest with
wide expanded wings.”

Hasirs AND Foop-prants or Larva.—According to the observations made by
Mr. J. Davidson and E. H. Aitken in the N. Kanara District, Bombay, ‘‘ The larva
may be found on several species of Acacia, and has the curious habit of feeding by
preference, not on green leaves, but on those which it has caused to wither. The trees
on which it feeds have all bi-pinnate leaves with minute leaflets. It bites through
one or two pinne, which immediately droop and dry up, but are kept from falling by
a few threads of silk with which the larva has taken the precaution to attach them
to the central leaf-stalk, henceforth it lives among them and feeds entirely on
them. The fore and underparts of the larva is of a dark greenish-brown, the rest is
just that shade of greenish-grey which the leaves assume when withered, and is
crossed by diagonal dark bands exactly representing the spaces between the leaflets
—a most perfect disguise.”

RAHINDA HORDONIA.
Papilio Hordonia, Stoll, Cramer’s Pap. Exot. v. pl. 33, fig. 4, 4, D. (1791)— Wet-season.
Nymphalis Hordonia, Godart, Encycl. Méth. ix. p. 429 (1823).
Neptis Hordonia, Westwood, Doubleday and Hewitson, D. Lep. p. 271 (1851). Moore, Catal. Lep.
Mus. E, I. Company, i. p. 164 (1857) ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 4. Distant, Rhop. Malayana,
p. 150, pl. 17, fig. 13, g (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 78 (1886).
Neptis plagiosa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 830—Dry-season.

Wet-season brood (Plate 300, fig. 1, Jarva and pupa; la, b,c, d 9).

Imaco.—Male. Upperside rich dark olivescent reddish-brown; cilia slightly
alternated with white. Forewing with a reddish-ochreous discoidal streak occupying
the lower half of the cell and extending broadly beyond it to middle of the disc
above and below the upper median veinlet, being also distinctly indented above
opposite the discocellulars and less so at a short distance inward; a transverse
discal excurved broken band composed of a sinuously formed subapical portion and
a more regular lower portion; followed by an inner submarginal obscure grey
undulated line, a more or less-defined darker orange-red slender middle submarginal
line, and then by an outer marginal obscure grey line. Hindwing with a reddish-
ochreous broad inner-discal band, its outer edge curving upward towards the costa,

NYMPHALINZ: (Group LIMENITINA.) 31

and a very narrow outer-discal curved band, followed by a submarginal very
obscurely defined greyish-bordered black line ; costal border glossy silvery-grey, with
an elongated dull grey subcostal patch of unglossed brown scales below it. Under-
side mottled with dark chestnut-red, and more or less profusely studded with
violaceous-grey strige between the markings; the discoidal streak, and discal bands
on both wings, as on upperside, being yellowish-ochreous, but with much less defined
edges; the two submarginal lines on forewing are more lunular, both being yellow
anteriorly and violaceous-grey posteriorly; the submarginal lines on hindwing also
violaceous-grey ; the grey striga between the discal bands on the hindwing form
a more or less well-defined sinuous fascia ; posterior border of forewing basally glossy
silvery-grey, enclosing an elongate patch of brown scales above the submedian vein.

Female. Upperside. Markings as in male, but somewhat broader; the sub-
marginal red line more distinct, the discoidal streak extending slightly but obscurely
below the median vein. Underside as in the male, Body and palpi above dark
olivescent-brown, middle of thorax iridescent golden-green; tegulze and abdomen
densely speckled with reddish-ochreous scales in the male, less speckled in the
female; palpi and thorax beneath, forelegs and hind femora pale-greyish ; abdomen
beneath, middle and hind tibiz and tarsi pale-ochreous; antennz above black,
beneath greyish, tip of club ochreous-red,

Expanse, ¢ 1,8, to 2,4, ¢ 1yo to 2 inches,

Dry-season brood (Plate 300, fig. 1, d, e,f, ¢ 9).

Male and female. Upperside with the reddish-ochreous markings broader than
in wet-season brood, the cell-streak extending below the median vein; both the
submarginal and the outer line on forewing generally reddish-ochreous, and on the
hindwing, both these lines are also generally more or less obscurely of the same
colour; in the male the subcostal patch of brown scales isolated between the bases
of the subcostal veinlets. Underside as in wet-season, the markings, as above, less
defined, those on the forewing being partially sprinkled and those on the hindwing
sprinkled throughout, with reddish-ochreous strige, the violaceous-grey strigie
being disposed similarly but generally more dense than in wet-season examples ;_ the
glossy posterior border and its patch of brown scales on forewing of male,
prominent,

Expanse, ¢ 1, to 1,4, ? 1,8 to 2 inches.

Carerpittar.—Head furcate; third, fourth, sixth, and twelfth segments each
armed with two subdorsal long spine-like processes. Colour above greenish-grey,
underparts greenish-brown, divided by a sublateral pale streak extending from
anal segment to spine on fourth segment ; a dorsal diagonal brown band on eighth to
eleventh segment,

32 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

CurysaLis.—Greenish-grey ; thorax and anterio-dorsum slightly arched ; head-
piece obtusely pointed in front. (Described from Davidson’s figures. )

Hasrrat.—W. and E. Himalayas ; Continental India; Assam; Silhet; Burma ;
Tenasserim; Siam; Malay Peninsula, etc.

Dry-sEason VArtETY.—Occasionally a variety of the male of the dry-season form
occurs in which the markings of the upperside are much paler yellowish-ochreous,
the discoidal streak and discal bands on both wings are very broad and less defined,
the lower end of the discoidal streak being confluent between the medians with the
lower discal band; in one example the subapical band covers the entire apex and is
also confluent with the lower band; the intervening ground-colour is thus much
restricted and is of an obscure brownish-black. On the underside the ground-colour
is much paler, the bands and strigz indistinctly defined. An example of this
variety, from Maungbhoom, Bengal, is in our possession; one from Ooty, Nilgiris,
in Colonel Swinhoe’s collection, and one from Sikkim, taken in March, by Otto
Moller, in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection.

Disrripution.—Mr. W. Doherty records taking it in Kumaon, at Ranibagh, the
Terai, and the Ramganga, Kali, and Gorra Valleys; common at from 1000 to
4000 feet elevation (J. A. Soc. Bengali, 1886, 125). We possess specimens of the
wet-season form from Sikkim and Bhotan, taken by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon, and of the
dry-season form, males from Nepal, taken by the late General G. Ramsay; Sikkim,
taken in March, a male variety from Maungbhoom, Bengal, a female from Calcutta,
both sexes from Kanara, Malabar, and from the Nilgiris, also from Moulmain,
Tounghoo, Burma, and a female from Yemma Choung, taken in February by Colonel
C. H. E. Adamson. Mr. L. de Nicéville records the wet-season form from N.E.
and S. India, and the dry-season form from Sikkim, Assam, Silhet, Malda, Orissa,
Gangam, Nilgiris and Trevandrum, also from Chittagong and Upper Tenasserim.
The dry form (plagiosa) taken in Sikkim in December, and typical Hordonia
and intermediate forms from the spring to the autumn; typical plagiosa
taken in Calcutta in February only; in Orissa, Mr. W. C. Taylor
has taken plagiosa in February and March, and Mr. Jj. L. Sherwill in the
Jorehat District, Assam, in March” (Butt. Ind. 79). ‘‘ In Sikkim, it is a common
species throughout the year, at. low elevations. It is seasonally dimorphic, true
Hordonia being the rains form, plagiosa occurring in the dry-season ”’ (de. Nicéville,
Sikkim Gaz. 1894, 136). Lieut. H. Y. Watson, during the Chin-Lushai Expedition,
obtained typical Hordonia at Pauk from September to December, and single
specimens in February and March. Specimens transitional to plagiosa at
Pauk and Tilin in November, and at Tilin from December to April.
Plagiosa being taken at Tilin in March and April, and a single specimen
in January ” (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1891, 37). The type specimens of plagiosa were

NYMPHALINA. (Group LIMENITINA.) 33

taken in the cold weather on the road from Naththoung to Paboga in Upper
Tenasserim. Dr, J. Anderson took it in Mergui in December. Colonel C. H. E.
Adamson records it as “‘ very abundant throughout Burma during the rainy and dry
seasons” (List, 1897, p. 19). Mr. H. Druce records it from “ Chentaboon, Siam”
(P. Z. 8. 1874, 105). ‘In the N. Kanara District, Bombay, this species is very
common in all the more open wooded or scrubby parts during the latter half of the
rainy season and throughout the dry months. During June and July it is rarely
seen. The larva may be found on several species of Acacia, and has the curious
habit of feeding by preference, not on green leaves, but on those which it has caused
to wither” (J. Davidson, J. Bombay N. H.S8. 1896, 250). Mr. H. S. Ferguson
records it from ** Travancore, the wet-season form being much commoner than the
dry-season”’ (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1891, 8). Lieut. E. Y. Watson took it at
** Kathlekan, Mysore, in November and December” (id. 1890, 4). It also occurs in
the Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; Java; Borneo.

RAHINDA SINUATA (Pate 301, fiz. 1, la, ¢ ?).
Neptis Sinuata, Moore, Proc, Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 136. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc, ii, p. 79
(1886).
Rahinda Sinuata, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 56, pl. 28, fig. 8, 8a (1881).

Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside. Differs from typical Hordonia in the
discoidal streak being more irregularly bordered, both portions of the discal band
narrower and very sinuously edged, the marginal red lines prominent. On the
hindwing the lower edge of the discal band is distinctly sinuous, and the narrow
outer band is also sinuous edged. Underside similarly marked as in Hordonia, the
strigze being less prominent and disposed in more irregular patches.

Hxpanse, d- 1,5, to 1,5), 21,4 to 2 inches.

Hasrrat.—Ceylon.

Disrrisution.— Principally a low country insect, difficult to capture perfect
as it always frequents the vicinity of thick thorny Acacias. Found at all times,
but mostly in March and April” (Mackwood). ‘‘ Found in the Western and Central
Province; commonest in the Plains, but found up to 300 feet in forest land, at all
times. Habits shy, flutters about bushes, alighting on the leaves with wings
expanded ” (Hutchison),

RAHINDA CNACALIS.

Neptis Cnacalis, Hewitson, Ann, and Mag. Nat, Hist. 1874, p. 357. de Nicéville, Butt. of India,
etc., ii, p. 78 (1886).
Wet-season brood (Plate 301, fig. 2, 2a, b,c, ¢ 9).

Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside rich dark olivescent reddish-brown ; cilia
vou. iv. January 31st, 1899. F

34. LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

alternated with white. Forewing with a moderately narrow reddish-ochreous
discoidal streak extending along lower half of the cell to the middle of the disc
above and below the upper median veinlet, being distinctly indented opposite the
discocellular and less so at a short distance inward; a discal transverse moderately
narrow excurved interrupted macular band, followed by a slender submarginal
black-bordered violet-grey line which is undulated in the male and sinuous in the
female, and by an outer marginal less-defined straighter line. Hindwing crossed by
a@ prominent broad whitish inner-discal band, which is more or less tinged with
ochreous, and a very obscurely-defined trace of a slender reddish-brown outer-discal
line, which is more apparent in the female, followed by an obscure submarginal
greyish-bordered black line. Underside mottled with very dark chestnut-red, more
densely and somewhat blackish in the female; cell-streak and discal band on fore-
wing, and the discal band on hindwing, as above, being very pale yellowish-ochreous
and sometimes tinged with violaceous-white, the marginal lines of both wings and a
sinuous fascia outwardly bordering the discal band on hindwing mottled with violet-
grey. Body and palpi above blackish; tegule and abdomen slightly speckled with
orange-yellow scales ; palpi and thorax beneath, forelegs, middle and hind femora
grey ; abdomen beneath, middle and hind tibize and tarsi pale ochreous; antenne
black, tip reddish.
Expanse, ¢ 1,4, to 1,8, 9 2 inches.

Dry-season brood (Plate 301, fig. 2, d,e, f 2).

Male and female. Upperside similar to wet-season brood, except that on the
forewing the reddish-ochreous cell-streak and discal band is somewhat broader, and
with a distinct red line intervening beween the two grey marginal lines; on the
hindwing the inner-discal white band is somewhat broader and its outer edge
sinuous, the outer-discal slender band being prominent, red, and sinuous. Under-
side similar to wet-season brood, but somewhat more mottled,

Expanse, ¢ 1,6 to-1,%, ? 2 inches,

Hasitat.—South Andamans,

Disrrisution.—Confined to the Andaman Isles, Mr, F, de Roépstortf obtained
numerous specimens at Port Blair,

RAHINDA AURELIA (Plate 302, fig. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 9),

Neptis aurelia, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. p. 145 (1886).
Neptis (Rahinda) aurelia, de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay Nat, Hist. Soc. 1895, p. 24, pl. S. fig. 15, 2.

Imaco.—* Female. Upperside black, with deep tawny markings. Forewing with

NYMPIHALINA. (Group LIMENITIN A.) 35

the discoidal band broad, extending well below the median vein, the end of the cell
anteriorly indicated by a prominent short black bar; the discal band broad, in two
portions, the anterior has its outer edge even and regularly curved, its inner edge is
very irregular; the veins entering the edge from that side being defined with black,
and almost dividing the band into three portions; the lower discal portion of the
band consists of two parts, the anterior portion is rounded with a short narrow
anterior projection, the posterior is elongated and reaches the inner margin inwardly
obliquely ; a broad nearly even submarginal line slightly disconnected where it
is crossed by the upper median veinlet; a greatly disconnected series of indistinct
marginal spots. Hindwing with a recurved discal band from the costa to the
abdominal margin; the submarginal band very broad, broader than the discal,
interiorly attenuated and not quite reaching the costa, posteriorly ending on the
abdominal margin ; a narrow rather indistinct marginal line. Underside. Forewing
with the ground-colour and markings much paler than in upperside, some of the
latter almost white in the middle ; a narrow subcostal yellow streak ; the discoidal band
as above; the discal band everywhere entirely crossed by the black veins; between
this and the submarginal band there is a narrow yellow line which becomes obsolete
at about the middle of the wing; the marginal lines as above. Hindwing with the
ground-colour even paler than in forewing, glossed throughout with pale shining
violet; the bands as above but very pale, almost whitish ; with an additional macular
pale band in the middle of the wing between the discal and submarginal bands; in
the discoidal cell towards its base are two prominent round dark dots, the inner one
almost touching the subcostal vein, the outer one quite touching the second sub-
costal veinlet ; anterior to the last-named dot is an irregular dark bar, which
commences on the second subcostal veinlet, and ends on the costal vein.”

Male. Upperside; markings as in female, except that the marginal line on both
wings is less distinct, and the hindwing has a prominent broad satiny-white costal
border extending to below the second subcostal veinlet. Underside as in female.

Expanse, o 155), 2 1, to 1,4 inch.

Hasirat.—Khasia Hills; Burma; Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula; Borneo.

Distrisution.—** Described by Mr. de Nicéville from three females in his own
collection from the Donat Range, Middle Tenasserim, and one male in Capt. E. Y.
Watson’s collection, captured in the Karen Hills in December ” (l.c. 26). A male
from Sumatra (Wallace) in the Hewitsonian collection, and also a male and female
from Borneo, the female with markings above and below agreeing exactly with
above description and figure, and a female from Malacca are in the British Museum.
Staudinger’s type is recorded from Malacca. A male and female from Kina Balu,
North Borneo, and a female from Guong Ijan, Malay Peninsula, is in Mr. W.
Rothschild’s collection.

F 2

36 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

RAHINDA PARAKA.

Neptis Paraka, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. 2nd ser. i. p. 542, pl. 68, fig. 2, 9 (June, 1879). de
Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 80 (1886).

Neptis Peraka, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 150, pl. 17, fig. 2, 9 (1883).

Neptis (Rahinda) Paraka, de Niceville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 407.

Neptis Dahana, Kheil, Rhop. Nias, p. 24, pl. 5, fig. 27 (1884).

Dry-season brood (Plate 302, fig. 2, 2a, b, ¢ 2).

Imaco.—Male. Upperside rich dark ochreous-brown, almost black ; cilia greyish-
brown, Forewing with a reddish-ochreous broad discoidal streak, which is indented
at upper end of cell and extends irregularly below the median vein from the base ;
a contiguous subapical broad band, its outer edge evenly curved and its inner edge
irregularly sinuous ; a lower-discal oblique broad band, constricted in its middle, its
upper portion somewhat rounded and pointed anteriorly inward—the point in some
specimens touching the outer lower angle of the discoidal streak ; beyond are two
slender duller reddish-ochreous submarginal wavy lines, the first line angled inwards
at the middle between the discal bands, followed by a less-defined similar outer
marginal line. Hindwing with a broad reddish-ochreous inner-discal even-edged
band, and a narrower outer-discal curved band, followed by a slender duller ochreous
submarginal line; an obscure pale line also apparent between the two discal bands ;
subcostal patch of brown scales similarly disposed to that in Hordonia. Underside
with the markings yellowish-ochreous and obscurely defined, the intervening ground-
colour between the markings being obscure brownish-ochreous, the markings on the
hindwing having slightly defined blackish-edges. Forewing also with the posterior
base below the cell broadly glossy violet-grey and enclosing an elongated brown
patch of ? glandular scales extending above and below the submedian. Hindwing
also with the costal base slightly yellowish-ochreous, the slightly-defined darker
interspace between it and the discal band being obscurely marked by a short
inwardly-oblique blackish bar situated between the discal interspace of the costal
and subcostal vein, also a similar outer bar below the subcostals.

Female. Upperside markings as in male, but somewhat narrower, and all with
more sharply-defined edges. Underside with the markings somewhat more defined
than in male, the intervening ground-colour being more dusky and greyish-ochreous.
On the forewing is a very slightly defined blackish-speckled longitudinal bar within
the upper basal area of the cell, followed by an outwardly-oblique shorter similar bar
on the discocellular veinlets, anda longer oblique bar beyond. Hindwing: also with —
the two subbasal short oblique bars more distinctly black than in the male, the lower
one being continued brokenly to the abdominal margin. Body and palpi above
ochreous-brown ; tegulz and abdomen speckled with ochreous scales, forming on the

NYMPHALINAL. (Group LIMENITINA.) 37

latter a slight band; body and palpi beneath and legs pale greyish-ochreous, the
middle and hind tibize and tarsi being very pale ochreous; antenne black, tip
reddish-ochreous.

Expanse, ¢ 1,6, to 1,4 2, 1,8 inch.

Wet-season brood (Plate 302, fig. 2, c,d, 2).

Co tao)

Male and female. Upperside with the discoidal streak and discal bands some-
what narrower, the three marginal lines on forewing distinct, and the marginal line
on hindwing also very distinct. Underside with the ground-colour dusky ochreous-
brown, the markings brighter yellowish-ochreous and more distinctly defined, those
on the hindwing more prominently black-edged.

Hixpanse, 6 1,5 to 144, ? 1,4 inch.

Hasitar.— Assam; Silhet; Dafla Hills; Naga Hills; Burma; Tenasserim;
Malay Peninsula, etc.

Distrizution.— Mr. de Nicéville records it from “ Silhet and the Dafla Hills”
(Butt. Ind. 11. 80). A specimen from the Naga Hills is in Mr. W. Rothschild’s
collection, ‘‘Mr, H. M. Parish obtained it in the Chittagong District in October
and November ” (Butt. Ind. ii. 80.), Mr. de Nicéville also records it from Jorehat,
Assam; Bassein, in Arakan; Bhamo, Upper Burma; Perak, Malay Peninsula;
Nias; Sumatra; Java; and Borneo” (J. A. S. Bengal, 1895, 25). We possess
examples from Mergui, Malacca, Sumatra, and Sarawak, Borneo. Col. C. H. E.
Adamson records it as ‘‘common in Burma” (List, p. 19), Capt. E. Y. Watson
obtained “ three specimens in the Upper Chindwin Hills, in April and May” (J.
Bombay N. H.'S. 1897, 653). Dr. J. Anderson took it in “ Mergui, in March”
(J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 36). We have verified specimens from Nias Island, in the
collection of Mr. W. Rothschild and of Mr. H. Grose-Smith, and from Malacca,
Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo, in the British Museum,

RAHINDA ASSAMICA (Plate 303, fig. 1, la, 3).

Rahinda Assamica, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soe. 1881, p. 311, 3.
Neptis Assamica, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p, 80 (1886),

Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark ochreous-brown, almost black; cilia slightly
alternated with grey. Forewing with a broad deep reddish-ochreous discoidal streak
occupying the whole area of the cell and extending to middle of the disc; the discal
interrupted band broad, the lower portion slightly constricted in the middle ; followed
by an obscure reddish slender submarginal line. Hindwing with a broad reddish-
ochreous inner-discal band and outer-discal band, both being confluent between the

38 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

lower median and submedian vein, the abdominal margin also being reddish-
ochreous; a submarginal slightly-defined reddish line, Underside with broader
ochreous-yellow bands than on upperside, the very narrow costal, discal, and sub-
marginal interspaces between the bands on forewing, and also between the basal
broad area and the discal and submarginal bands on hindwing being obscure
ochreous-brown. Body and palpi above blackish; tegule and abdomen slightly
speckled with ochreous scales ; palpi and thorax beneath, forelegs, middle and hind
femora greyish; middle and hind tibiz and tarsi, and abdomen beneath pale ochreous-
yellow ; antenne black, tip reddish.

Expanse, ¢ 1,% to 1, inch.

Hapitat.—Assam.

DIsrRIBUTION.

Of this rare species, Mr. de Nicéville records “ two males, one
being the type, from Sibsagar, Upper Assam, taken by Mr. 8. E. Peal, in the Indian
Museum, Calcutta, and one in his own collection from Hulunguri, Jorehat District of
Assam, taken by Mr. J. L. Sherwill,in March. One of the Sibsagar and the Jorehat
specimen differ from the type in the extent of the red markings on the upperside ;
in the type specimen the oblique subapical and the lower-discal bands of the forewing
are separated, and the discal black band on the hindwing is wide, while in the other
two specimens the former are joined, and the latter is less than half as wide”
(l.c. 80). A male, labelled ‘* Siam,” is in Mr. H. Grose-Smith’s collection.

RAHINDA DINDINGA,

Neptis Dindinga, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soe. Zool. 2nd ser. i. p. 542, pl. 68, fig. 6 (June, 1879).
Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 151, pl. 17, fig. 5, 2 (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii.
p. 80 (1886).

Dry-season brood (Plate 303, fig. 2, 2a, b,c, d 2).

Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside rich ochreous-brown ; markings ochreous-
yellow. Forewing with a broad discoidal streak, slightly indented at upper end of
cell and obscurely extending slightly below the cell; subapical band broad and
deeply cleft at the upper radial, its outer edge curved; lower-discal band broad,
constricted in its middle, its outer upper edge rounded; two marginal slender
greyish lines, the inner slightly dentate between the discal bands, and the outer
slightly ochreous at its posterior end. Hindwing with a very broad inner-discal band,
and a narrower outer-discal curved band, followed by a slender submarginal distinct
ochreous-yellow line, which is somewhat sinuous in the female. Underside with the
markings paler yellowish-ochreous and well-defined, but broader, the intervening
ground-colour being ochreous-black; the two marginal lines on forewing greyish-
ochreous; on the hindwing the marginal lines are ochreous; a distinct greyish-

NYMPHALIN AZ: (Group LIMENITINA.) 39

ochreous lunular line extending medially along the dark interspace between the
yellow discal bands, and the subbasal dark band has a slight outwardly projected
angle between the costal and subcostal vein.

Wet-season brood (Plate 303, fig. 2, d, e, 9).

Male and female. Upperside with the discoidal streak, and discal bands on
both wings comparatively narrower, the marginal lines grey, the line on hindwing
tinged with ochreous posteriorly. Underside with the markings narrower, as above,
the ground-colour darker, otherwise as in dry-season brood.

Expanse, ¢ 1,5, to 2, 2 2 to 2,45 inches.

Hasitat.—Lower Burma; Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula; Borneo.

Notr.—This species has similar markings on the upperside to Dorelia and
Sattanga, but the bands are broader in both dry and wet forms. Dindinga may be
easily distinguished from them by the submarginal lines on forewing being grey—
whereas in the others the inner line is prominently ochreous. On the underside,
the bands are also broader, the marginal lines on forewing being greyish, and on the
hindwing the interspaces between the bands are prominently defined by black
edging.

DistriputTion.k—A male, taken in the Ataran Valley, in March, and a female
from the Houndraw Valley, Burma, taken in October, and a male from the Mepley
Valley, Tenasserim, in January, by Capt. Bingham, and the type specimen from
Malacca, are in the British Museum, <A male from Borneo is in Mr. Grose-Smith’s
collection, and a female from Sandakan, N. Borneo, is in Colonel Swinhoe’s
collection.

Cuinese AND Maayan Sprcies.—Rahinda Bieti (Neptis Bieti, Oberthiir, Etudes
Ent, xix. p. 16, pl. 8, fig. 69 (1894). Habitat. W. China,—Rahinda Rihodana
(Neptis Rihodana, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 698. Habitat, Hainan.—Rahinda
Sandaka, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 120, Habitat. N. Borneo.—Rahinda
Doronia (Neptis Doronia, Staudinger, Deuts, Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 59. Habitat.
Palawan.—Rahinda tricolor (Neptis tricolor, Staudinger, /.c. 1889, p. 60. Habitat,
Palawan,—Rahinda Heliobole (Neptis Heliobole, Semper, Reise Phil. Lep. p. 151,
pl. 80, fig. 19, 20. Habitat. Mindanao, Rahinda Epira (Neptis Epira, Felder,
Reise, Nov. Lep. pl. 56, fig. 9, 10, Semper, lc. p. 151. Habitat. Luzon,

Genus LASIPPA.
Lasippa, Moore, Lep. Indica, iii. p. 146 (1898),
Imaco.—Male. Forewing more triangular in shape than in typical Rahinda; the
exterior margin being more oblique, and also even ; first and second subcostal branches
both emitted before end of the cell; base of posterior margin of the underside

40 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

broadly glossy greyish-white enclosing a very pale brown patch of scales above the
submedian vein. Hindwing with the exterior margin more oblique, and even; both
subcostal branches emitted together opposite the precostal vein; radial at some
distance from base of the second subcostal ; costal border, basally, broadly glossy
greyish-white, extending to below base of the radial veinlet, and in the dry-season
form, isolating an elongated unglossed brownish patch of scales between the bases
of subcostals. Body slender ; palpi slender, laxly clothed with fine hairs; antennal
club slender.
Type.—L. Heliodore (Fabr.).

LASIPPA HELIODORE.

Papilio Heliodore, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. i. p. 130 (1793). Jones, Icones, iy. pl. 76, fig. 2, ¢ (dry

form).

Neptis Heliodore, Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. Brit. Mus. p. 62 (1869).

Neptis Tiga, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 4. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii, p. 82 (1886).

Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 151, pl. 17, fig. 4, ¢.
Neptis Dorelia, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1879, p. 542, pl. 67, fig. 3. Distant, J.c. p. 152, pl. 17,
fig. 3 (wet form).
Dry-season brood (Plate 304, fig. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 9).

Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside rich ochreous-black ; cilia greyish-brown.
Forewing with a rich yellowish-ochreous discoidal streak which does not extend
below the median vein, it is indented at the discocellulars by a slender ochreous-
centred wedge-shaped mark; a subapical broad band somewhat irregularly edged
on both sides, a lower-discal oblique broad band which is slightly constricted in its
middle, and the upper portion sinuous outwardly; beyond is a prominent ochreous
somewhat broad lunular submarginal line and a very slender less-defined dull
ochreous marginal line. Hindwing with a yellowish-ochreous broad inner-discal
band which widens anteriorly, and a narrow outer-discal curved band, followed by a
slender dull ochreous submarginal line ; costal border, basally, broadly, glossy greyish-
white, extending to below base of the radial veinlet, and isolating an elongated
unglossed brownish patch of scales between bases of the subcostals. Underside
with pale dull yellowish-ochreous less-defined markings, as above, except that the
discoidal streak extends very slightly below the cell, the intervening ground-colour
being uniformly pale obscure ochreous-brown. Hindwing also with the costal base
pale yellowish-ochreous well separated from the subbasal dark band by the costal
vein; and in the male the subbasal dark band has a projecting outward angle between
the subcostal veins. Body and palpi above black; tegule and band on base of
abdomen ochreous ; palpiand thorax beneath, forelegs, and hind femora pale-greyish ;
abdomen beneath and hind tibie and tarsi pale ochreous; antenne black.

Expanse, ¢ 1,4, ? 1,% inch.

NYMPHALINZE. (Group LIMENITINA.) 4]
Wet-season brood (Plate 304, fig. ld,e, dg ?).

Male and female. Upperside with somewhat deeper yellowish-ochreous markings,
the discoidal streak and discal bands on both wings narrower than in dry-season
brood, but the submarginal line on both wings is more distinct, and on the forewing
the latter is somewhat broader and lunulated, the discoidal streak has a more
distinctly-detined wedge-shaped ochreous-centred mark, which in some extends
almost to the base of upper median veinlets, and the lower portion of the discal band
is more constricted in the female. Underside with the markings, as above, yellowish-
ochreous and broader, the discoidal streak extending below the cell, the intervening
ground-colour being darker and more regularly defined than in the dry-season brood.

Expanse, ¢ 1,% to 1,%, ¢ 1;% to 11° inch,

Hasirat.—Lower Burma; Tenasserim; Siam; Malay Peninsula; Sumatra ;
Java; Borneo.

DistrrbuTion.—The type specimen of Heliodore, in the Banksian cabinet at the
British Museum, is recorded from Siam, A male of the dry-season form, from
Shillong, Khasia Hills, is in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection, and a female of the wet-
season form, from Assam, in Mr. W. Rothschild’s collection. We possess a dry-
season female from Bayah Choung, Burma, taken in February by Col. C. H. H.
Adamson, and both sexes from Mergui; a female from Meetan, Upper Tenasserim,
is in the British Museum. Of the wet-season form we have a male from Mergui, a
female from Malacca, and both sexes from Sumatra. Dr. J. Anderson obtained it
in * Mergui, in November and December, Sullivan Island in January, and Elphin-
stone Island in February”’ (J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 36). In the British Museum
are specimens from Malacca (Dorelia), and from Java (Tiga). Mr, W. Rothschild
has examples from Java and Borneo,

LASIPPA KUHASA (Plate 304, fig. 2, 2a 2).

Neptis Kuhasa, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 84 (1886) ; Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1886,
p. 250, pl. xi. fig. 12, g ; dd. p. 356 (1886).

Imaco.—* Male. Upperside black, with orange markings. Forewing with a
broad discoidal streak bounded below by the median vein, obscurely separated from
the large triangular spot beyond by two fine black lines; a broad subapical patch
well separated from a rather less broad lower-discal patch, which reaches the inner
margin, and is strongly constricted at the first median veinlet; a prominent
submarginal somewhat lunate band, with a very obscure and fine pale marginal
line. Hindwing with a broad straight even discal band, and a similar but narrower
submarginal band about one-third the width; marginal line as on forewing.

vot. Iv. July 1st, 1899. G

42 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Underside. Both wings with the ground-colour much paler, and the bands also
paler, ochreous rather than orange. Forewing marked as above. Hindwing with
an additional ochreous band at the base of the costal margin, the discal and
submarginal bands broader, with the band of the ground-colour between them
narrower, the outer margin broadly fuscous, bearing a prominent ochreous line.

“Female. Both wings shghtly paler. Hindwing with the discal band narrower,
the submarginal band wider than in male. Underside with the same differences as
above.”

Expanse, d 1,%, 2 2 inches.

Hasitat.—Cachar.

Disrrisution.— Mr. J. Wood-Mason took one male in July, and two females in
August, at Irangmara in Cachar, now in the possession of the Indian Museum,
Calcutta” (l.c. 84).

LASIPPA SATTANGA.

Rahinda Sattunga, Moore, Trans, Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 311, 9.
Neptis Sattanga, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p, 83 (1886).

Dry-season brood (Plate 305, fig. 1, la, ¢).

Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside olivescent ochreous-black ; markings
yellowish-ochreous, paler than in Heliodore, and very sharply defined. Forewing with
the discoidal streak entire and sharply defined along lower edge of cell, but with a
very slightly-defined wedge-shaped ochreous-centred mark at upper end of the cell ;
subapical and lower-discal band irregularly-edged, the latter much constricted in its
middle, and in some specimens of female connected only by scattered yellow scales ;
submarginal yellow lne narrow, distinct, and slightly lunular; marginal line in
male yellow, in female greyish and indistinct. Hindwing with a broad inner-discal
band, and a much narrower outer-discal band ; submarginal line very obscure and
pale greyish, not ochreous as in Heliodore. Underside with paler ochreous-yellow,
broader and less defined markings, the intervening ground-colour obscurely defined
and of a pale ochreous-brown.

Wet-season brood (Plate 305, fig. 1, b, ec, 2).

Upperside; markings somewhat narrower than in dry-season, and narrower than
in wet-season Heliodore. Underside with all the bands more distinctly defined, and
their interspaces darker ochreous-black.

Expanse, d 1, to 1%, $ 1,8 to 2 inches.

NYMPHALINE. (Group LIMENITINA,) 43

Haxitat.— Upper Burma,

DisrrisuTIoN.—Specimens from Burma, and of both sexes from Tilin Yaw,
taken by Capt. E. Y. Watson during the Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889-90, in
January, February and March, and from Yedu Yaw, Burma, in November, are in
the British Museum, We possess the type female, and other specimens, also from
Burma,

LASIPPA CAMBOJA (Plate 305, fig. 2, 2a, @).
Neptis Camboja, Moore, Proe. Zool, Soc, 1879, p. 136, 3g.

Tmaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing with a pale ferruginous-yellow broad
discoidal streak, extending below the cell a broad oblique subapical band, and a
broad constricted lower-discal band; also two slender indistinct ferruginous-yellow
marginal lines. Hindwing with a broad ferruginous transverse discal and a narrow
slightly curved submarginal band, also a single indistinct slender ferruginous
marginal line. Underside pale yellowish-ferruginous ; bands as above, but indistinctly
defined.

Expanse, 1, inch.

Hasrrat.—Cambodia.

The type specimen, taken by Mr. Mouhot, was in the late Mr. N. C. Tully’s
collection, and of which our illustrations represent the upper and underside.

MALayaN ALLIED Species.—Lasippa Siaka (Neptis Siaka, Moore, Trans. Ent.
Soc. 1881, p. 311, 2). Male and female. Upperside with sharply-defined reddish-
ochreous markings, the discoidal streak completely divided across end of cell by a
black bar, the outer portion being short and triangular ; the transverse discal band
divided into three portions, its middle portion being well and completely separated
from the lower ; submarginal ochreous line formed of separate lunules. Hindwing
with a straight inner-discal band, and a much narrower straight outer-discal band,
the submarginal line slender and indistinct. Underside with well defined dusky-
black interspaces between the yellowish-ochreous markings, as above. HExpanse
3 1,5, ? 1; inch. Habitat—Sumatra; Nias; Borneo.

MatayaN ALLIED GeENERA.—Genus Bacatora (Moore, Lep. Ind. ui. p. 146
(1898).—Male. Forewing elongate, subtriangular ; apex obtusely rounded, exterior
margin oblique and slightly concave in the middle ; first subcostal branch emitted
at one-fifth, and second branch immediately before end of the cell. Hindwing
broadly ovate; apex rounded, exterior margin very oblique and slightly scalloped,
anal angle obtuse; precostal vein bent abruptly outward beyond the middle ;
second subcostal emitted very close to costal, radial at considerable distance beyond ;

44 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

cell area broad. Type. Bacalora Pata.—Bacalora Pata (Neptis Pata, Moore, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 4, pl. 49, fig. 1,¢. Semper, Reis. Phil. pl. 30, fig. 6, ?.
Syn. N. Isabellina, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. 1863, p. 114. Habitat. Manilla ;
Luzon.—Bacalora Semperi (N. Isabellina, Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep. p. 151, pl. 30,
fig. 4, 5 (nec Felder). Habitat. S. Mindanao.—Bacalora Patalina (N. Patalina,
Staudinger (Semper, Reis. Phil. Lep. p. 347 (1892). Habitat. Mindoro.

Genus AtuHariA (Moore, Lep. Ind. ili. p. 146 (1898).—WNeptis (sect. 7, part),
Felder, Neues Lep. p. 31 (1861).—Male. Forewing elongate, rather narrow,
subtriangular; costa arched at the base, apex very obtuse, exterior margin
oblique, slightly convex and almost even, posterior margin recurved; first
subcostal branch only emitted before end of the cell, second subcostal
emitted at one-fourth beyond the cell; discocellulars outwardly-oblique; cell
open. Hindwing rather elongate, anterior margin almost straight, apex obtuse,
exterior margin obliquely-convex and almost even; precostal vein abruptly bent
outward ; costal vein ending at a short distance before the apex. Body slender ;
palpi more slender than in Rahinda, and comparatively less laxly hairy ; eyes naked ;
antennz slender. Typs. A. consimilis.—Atharia consimilis (Limenitis consimilis,
Boisd. Voy. Astrolabe, Lep. p. 133). Snellen, Tijd. voor Ent. 1889, p. 388, pl. 9,
fig. 2. Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. pl. 50. Habitat. New Guinea; N. Australia.—
Atharia affinis (Neptis affinis, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. i. p. 426). Habitat.
Aru.—Atharia continua (Neptis continua, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. p. 146). Habitat.
J obi.

Genus AnpasENopES (Moore, Lep. Ind. iii. p. 146 (1898).—Forewing elon-
gated, narrow; costa almost straight, apex rounded, exterior margin very
slightly oblique, scalloped, posterior margin long, recurved; first and second
subcostal branches emitted before end of the cell; discocellulars very short,
second outwardly-oblique; cell open. Hindwing rather elongated and narrow ;
anterior margin well arched, exterior margin very oblique, convex, scalloped ;
precostal short, straight. Body moderately stout; palpi slender, laxly clothed
with long fine hairs; antennal club stout, obtuse at tip; eyes naked. ‘Typr.
A. mimetica.—Andasenodes mimetica (Neptis mimetica, Grose-Smith, Nov. Zool.
ii. p. 78 (1895). A mimic of the Euploeine butterflies Andasena Orope, and of
Doricha variabilis. Habitat. Dili, Timor.—Andasenodes Hblis (Neptis Eblis, Butler,
Aun. Nat. Hist. 1882, p. 48. Grose-Smith and Kirby, Rhop. Exot. Nept. pl. 1, fig.
1, 2 (1895). A mimic of, probably, a species of Calliplaa. Habitat. New Britain.

Genus Rasatta (Moore, Lep. Ind. iii. p. 146 (1898).—Male. Wings small.
Forewing subtriangular ; costa very slightly arched, apex rounded, exterior margin
slightly oblique, scalloped, posterior margin much recurved; first and second
subcostal branches emitted before end of the cell; discocellulars very short, second

NYMPHALINZ, (Group NYMPHALINA.) 45

bent inward; cell open. Hindwing broadly ovate, short; anterior margin much
arched, exterior margin convex and scalloped; precostal vein bifid ; costal vein
ending at fully one-third before the apex. Body slender; palpi very slender; eyes
naked. Type. R. gracilis.—Rasalia gracilis (Athyma gracilis, Kirsch, Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1885, p. 276, pl. 19, fig. 4). Syn. Neptis Dohertyi, Grose-Smith, Nov. Zool.
ii. 1895, p. 79. Habitat. Tenimber, Timor Laut.

Group V. NYMPHALINA.

Hamadryades, Hiibner, Tentamen, p. 1 (1806).

Nymphalides (part), Boisd. Ind. Méth. p. 16 (1840).

Vanesside, Duponchel, Catal. Méth. Lep. Eur. p. 6 (1844).

Vanessidi, Stephens, Catal. Brit. Lep. B. M. p. 11 (1850). Stainton, Manual Brit. Lep. p. 21 (1857).
Scudder, Butt. E. U.S, p. 306 (1889).

Vanessides, Kirby, Eur. Butt. p. 36 (1862). Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. p. 69 (1869).

_ Nymphalina (part), Herr. Schoeff. Prod. Syst. Lep. p. 17 (1864). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 83

(1882).

Nymphalides (part), Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. p. 46 (1869).

Diademe (part), Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. p. 98 (1869).

Nymphalide (part), Lang, Rhop. Eur. p. 159 (1884).

Kallime et Apaturine, Doherty, Journ. As, Soc, Bengal, 1886, pp. 109, 121.

Nymphalide (Vanessa group, part), Staudinger and Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 122 (1887).

Nymphalina, Moore, Lep. Indica, ii. p. 225 (1895).

CHARACTERS OF THE Group NyYMPHALINA.*

Imaco.—Forewings elongately triangular, or triangular; apex obtusely angled
or rounded, in some produced to a more or less distinct point; exterior margin
either more or less slightly scalloped and with a more or less prominent outward
angle below the apex and a lesser angle at the lower median veinlet, or the entire
margin slightly but obtusely scalloped, or more or less even. Hindwings short,
obovate, or somewhat quadrate, the exterior margin either more or less slightly
scalloped, or nearly even, or, in some the apex is slightly excised, and with a short
broad caudate angle at end of the upper median veinlet; or, in some the wing is
triangular, with the exterior margin nearly or quite even, and the anal angle pro-
duced into a lobate tail.

Larva.—Head mostly very slightly cleft, in some surmounted with two minute
tuberculous-spines or very short stellate-spines, or armed with two long erect
branched-spines or two fleshy-spines. Body armed with longitudinal series of
branched-spines, or with a single dorsal fleshy-spine on sixth and twelfth segment.

* See Note in Lep. Indica, vol. ii. p. 226.

46 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Pupa.—Stout; dorsum arched, abdominal segments mostly with dorsal and
lateral conical points; thorax obtusely or angularly conical posteriorly ; head-piece
more or less bifid.

SeasonaL Dimorpuism.—We have separated and described the wet-season and
dry-season forms occurring in the genera Cyrestis, Apsithra, Junonia, Polygonia
(Grapta), Araschnia, Symbrenthia, Apatura (Hypolimnas), and Kallima.

Miuicry.—In the genus Apatwra (Hypolimnas) the two well-known species
Bolina and Misippus furnish the most striking examples of mimicry.to be found
among butterflies. Colonel C. Swinhoe, in his paper on “ Mimicry in butterflies of
the genus Hypolimnas” (Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1895, p. 340), writes: “In Bolina,
Linn., as we find it in Asia, the female only is mimetic, the males in all localities
being of the normal form. In India the female universally mimics the common
protected butterfly, Huplaa Core, of Cramer. The typical Core does not range very
far South, one or two have been taken in Mergui, but there is no record of its more
Southern extension, its place being taken by other common black Huplaas of some-
what similar pattern. We find accordingly, that Polina varies so as to resemble all
the common Hupleas of the different islands of the Malay Archipelago. The female
of Misippus, with the exception as a very rare variety, which resembles the male
in appearance, always mimics the commonest of all the Danaine, i.e. Danais
Chrysippus, which is common all over India, Burma, Ceylon, the Malay Archipelago,
Madagascar, Aden, and the West, South, and South-East Coasts of Africa; in all
these localities Misippus also exists, the female being of the Danais colour and
pattern, and where D. Chrysippus does not exist, Misippus is not to be found, In
Africa and Aden there are several forms of Danais Chrysippus—some without the
white-banded black apical patch to the forewings (DV. Dorippus, Klug); some
possessing this marking, but characterized by white hindwings (D. Alcippus,
Cramer); and also others with the Dorippus pattern aud white hindwings. All
these forms are mimicked in their several localities by the females of Misippus. In
India, the form of female Misippus which mimics Danais Dorippus (without the black
and white apical patch) is also found.” The form of female Misippus which mimics
Danais Alcippus (Alcippoides, Moore) is also occasionally found in India,

Genus CYRESTIS.

Cyrestis, Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, p. 117 (1832) ; id. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 1833, p. 190. West-
wood, Gen. D. Lep. ii. p. 260 (1850). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 1389 (18838). de Nicéville,
Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 248 (1886). Staudinger and Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 155 (1888).

Cyrestis (sect. 1), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 24 (1861).

Iuaco,—Wings short. Forewing rather broad, triangular; costa slightly
arched, apex obtusely pointed, exterior margin slightly oblique and sinuous, ex-

NYMPHALINA, (Group NYMPH4ALINA.) 47

cavated above the posterior angle, posterior margin recurved ; costal vein extending
to middle of costa; first subcostal veinlet emitted at one-fifth before end of the
cell and ending at a little beyond the costal vein; second subcostal at one-tenth
before end of cell; third subcostal at fully one-half beyond the cell; the cell very
short and broad, closed ; upper discocellular veinlet very short, middle discocellular
concave, lower discocellular almost straight, very slender; middle median veinlet
emitted close to lower end of cell. Hindwing broad and prolonged posteriorly ;
anterior margin rather short, lobate at the base and excavated before the apex,
which is acute ; exterior margin oblique, scalloped from the apex and produced to a
spatular-tail at end of upper median veinlet and broadly-lobate between lower
median and the submedian; precostal vein curving from its base, slender, simple ;
costal vein much arched from base of precostal and thence extending close along
the margin to near the apex; cell broad, closed ; subcostal branch widely separated
from the costal; upper discocellular outwardly curved, lower discocellular outwardly
oblique and very slender; middle median emitted close to end of cell. Body
slender; palpi long, rather slender, directed upwards to middle of eyes and then
porrected and projecting more than half its length beyond the head, somewhat
cylindrical, the sides slightly flattened, very compactly clothed with short hairy
seales which are slightly lax above and at base beneath, terminal joint nearly as
long as second and obtusely pointed ; forelegs of male short, very slender; femur
scaly above, clothed beneath with fine long silky hairs; tibia scaly ; tarsus sparsely
clothed with very short hairs. Forelegs of female longer ; femur scaly above, finely
hairy beneath; tibia and tarsus smooth; tarsus broadly dilated towards end, apical
joints minute, stoutly spined ; antenne slender, with a gradually-formed elongate
club; eyes naked. 'ype.—C. Thyonneus.

Larva (C. Thyodamas).—“ Slender, cylindrical, smooth; with two long, curved,
divergent filaments, or soft horns, on the head ; a single stouter sword-shaped one
on the back of the fifth or sixth segment, curved backwards and serrated on its
inner edge ; another on the last segment, curved forwards and serrated on its outer
edge” (Davidson).

Pupa.—‘ Suspended by the tail. Very much compressed; with a dorsal ridge
from head to tail, high and obtusely pointed in the middle; palpi cases united and
produced into a long somewhat recurved snout ” (Davidson).

Ecc.—“ High domed-shape, or almost conical, with an aperture at the top
fitted with a deeply dentate flat cap, like a cogged wheel ” (Davidson).

Hasits or Imaco.— All the species of this genus are very elegant insects on the
wing, having a floating sailing flight, often settling on the wet sand on the borders
‘ of a stream to suck up the moisture, with wings very wide outspread and lying flat
on the ground, the forewings much advanced in front of the head ; if disturbed they

48 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

disappear with great rapidity, as they settle suddenly with outspread wings on the
underside of a leaf, where they are quite invisible from above. They are nearly
always found near water. In Simla, T’hyodamas may often be seen at rest on a
bare quartz rock in mid-stream, its delicately pencilled markings exactly harmonizing
with the veinings of the stone” (de Nicéville).

CYRESTIS THYODAMAS (Plate 306, fig. 1, la, larva and pupa, 1, b,c, $ 2).

Cyrestis Thyodamas, Boisduval, Cuvier’s Rég. Anim. Ins. ii. pl. 138, fig. 4 (1836). Doubleday
and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. pl. 32, fig. 3 (1848). Westwood, 7d. ii. p. 261 (1850). Butler,
Ann. Nat. Hist. 1885, p. 807. de Nicéville, Butt. India, ii. p. 251 (1886). Leech, Butt. of
China, etc., i. p. 248 (1892). Davidson and Aitken, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1896,
p. 256, pl. 3, fig. 2, larva. Mackinnon, 7d. 1898, p. 376, pl. U, fig. ll, larva and pupa. Staudinger
and Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. pl. 23 (1888).

Amathusia Ganescha, Kollar, Hugel’s Kaschmir, iv. pt. 2, p. 430, pl.

7, fig. 3, 4 (1844).
Cyrestis Ganescha, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1885, p. 808 ; 7d. P. Z. S, 1886,

p. 368.

Ivaco.—Male and female. Upperside either pure white (probably wet-seasow
brood) or of various shades from white to pale rich yellowish-ochreous (probably dry-
season brood) ; veins mostly black. Forewing crossed by four irregularly-undulated
slender black lines, the first line subbasal, second and third medial, the fourth discal and
sinuous posteriorly, followed by three submarginal parallel lines ; interspaces between
the discal and outer lines, apically, more or less powdery fuliginous-brown or grey,
with a small, white-centred oval spot between the veins, the lower outer interspaces
broken by a fuliginous or olive-brown patch, the inner median and submedian spaces
being more or less bright ochreous and inwardly edged with steel blue, the latter
centred with three prominent white spots inwardly edged with black ; base of costal
border brownish-ochreous; a subbasal black line across the cell, a curved line before
the end, and two discocellular lines, their upper interspaces and a costal patch
beyond being brownish-ochreous. Hindwing crossed by three medial slender black
lines, the middle line angulated towards the costa, followed by a broader outer-discal
black line, outwardly-edged with steel blue, a slender inner-submarginal wavy line,
and then by two outer thicker irregular lines, between the outer-discal and inner
submarginal is a row of elongated oval white spots, which are inwardly-edged with
black and bordered anteriorly with olivescent-ochreous, and posteriorly with
yellowish-ochreous; anal lobes, more or less, yellowish-ochreous, or brownish-
ochreous, irregularly marked with black spots and streaks edged with white ;
abdominal border brownish-ochreous, edged by a black streak at base of costa ; tail
black, edged with white. Underside paler and of a pinkish-white; markings as
above, but less prominent, the anal lobes brighter ochreous and the black spots

NYMPHALINZA. (Group NYMPHALINA.) 49

larger; costa and abdominal border white. Body with a dorsal and lateral black
stripe edged with white or pale ochreous; palpi above clothed with black and
ochreous hairs, beneath ochreous-white; legs white ; antenne black, annulated with
white beneath.

Expanse, ¢ 2 2 to 2,% inches.

Larva.— Slender, cylindrical, smooth; with two long, curved, divergent
filaments or soft horns on the head, a single stouter sword-shaped one on the
back of the fifth or sixth segment, curved backwards and serrated on its inner edge,
and another on the last segment, curved forwards and serrated on its outer edge.
Colour fine reddish-brown, with a broad green band on the side from the fifth
to the last segment. Feeds on the leaves of Ficus indica.”

Purpa.— Suspended by the tail; very much compressed; with a dorsal ridge
from head to tail, high and obtusely pointed in the middle; palpi cases united and
produced into a long somewhat recurved snout; colour brown, with fine dark
strie.”

Ecac.— High-domed shape, or almost conical, with an aperture at the top fitted
with a deeply dentate flat cap, like a cogged wheel” (Davidson, l.c. 351).

Hasitat.—W. and EK. Himalayas; Assam; Cachar; Khasias; Bombay;
S. India; Burma; Tenasserim; W. China; Hainan; Formosa; Japan.

Disrrizution.—We possess examples of both the white and pale ochreous forms
from the Western Himalayas, taken at Kasauli, Simla, and Masuri, a white male
from Nepal, taken by the late Gen. G. Ramsay, both sexes from Sikkim, Assam, and
the Khasias; others from 8. India, taken in the Wynaad and Nilgiris, a pale
ochreous female from Coorg, a white male from Mynal, Travancore, taken in March,
at 2000 feet elevation ; white males from Bhamo, taken in November by Signor L.
Fea, from Upper Burma, by Col. C. H. E. Adamsom, a male from Moolai, Upper
Tenasserim, and white males from W. China and Japan. Mr. J. H. Leech has both
sexes of the white and ochreous forms from Moupin, and Omeishan, W. China, and
a white female from the Loochoo Islands. It is also recorded from Hainan (P. Z.S.
1878, 698), and from Formosa (id. 1877, p. 813). The late Capt. R. Bayne Reed
took it in Kashmir in 1872 (MS. Note), and Capt. H. B. Hellard also took it in
“Kashmir in September” (MS. Notes). Mr. P. W. Mackinnon found it “ very
common in Masuri and in the interior, and it is not rare in the Doon. It flies all
through the warm weather.” Capt. A. M. Lang took it at “* Kasauh in May, and at
Kundloo from April to October” (MS. Notes). The Rev. J. H. Hocking records it
from the Kangra Hills, ‘‘ June to September, hybernates afterwards. Sits with open
wings upon hanging leaves of Oak and Rhododendron” (P. Z. 8. 1882, 240). Mr.
W.S. Atkinson records it from “ Hills in Central India, Parisnath Hill, Sikkim, and
Khasias” (MS. Notes). Col. C. Swinhoe records it as “‘common on the Khasia

VOL. 1V. H

50 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA,

Hills” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1893, 288). Mr. E. H. Aitken observed it as “rare at
Mahableshwar, Bombay.”

Mr. W. Doherty records it from “‘ Kumaon generally, at 2000 to 8000 feet eleva-
ton” (J. A. 8. Beng. 1886, 122). Major J. W. Yerbury obtained the male at
“Murree, N.W. Himalayas, in August”’ (P. Z. 8. 1886, 363). Mr. S.N. Ward took
it in ** Malabar and Kanara.” Mr. G. F. Hampson took it “ throughout the Nilgiri
District,’ and remarks that the yellow form does not occur there (J. A. S. Beng.
1888, 355). Mr. H. 8. Ferguson records it as ‘common on the Travancore Hills”
(J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1891, 9). Capt. E. Y. Watson took “‘ numerous specimens at
Kathlekan, Mysore, in November, and at the Gersoppa Falls in January (id. 1890, 5).
‘“Common in Sikkim up to about 6000 feet elevation, from March to December ”
(H. J. Elwes, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 365). In the British Museum is an ochreous
female from Bhotan, taken in July, others of the white form from Tilin Yaw, Burma,
taken in November, Papun in December, and King Island, Mergui, December. Dr,
F. Manders records it from “ Fort Stedman, Shan States, and Eastern Karenee,
Burma” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 525).

Hasits or Imaco.—‘* This beautiful insect, very appropriately called ‘ the map
butterfly,’ is frequently to be seen soaring backwards and forwards over some
mountain stream, with richly wooded sides. It frequently settles, often with wide-
spread wings, on a quartz rock, where, by reason of its coloration and markings, it
is almost impossible to see. It has also a habit of suddenly settling on the underside
of some broad leaf overhanging the water, with wings wide outspread, a feat of
gymnastics I have never seen any other butterfly accomplish. It is on the wing
from early summer, and I have taken perfect specimens as late as the middle of
November at Simla” (de Nicéville, Indian Agriculturist, 1880). ‘* A Western-
Himalayan forest-insect, difficult to capture at all. It generally frequents a well-
wooded glen; and in such a place I have often watched its elegant soaring flight,
far out of reach, as it flcated over the blossoms of the horse-chestnut (Pavia indica),
or rested on its broad leaves in the sunshine. I have also seen it floating up and
down the foliage-covered face of a steep cliff overhanging a hill torrent, and rarely
would it come within reach”’ (Capt. A. M. Lang, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1864, 132). ‘The
‘map butterfly’ is pretty common throughout the Karwar District of Bombay, in
suitable situations—such as clear streams of running water among rocks, with trees
growing over it, on which the butterfly may rest, pressed flat against the underside
of aleaf. Curiously enough it lays its eggs on the Banian tree (Ficus indica), which
is not a tree at all peculiar to such situations (J. Davidson and E. H. Aitken,
J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1896, 256 ; id. 1890, 351).

Foop-Prants or lLarva.—A female was noticed by Mr. J. R. Bell, on
October 10th, depositing its eggs on the tenderest leaves and buds of the Banian tree

NYMPHALINZE. (Group NYMPHALINA,) 51

(Ficus indice), and secured six, of which two were reared” (E, H. Aitken, id.
p. 851). Mr. P. W. Mackinnon found the “larva, in Masuri, feeding on Ficus
nemoralis, and in the Doon, upon Ficus glomerata” (J. Bomb, N, H, 8. 1898, 376).

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 306, fig. 1 is a reproduction of Mr.
Mackinnon’s figures, and fig. la of Mr. Davidson’s figures, of the larva and pupa ;
fig. 1b is a male of the white (wet-season) form, and fig. 1c, a female of the pale
ochreous (dry-season) form,

CYRESTIS ANDAMANICA (Plate 306, fig. 2, 2a, 9 9).
Cyrestis Thyodamas, var. Andamanica, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1881;

p- 246.
Cyrestis Thyodamas, var. Andamanensis, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. p. 132, pl. 49, (1888).

Imaco.—Male and female. ‘‘ Differs from Continental Indian and Burmese
C. Thyodamas in the blacker apex and outer margin, in the prominent somewhat
diffused black spot on the third median veinlet between the third and fourth
transverse black lines of the forewing, and in having the fulyous marks of the anal
half of the abdominal margin, of the anal angle, and of the outer margin as far as
the discoidal vein, of the hindwing, much diffused and darker ; in having, in fact, all
the markings and colouring darker both above and below.”

Expanse, d ? 2,% to 2,% inches.

Hasirat,—South Andamans,

CYRESTIS NIVALIS (Plate 307, fig. 1, la, 2).

Cyrestis Nivalis, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 414 (1866). de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal,
1895, p. 429.

Cyrestis Nivea, var. Nivalis, Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 140, pl. 12, fig. 3, ¢ (1883).
Cyrestis Nivea, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 252 (1886).
Cyrestis Nivea, var. interrupta, Snellen, Tijd. vy. Ent. 1890, p. 217.

Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside white. Forewing crossed by three
outwardly-curved oblique waved equidistant very slender black lines, the first
subbasal, the second medial, and the third discal; base of costal border to medial
transverse line irregularly black and longitudinally streaked with ochreous; cell
crossed by a slender black line near the base, and with two similar waved lines at
the end; outer margin with a broad black band traversed by three entire outer and
two broken inner pale fuliginous-white slender lines, the two inner upper lines with
an intervening white oval dot, the inner edge of the band is irregularly waved—being

n 2

52 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

in reality a fourth transversal line, its middle portion excavated between the radial
and middle median veinlet, its lower end zigzag, the posterior angle being broadly
bright ochreous with two black central dots and short ascending outer white streaks.
Hindwing crossed by three similar-positioned oblique almost straight very slender
black lines, the two inner angularly bent upward near the abdominal margin, the inner
one extending upward in a black streak to the base of the costa; two submarginal
black streaks curving from the costal angle to near anal angle, their lower ends
waved, followed by an outer parallel slender line, then by an oblique streak from
the upper marginal angle, and again by a slender marginal line, the latter ending in
two black caudal marginal streaks ; lower area of abdominal border, the anal lobe
and lower outer border of the streaks bright ochreous ; anal lobes with black spots
and short white streaks. Underside white; transverse lines and marginal borders
as above, but paler; costal basal band and abdominal marginal markings absent.
Body above with a dorsal and lateral longitudinal black streak bordered with ochreous
and white ; body beneath and legs white; palpi above clothed partly with black
and ochreous hairs, beneath white; antennz black, partly annulated with white
beneath.

Expanse, ¢ 2 to 2,3, inches.

Hasitat.—Upper Burma; Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula, Penang; Sumatra ;
Sarawak; Borneo.

Distrisution.—* Found commonly in Burma, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra,
and Borneo. In Sumatra it is found on forest roads, where it settles with wide-
spread wings on moist places and by the side of small pools ; if pursued, it settles on
the underside of leaves by the roadside. On the wing, when flying rapidly along a
forest road in search of moisture, it may easily be taken for a Pierine butterfly” (de
Nicéville J. A. 8. Beng. 1895, 429). Lieut. E, Y. Watson took it in ‘‘ Upper Burma
in the spring, and Capt. Bingham in the Donat Range in April, and in the
Thoungyeen forests in December” (id. Butt. Ind. 253). Mr. E. Bartlett records it
as “‘very plentiful at times in Sarawak, having the habit of flying along the roads
in a direct line, very similar to a Pierine butterfly, for which it may be mistaken.”

CYRESTIS TABULA (Plate 307, fig. 2, 2a, g).

Cyrestis Tabula, de Nicéville, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1883, p. 1, pl. 1, fig. 1, g ; Butt. of India,
etc., il. p. 253 (1886). Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1886, p. 258, 9.

Tmaco.—Male. ‘“ Upperside rich deep ochreous with black markings; veins
mostly defined with black. Forewing with a short longitudinal streak at base of the
cell, immediately beyond this a transverse one reaching from the median veinlet to
the costa; then a pair of streaks which are wide apart at the median veinlet, but

NYMPHALIN A. (Group NYMPHALINA.) 53

joined on the subcostal veinlet ; the discocellular veinlets defined with a fine black
lime; beyond which is a bow-shaped figure composed of two fine lines joined at their
lower ends, the outer line straight, the inner one curved, with their points resting
on the second median veinlet and subcostal veinlet ; below the cell a pair of streaks
reaching the posterior margin, the origin of the first one being where the first
median, and the outer one where the second median veinlet is given off, the interspace
being thickly irrorated with black scales, leaving but little of the ochreous ground-
colour visible; two transverse discal black lines from the subcostal to posterior
margin, the outer line lunulate, the inner one sinuate, the two lines being nearest
together at their middle, and both inwardly edged with black scales; a submarginal
series of seven bright ochreous spots, broadly inwardly defined with black, one in
each interspace except the two lower, which are smaller and placed between the lower
median and submedian vein; the outer margin broadly black, bearing two obsolete
paler lines. Hindwing crossed by four black lines, the space between each pair, and
between both pairs being thickly irrorated with black scales, especially at the lower
extremity of the outer pair, where the ground-colour is entirely black, at the upper
extremity the ground-colour increasingly to the costa is very pale ochreous; a
submarginal line composed of six lunules, each lunule having a bright ochreous spot
placed outwardly against it; the outer margin more broadly black than in forewing,
the black portion ending at the lower median veinlet, bearing two intensely black
marginal lines, the outer line defined on both sides with a pale fine line, the outer of
these two pale lines becoming almost pure white from the tail to anal Jobe ; the lobe
and a round spot above it, is bright ochreous, defined, especially outwardly, with
black ; there are also some small white, black, and metallic steel-blue markings
above the round ochreous-spot ; tail black, the tip white. Underside pale ochreous,
the outer portion of the wings, and on either side of the submarginal lunules on the
hindwing, somewhat deeper ochreous, becoming ferruginous at the anal angle. All
the markings of the upperside, but narrower and better defined, with no black
irrorations, the outer margins, except the extreme edge, which is black, concolourous
with the rest of the wings; the veins throughout pale ochreous. Body rich ochreous
above, marked with three black lines, beneath pale ochreous; antenne black, the
tip ochreous” (de Nicéville l.c.).

Female. “ Differs from the male in being white below instead of pale orange-
ochreous ; above it is only slightly tinged with ferruginous, and is somewhat like
C. Thyodamas, except that the lighter spaces are heavily clouded with grey”
(Doherty, l.c.).

Expanse, 2,%, to 2;° inches.

Hasirat.—Great Nicobar.

Note.—“ It is somewhat variable, the type specimen is very much darker than

54 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

others subsequently received ; in the former alone is the black irroration between
the common discal lines of the upperside of both wings present” (de N. J.c.).

Distrinution.—“ This species seems to be confined to the island of Great
Nicobar, where the late Mr. F. de Roepstorff and Mr. E. H. Man have each obtained
two males. Mr. Doherty also obtained both male and female at Great Nicobar, who
states that the female, when flying, resembles the white C. Thyodamas, for which he
at first mistook it” (l.c.).

Our illustrations of this species on Plate 307 are reproduced from Mr. de
Nicéville’s figures.

Tnpo-Matayan Sproms.—Cyrestis Nivea (Amathusia Nivea, Zinken-Sommer,
Nova Acta Acad. N. C. 1831, p. 188, pl. 14, fig. 1, ¢. Habitat. Java.—
Cyrestis Lutea (Amath. lutea, Zink. Som. lc. p. 140, pl. 14, fig. 2, ¢ (1831).
Habitat. Jayva.—Cyrestis Fadorensis, Kheil, Rhop. Nias, p. 22, pl. 3, fig. 2 (1884).
Habitat. Nias Island.—Cyrestis superbus, Staudinger, Deuts. Ent. Zeit. Lep. 1889,
p. 53. Habitat. Palawan.—Cyrestis Meznalis, Krichson, Nov. Act. Ac. N. C. (1834),
p- 402, pl. 50, fig. 8. Semper, Reis. Phil. Lep. p. 113, pl. 21, fig. 3, 4, ¢ (1888).
Habitat. Philippines.—Cyrestis Irmex, Forbes, Nat. Wanderings, p. 274 (1885).
Waterhouse, Aid, 11, pl. 176, fig. 2. de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.
1891, p. 858. Syn. Cyrestis Sumatrensis, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. p. 133 (1888).
Habitat. Sumatra; Malay Peninsula.—Oyrestis obscurior, Staudinger, D. Ent. Zeit.
Lep. 1889, p. 53. Habitat. Philippines.—Cyrestis seminigra, Grosse-Smith, Ann.
Nat. Hist. 1889, p. 313. Pryer and Cator, Brit. N. Borneo Herald, 1894, p. 260.
Habitat. N. Borneo.—Cyrestis Therese, de Nicéville, Journ. As, Soc. Bengal, 1894,
p. 18, pl. 5, fig. 8, d. Habitat. N.E. Sumatra,

Genus CHERSONESIA.

Chersonesia, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 142 (1883). Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep. p. 111 (1888).
Cyrestis (sect. 2), Felder, N. Lep. p. 24 (1861).
Cyrestis (part), Westwood. de Nicéville.

Imaco.—Wings small, short. Male. Forewing triangular ; costa arched, apex
obtuse, exterior margin slightly oblique, nearly straight and even; first subcostal
branch emitted at one-fifth before end of the cell, second at about one-third beyond
the cell; upper discocellular extremely short, middle slightly concave, lower
recurved and extremely slender, joining the median at some distance before its
middle branch. Hindwing broad; apex oblique and almost rounded; exterior
margin uneven, angled at end of upper median and slightly lobate before anal
angle; precostal vein short, very slender, starting from the costal at some distance
above base of subcostal; upper discocellular at a short distance beyond base of

NYMPHALINZ!. (Group NYMPHALINA.) 55

subcostal branch, lower discocellular extremely slender, outwardly oblique; two
upper medians from end of cell. Body slender ; palpi slender, flattened, smoothly
scaled, laxly hairy at base and apex of second joint above, second joint curved
upward, third joint projected forward ; antennal club robust; eyes naked.

Tyre.—C. Rahria,

Larva.—Cylindrical, smooth, with two straight fleshy filaments projecting
forward from the head, a single backward-curved dorsal filament on fifth segment,
and a similar one on the twelfth or last segment. Colour pale green, with a dorsal
pale pinkish band.

Pupa.—Tapering from the end, thorax obtusely angled above; with a medio-
dorsal biangulated process ; head-piece with two curved projected processes. Colour
pale green, dorsal and frontal processes brown. (Described from Hagen’s figure
(Iris, 1896, pl. 1.)

Hasits or Imaco.—Mr. de Nicéville states that ‘‘all the species of Chersonesia,
in Sumatra, occur only in forests, and, unlike true Cyrestis, never go to roads or
moist places, but keep to low bushes, and rest on the underside of the leaves. They
fly weakly, and are easily captured” (J. A. 8. Bengal, 1895, 432). The late Mr.
W.S. Atkinson, in his MS. Notes, says that C, Risa “settles on the underside of
leaves with the wings distended.”

CHERSONESIA RISA (Plate 307, fig. 3, a,b, ¢ 9).

Cyrestis Risa, Doubleday and Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. ii. p. 262, pl. 32, fig. 4 (1850). Moore, P. Z.S.
1878, p. 829. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 256 (1886).
Chersonesia Risa, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 142 (1883). Doherty, J. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p, 122.

Imaco,—Male. Upperside rich ochreous or yellowish-ochreous. Both wings
crossed by a basal pair of fine black straight lines, the space within irrorated with
black scales ; another pair beyond ; two similar discal lines, the outer one of which
has a series of more or less pale ochreous-yellow triangular patches along its inner
edge, these patches being most prominent on the hindwing, followed by a steel-blue
line which is somewhat macular and less defined on the forewing, where it is divided
in the middle by a more or less pale ochreous-yellow patch and other smaller
anterior patches on a dusky-speckled ground ; beyond is a submarginal fine black
wavy line and a straight marginal line. Forewing also with a basal-costal black
line, and two discocellular fine black lines. Hindwing also with a single discocellular
fine black line, two outer discal and submarginal lines sinuously bent inward at their
lower ends, and with two small black central dots above anal lobe; marginal line
inwardly-edged with violaceous-white from the anal angle. Underside paler, markings

56 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

similar to above, less defined, the spaces between the transverse lines palest and
faintly tinged with violaceous-white.

Female. Upper and underside as in male. Body ochreous, with a dorsal and
lateral black line; palpi and legs ochreous ; antenne black, annulated with white
beneath.

Expanse, ¢ ? 1,5, to 1,4 inch.

Hasitat.—Kumaon; Nepal; Sikkim; Bhotan; Assam; Silhet ; Burma; Upper
Tenasserim.

Distrisution.—Mr. W. Doherty records it from the “ Kali Valley, 2000 to 3000
feet elevation, in Kumaon” (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 122). It is ‘‘a common species
in Sikkim at low elevations, and occurs to the Eastward as far as Sibsagar, in
Assam” (de Nicéville, l.c.). Col. C. Swinhoe records it from the Khasia Hills (Tr.
Ent. Soc. 1893, 289). Mr. W.S8. Atkinson says it ‘ settles on the underside of leaves
with the wings distended” (MS. Notes). Col. C. H. KE. Adamson obtained it in the
* Moulmein District, but not common; one specimen also taken in Upper Burma in
February” (List Burm. Butt. 26, 1896). Col, Adamson also has a male taken at
Pyin Myoung, Shan Hills, in July. It is recorded from ‘‘ Moulmein to Meetan, and
Moolai 3000 to 6000 feet, in December” (P. Z. S, 1878, 829). Mr. W. Doherty
obtained it in “ Kast Pegu at low elevations” (P.Z.S. 1891, 283). Mr. P. Crowley
has a male from the Karen Hills, Burma.

CHERSONESIA RAHRIOIDES (Plate 307, fig. 4, 4a, g ?).

Imaco.—Male. Upper side reddish-ochreous. Forewing crossed by two sub-
basal and two inner-discal slender black lines, which are equidistant one from the
other and are very slightly excurved, followed by a medial-discal slender straight,
dusky fascia, an outer-discal black recurved line, and then by two submarginal
almost straight lines; between the outer-discal and inner submarginal line are two
subapical and two posterior short black slender linear streaks, the lowest of the
latter being broken and less linear; within the cell is a short black very fine line
contiguous and parallel to the inner subbasal line, a similar oblique line beyond the
second subbasal line, and two similar short lines bordering the discocellular veinlets.
Hindwing crossed by two subbasal and two medial-discal equidistant slender black
straight lines, a medial-discal slender straight dusky fascia; an outer-discal and an
inner submarginal slender black line centred with a linear row of fine slender black
short streaks, the two latter outer lines being joined at the lower median veinlet and
ending in a double black-speckled ringlet centred with two short black streaks above
the anal angle; outer submarginal line extremely slender, being black-and-yellow
speckled, and ending in two blue lunules above the anal lobes, these two lunules

NYMPHALINZ. (Group NYMPHALINA,) 57

having their outer edge and adjacent cilia of the lobes conspicuously black; outer
marginal angle at end of upper median and its cilia also black. Underside yellowish-
ochreous; markings similar, the outer lines being less distinct. Body and palpi above
reddish-ochreous; thorax and abdomen with a slender black dorsal line; body
beneath and legs yellowish-ochreous ; antenne blackish, shaft annulated with white.

Female. Upperside paler ochreous, the interspace between the subbasal and
medial, and of the discal and outer marginal lines being yellowish-ochreous ; all the
markings less defined.

Eixpanse, ¢ ? 1,4 to 1, inch.

Hasitat.—Burma; Upper Tenasserim.

Nore.—From specimens of equal size, of the Malayan, Sumatran, Nias, Borneo,
and Java C. Rahria, the Burmese examples differ from all, on both the forewing
and hindwing, in the two inner-pair of transverse lines being nearer together,
and therefore comparatively more equidistant apart ; the discal transverse fascia is
more slender and straighter, the discal interspace between the lines narrower, the
two outer-discal lines are also wider apart, straighter, and less catenulous on the
hindwing, and the short central streaks more slender. On the hindwing the two
anal black lobe-marks, and of the marginal angle (as described above), is not present
in any specimen examined from the other-named localities.

Distrisution.—Col. C. H. EH. Adamson has specimens taken at Pyin Myoung,
Shan Hills, in July, Kathapa in February, and “ Burma” in November. Dr. N.
Manders took it in “ Eastern Karenee” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 525). It also occurs in
Upper Tenasserim.

CHERSONESIA PERAKA.

Chersonesia Peraka, Distant, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1884, p. 199; Rhop, Malayana, p. 443, pl. 40, fig. 6
(1886).

Imaco.—‘‘ Male and female. Smaller than C. Rahria; the ground-colour more
ochreous and less rufous ; markings similar, but with the transverse fasciw broader,
much darker, and placed close together. The obsolete caudate prolongations in
C. Rahria near the apices of the third and first median veinlets are scarcely visible
in Peraka, and the structural peculiarity exists in the first subcostal nervule of the
forewing, which, in this species, impinges near its base on the costal nervure. The
female has the ground-colour paler than in the male, the wings broader, and the apex
of the forewing more rounded.”

Expanse, ¢ 1yo, ? 1,4 inch.

Hapirat.—Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula.

Disrrizution.— Mr. de Nicéville records specimens, in his own collection, from
the Dounat Range, Tenasserim, Perak, Malay Peninsula, and N.H. Sumatra (J. A.S.

VOL. IY. I

58 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Bengal, 1895, 431). Specimens from Sarawak, Borneo, are in the British
Museum.

Maray Sprcres.—Chersonesia Rahria (Cyrestis Rahria, Moore, Catal. Lep. E. I. C.
i. p. 147, pl. 3a, fig. 2, ¢ (1857). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 142, pl. 12, fig. 4, %
(1883). de Nicéville, Butt. India, ii. p. 256 (1886). Hagen, Deuts. Ent. Zeit.
Tris, 1896, p. 178, pl. 1, fig. 4, 5, larva and pupa. Staudinger, Exot. Schmett.
p. 138, pl. 45. Habitat. Java; Sumatra; Nias; Malay Peninsula; Borneo.—
CO. intermedia, Martin, Ein. Tagschmett. N.E. Sumatra, pt. 2, p. 4(1895). Habitat,
N.E. Sumatra.—C. Neella, Swinhoe, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1894, p. 430. Habitat. N,
Borneo.—C. Cyanee, de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay, N. H. Soc. 1893, p. 49, pl. L,
fig. 6,7, ¢ %. Habitat. N.E. Sumatra.—C. Nicévillei, Martin, Hin. Tagschmett.
N.E. Sumatra, p. 4 (1895). de Nicéville, J. A. S, Bengal, 1895, p. 431. Habitat.
N.E. Sumatra.—C. Celebensis, Rothschild, Dresden Ivis, 1892, p. 436. Habitat.
Celebes—C. Mangolina, Fruhstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1899, p. 87. Habitat. Sula
Mangol, S. Celebes.

Genus APSITHRA.

Forewing with the costa more convex than in typical Cyrestis, apex obtuse,
exterior margin slightly angulate below the apex and not excavated above the
posterior angle. Hindwing shorter and broader posteriorly, apex obtusely rounded,
exterior margin convex, tail and anal lobes less produced.

Tyrpz.—A. Cocles.

APSITHRA COCLES (Plate 308, fig. 1, la, b, ¢ 9 (Wet-season form).

Papilio Cocles, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 7 (1787) ; Ent. Syst. iii, i. p. 65 (1793).

Cyrestis Cocles, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 260 (1850). Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 82 (1869).
Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 829. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii, p. 254.

Cyrestis Formosa, Wood-Mason and de Niceville, Journ. As. Soc, Bengal, 1881, p, 246. Distant, Rhop,
Malay. p. 442, ¢ (wood-cut).

Cyrestis Horatius, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Proc, As, Soc. Bengal, 1881, p. 142 ¢.

Cyrestis Earlei, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 141, pl. 13, fig. 5, ¢ (1883),

Cyrestis Natta, Swinhoe, Annals of Nat. Hist. (1899), p. 105, g.

Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside, Both wings with a medial-discal trans-
verse white band, the basal half of the wings and the broad outer border being more
or less of a pale greyish sepia-brown. Cilia white ; abdominal border greyish-white,
Forewing with the inner edge of the discal white band very irregularly angulated,
its outer edge generally nearly straight and even, but in some specimens slightly
sinuous anteriorly ; basal half crossed by a more or less dark ochreous sepia-brown

NYMPHALINZ. (Group NYMPHALINA.) 59

subbasal narrow broken fascia, bordered outwardly by a parallel pale fine whitish hne
edged by a blackish line; a similar dark ochreous sepia-brown broken fascia form-
ing the irregular angulated edge of the white discal band, inwardly bordered by a
white and black line; a short similar-coloured narrow streak, with its inner white
and black line inwards, crossing base of cell; another, with the inner white and
black edge lines on both its sides, a little beyond, and an angulated more sharply-
defined one bordering the discocellulars ; outer marginal clouded border traversed by
a row of ill-defined bluish-grey ocelli, each with a slight black centre and pale outer
ring, the one between the lower and middle median being much the largest, the one
above it more or less obsolete, and all bordered by an inner and an outer ill-defined
more or less whitish lunular line, beyond which is a sharply-defined marginal fine
black line edged on both sides by a white line. Hindwing with the white discal
band tapering to a point posteriorly and there bent inward above the anal angle, its
inner edge undulated and its outer edge even; basal area crossed by a more or less
dark ochreous sepia-brown subbasal fascia with an outer fine white and black edge-
line, anda similar fascia with inner white and black irregular lines forming the
undulated border of the discal white band ; a short sharply-defined narrow angulated
streak with its white and black line inwards, bordering the discocellulars; outer
marginal clouded-border traversed by a row of ill-defined bluish-grey lunules, each
with a slight black centre and pale outer edge, the one between the subcostals much
the largest and ocellate, and all bordered by an inner and an outer ill-defined whitish
lunular line; beyond which is a sharply-defined marginal fine black line edged on
both sides by a white line; two similar diffused ocelli at anal angle inwardly
bordered by an ochreous patch. Underside white, with a very delicate pale-pinkish
flush, and the basal half slightly tinted with very pale grey; the basal and marginal
transverse markings, as above, pale sepia-brown and partly obliterated, but the
marginal ocelli and anal lobe-spot more prominent. Body and palpi above sepia-
brown, below and legs white; antenng brown, annulated with white beneath.
Eixpanse, d 2 2 to 2; inches,

Plate 308, fig. 1, c, d,e, ¢ 2 (Dry-seuson form).

Papilio Cocles, Donovan, Ins. India, pl. 23, fig. 2 (1800), ¢.

Cyrestis Formosa, Felder, Reise Novara Lep. iii. p. 412 (1867). Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. p. 153,
pl. 45, 2 (1888).

Cyrestis Cocles, var. Andamanica, Wood-Mason and de Nicéyille, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal (1881),

p. 246,
Cyrestis Cocles, Distant, Rhop, Malay, p, 442, pl. 41, fig. 13, g, de Nicéville, Butt, India, ii. pl. 23,
fig. 107, ¢.

Male and female. Upperside. Differs from the wet-season form in having the

I 2

60 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

ground-colour creamy-white, the basal and marginal area very pale yellowish-
ochreous, or pale greyish-ochreous, the basal area being also delicately tinted more or
less with very pale olive-green ; basal and marginal markings as in wet-season form,
but more or less indistinctly-defined, and all of a pale ochreous, variable in shades of
intensity in certain specimens, and defined with whiter borders. Underside white
with a delicate pinkish flush ; markings as above, pale ochreous, but more or less ill-
defined; marginal ocelli and anal spot black.

Expanse, 3 2 2 to 2, inches.

Hasirat.—Sikkim ; Bhotan; Khasias; Silhet ; Orissa; Burma; Siam; Tenas-
serim ; Andamans; Malay Peninsula.

Distripu1ion.—* Extremely rare in Sikkim, which is probably the westernmost
limit of its range; single specimens have been taken at Singla and Sivoke, at low
elevations in the spring and autumn. The difference in coloration observed in
this species may be due to seasonal causes. Mr. G. C. Dudgeon has observed that
the green form occurs in March and the brown form from August to September”
(de Nicéyille, Sikkim Gaz. (1894), 146). We possess a pale-coloured male of the
brown form from Bhotan, taken by Mr. Dudgeon. Mr. de Nicéville records specimens
of both the white and brown forms from Khurda in Orissa, Tenasserim, Andamans,
and Perak (Butt. Ind. 11. 254). Numerous specimens of both forms have been
received by Col. C. Swinhoe from the Khasias. The type specimen is recorded, by
Fabricius, from Siam, and is still in the Banksian Cabinet in the British Museum.
Mr. P. Crowley possesses a male of the brown form identical with the type, also
from Siam, and a pale-coloured maie of the brown form from Shillong. Col. C. H. E.
Adamson obtained the pale form ‘‘ near Moulmein, on the Hlinebwe River ; but rare ;
in August and February” (List, 1897, 26), and says, in epistola, “that when flying
it may be mistaken for Junonia Atlites, which was exceedingly common at the
same place.” Dr. N. Manders obtained the pale form in Hastern Karenee, Burma
(Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 525). A male and female of both forms from the Andamans
and Perak are in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection. A female of the pale form from
Salanga Island is in the British Museum. We possess a female of the pale form from
Hainan. In the numerous specimens of both the wet and dry-season forms we have
under examination we observe various degrees of shades in the intensity of the
colour of the basal and marginal area and markings, which evidently show a grada-
tional mergence from one form to the other.

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 308, figs. 1, 1a, b represent a male
and female of the wet-season form from the Khasia Hills, identical with the Fabrician
type of Cocles in the British Museum, and figs. 1c, d,e, a male and female of the
dry-season form; fig. lc, being a Burmese male, and fig. 1d, e, an Andaman
female.

NYMPHALINZ: (Group NYMPHALINA.) 61

APSITHRA PERIANDER (Plate 308, fig. 2, 2a, 3 ?).

Papilio Periander, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii, p. 9 (1787) ; Ent. Syst. iii. i. p. 67 (1793). Donovan, Ins.
India, pl. 37, fig. 1 (1800).

Cyrestis Periander, Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. p. 261 (18
(1869). de Nicéville, Butt of India, etc., ii, p. 25
pl. 41, fig. 10.

Cyrestis Themire, Honrath, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1884, p. 398, pl. 10, fig. 5. Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool.
1886, p. 35.

Cyrestis Wernickei, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett, p. 133 (1888).

50). Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 82
5 (1886). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 443,

Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside white; basal interspaces, to the medial
band, sullied with pale fuliginous-grey scales. Forewing crossed by a subbasal, a
medial, and a discal narrow pale dull ochreous somewhat irregular band ; a short
similar coloured streak across base of the cell, another across its middle, and one
beyond the discocellulars ending on the middle median veinlet ; a broad fuliginous-
grey outer marginal band, widest anteriorly, its inner edge obtusely angulated inward
below the apex and irregularly waved hindward, bearing a submarginal fine whitish
lunular line marked within by a series of obscure small black round spots, followed
by a marginal fine black line defined on each side by an equally fine white line ; the
costal border slightly fuliginous-grey. Hindwing crossed by three narrow pale
brighter ochreous bands and a lower outer-discal broad bright ochreous irregular band,
extending from above the median to above anal angle; a short ochreous streak
across end of the cell; a narrow fuliginous-grey outer marginal band bearing a
submarginal slender black and white parallel scalloped line, marked within by a series
of black lunate spots which are narrowly surrounded by white ; the black spot above
anal lobe being diffusedly speckled ; beyond is a marginal slender black line defined
on each side by an equally fine white line. Underside marked as above, but all the
inner bands slightly narrower and less distinct. Body, palpi, and legs white;
antenne brown, annulated with white beneath, tip ochreous.

Expanse, d ? 1,% to 1,% inch.

Hasirat.—Siam ; Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula; Penang; Sumatra.

Distrisution.—The Fabrician type, in the British Museum Collection, is recorded
from Siam. An example from Siam is also in Mr. P, Crowley’s collection. Capt. C.
T. Bingham took it in the Thoungyeen Valley, Upper Tenasserim, in November, and
Col. C. H. E. Adamson obtained it in the ‘‘ Houngtharaw Valley, in December and
January,” where he says, “ it was very plentiful on a particular stream rushing down
from a high plateau to the valley”? (Note). Dr. J. Anderson took it on King
Island in February and on Elphinstone Island, Mergui Archipelago, in March
(J. Linn. Soe. Zool. 1886, 35). Mr. W. L. Distant records it from Perak, Malay
Peninsula, and Penang.

62 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 308, fig. 2 represents a male from
Houngtharaw, and fig. 2a a female from Siam—identical with the Fabrician type.

Inpo-Matayan Sprctus.—Apsithra Sericeus (Cyr. Sericeus, Butler, P. Z. S.
1865, p. 482. Habitat. N. Borneo.—Apsithra Cassander (Cyr. Cassander, Felder,
Wien. Ent. Monats. 1863, p. 108. Semper, Reis. Phil. Lep. pl. 21, fig. 1,2. Habitat.
Phil. Isles.—Apsithra Horsfieldii (Pap. Periander, Horsf. Catal. Lep. E. I. C. pl. V,
fig. 3, 3a (1829). Male and female. Upperside with the inner transverse bands
comparatively broader than in typical Periander; the outer marginal band on the
forewing not inwardly angulated below the apex, and its inner edge more regular in
its course. Underside with the marginal band ill-defined. Expanse, ¢ ? 1,% to
1,4 inch. Habitat. Java—Apsithra Dohertyi. Male and female. Upperside with the
tranverse bands narrow, but more irregular than in Horsfieldii or Periander ; the
outer marginal band on forewing broader and regularly sinuous on its inner edge ;
the outer marginal band on hindwing also broader, and its inner series of black spots
much larger and cordate in shape. Expanse, ¢ ? 1,% to 2 inches. Habitat.
Sambawa (Coll. Crowley and Grose-Smith).

Genus JUNONIA.

Junonia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 34 (1816). Doubleday and Hewits. Gen. D, Lep. i. p. 206
(1849). Felder, Neues Lep. p. 13 (1861). Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 40 (1881). de Nicéville,
Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 65 (1886). Scudder, Butt. E. U.S. i. p. 487 (1889). Distant, Rhop.
Malay. p. 92 (1883). Staudinger and Sehatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 125 (1887).

Alcyoneis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 35 (1816).

Aresta (part), Dalm. in Billberg’s Enum. Ins. p. 79 (1820).

Precis, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 39. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 89. de Nicéville, Butt. India, etc., ii.
p. 63 (nec Hiibner *).

Imaco.—Male. Wings short, broad. Forewing triangular ; costa much arched
from near the base, apex obtuse; exterior margin oblique, shghtly uneven, obtusely
angulated outward at end of upper radial, slightly concave below the angle and again
obtusely angulated at end of lower median, posterior angle rounded ; posterior
margin nearly straight; costal vein extending to middle of margin; first and second
subcostal branches emitted close together a little before end of the cell, third branch
at fully one-third beyond the cell and extending to apex, fourth and fifth at two-
thirds beyond ; cell area short, broad, open; upper discocellular very short and out-
wardly oblique, second discocellular deeply concave; two upper median branches
emitted beyond the opposite discocellulars; submedian vein straight. Hindwing

* The type of Hiibner’s genus Precis is Octavia, Cramer, an African species, in which the cell of the
forewing is closed,

NYMPHALIN. (Group NYMPHALINA,) 63

with the costa broadly lobate at base and obliquely curved outward ; exterior margin
obliquely convex, slightly scalloped; anal angle somewhat lobate; precostal vein bent
outward and slightly bifid at the angle ; costal vein much curved from the base and
extending to apex; cell area short, open. Body rather stout; palpi porrect, second
joint stout, extending half beyond head ; third joint short, conically slender, pointed,
clothed with laxly appressed scales at sides and beneath, second joint hairy above ;
forelegs of male rather short, slender, clothed with scales and delicate hairs ; forelegs
of female smoothly scaled, tarsus flattened at the sides, joints laterally spined at the
tip; antenne slender, with a rather short, stout, somewhat spatulate grooved club ;
eyes naked.

Typs.—J. Lavinia.

Larva.—(Iphita) “Cylindrical; slightly pubescent; armed with nine longi-
tudinal rows of many-branched spines, except on the head, which is clothed with
short bristles. In J. [phita the spines appear to be shorter and more closely set than
in the other Indian species, They feed, as a rule, on Acanthacee.”’

Poura.— Regular, with three, or five, dorsal rows of small tubercular points.
Suspended perpendicularly ” (J. Davidson and H.H. Aitken, J. Bombay N. H. Soc.
1890, 271).

Hasirts, rtc.— In India the species of Junonia occur everywhere up to about
7000 feet elevation, and are generally numerous in individuals, They have a rapid
flizht, but seldom go far before settling, which they do with expanded wings, often
on the bare ground, frequently on flowers. J. Hierta and J. Orithya delight in the
stony beds of dried-up streams in the Hills; in the Plains they chiefly frequent
fields and gardens. The sexes are very slightly differentiated” (L. de Nicéville,
Lc. p. 66).

SeasonaL DimorpnisM.—This occurs to a slight extent in J. Iphita, Atlites, and
Lemonias, the wet-season brood of the two former species being distinguishable from
the specimens of the dry-season brood, by the brighter and darker ground-colour and
more prominent markings of both the upper and underside of the wings, and in the
latter species (Lemonias) the dry-season specimens are distinguishable from the wet-
season by the paler or uniform colour of the whole underside and the absence of the
ocelli on the hindwings. In J. Almana, the wet-season brood (Asterie) not only
differs from the dry-season (Almana) in the ground-colour and markings of the
underside, but also—in the regions where the seasons are well separated—in the
shape of the marginal outline of both wings.

In J, Mierta and Orithya, in addition to the difference in the ground-colour and
markings on the underside, the females of both species also have the markings of
the upperside somewhat different from those of the males.

AsERRATIONS OR ‘* Sports.’—The butterfly described by Méschler as Junonia

64 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Hopfferi, from Silhet, is evidently an aberration, but without comparison of the type
specimen we cannot say to which species it belongs. We describe an aberration of
the male of J. Atlites, from Cachar, in the possession of Mr. P. Crowley. Of
J. Lemonias, Col. C. H. E. Adamson records a “sport” caught by himself in
September, in Burma ; and Mr. L. de Nicéville records two specimens of a “ sport ”’
of this species, both females, taken in Malda and Orissa, in Bengal.

JUNONIA IPHITA (Plate 309, fig. 1, la, be, d,e, d 2 (Wet and Dry-season forms).

Papilio Iphita, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 209, fig. C.D. (1779). Fabricius, Spec. Ins. ii. p. 86 (1781).

Precis Iphita, Doubleday and Hewits. Gen. D. Lep. p. 210 (1849). Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 39,
pl. 21, fig. 1, la, b (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 90, pl. 11, fig. 5, 3, pl. 9, fig. 5, 9 (1882),
de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 63, pl. 19, fig. 84, g (1886). Leech, Butt. of China, etc.,
i. p. 276 (1893).

Junonia Iphita, Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 76 (1869).

Imaco.—Wet-season form. Male and female. Upperside olivescent-brown ;
cilia slightly edged alternately with white. Both wings with the basal half darker
brown, the divisional border across the dise more intensely defined and blackish,
being also angulated outward from the costa of forewing to the upper median, and
thence slightly waved posteriorly and more evenly across the hindwing; a dark
outer-discal fascia traversed on the forewing by two, or three, very obscure or
obsolescent small ocellated spots situated in the median interspaces, and on the
hindwing by a series of five somewhat more distinct similar ocellate spots ; followed
by a submarginal and marginal dark lunular line ; all these spots being less defined
in the female. Forewing also with two slender sinuous black lines across middle of
the cell, two similar discocellular lines, and a white subcostal dot before the apex.
Hindwing also with two similar discocellular lines. Underside dark purplish-brown
washed with chalybeate-grey between the markings. Forewing crossed by a basal,
subbasal, and two medial, more or less-defined, darker purplish-brown sinuous-edged
fascie ; followed by a submarginal similar diffused decreasing fascia, which is
outwardly-bordered by a recurved series of, more or less apparent, small obscure
ocellate spots with white centres, and beyond by two obscure outer marginal sinuous
lines. Hindwing crossed by a subbasal broad irregular sinuous purplish-brown
fascia, a medial fascia which is diffused and bordered outwardly by a series of more
or less obscure small yellowish-ochreous ocellate spots with white central dot, and
bordered inwardly by a nearly straight black line edged by an obscure yellowish-
ochreous line, and sometimes showing a pale yellowish patch at its costal end;
followed by an inner marginal black sinuous line edged with grey. Body and palpi,

NYMPHALINA (Group NYMPHALINA,) 65

and legs, olivescent-brown, palest beneath, antenne black above, pale ochreous
beneath.

Dry-season form. Male and female. Upperside darker olivescent-brown,
markings the same; the series of ocelli on the hindwing more prominent, and more
or less ochreous-ringed, most distinctly so in the female. Underside the same,

Expanse, ¢ 2 to 2,4, ? 2,4 to 3 inches.

Larva.—Cylindrical; dark brown; head reddish-ochreous; segments with
dorsal and lateral rows of short delicate branched-spines. Feeds on Strobilanthus.

Pupra.—Short ; pale purplish-grey or fuliginous; with dorsal rows of small
tubercular points; thorax broad ; head-piece pointed in front.

Hasitat.—India; Ceylon; Burma; Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula; Sumatra ;
W. and C. China.

DistrIBUTION AND Hapirs.—‘‘ This is an exceedingly common species, as a rule,
where it occurs ; it has a somewhat bold flight, but not for any great distance, it
often, but not always, pitches on the ground, frequently on bushes. It occurs
throughout the Himalayas, in Assam, Silhet, Cachar, Burma, rarely in Calcutta, but
commonly in the Wynaad, Nilgiris, and Ceylon. In the plains of Upper India it
is seldom found, and never in the drier parts’’ (de Nicéville, Butt. India, 1. 64). It
is also found in Tenasserim, the Malay Peninsula, and Sumatra, In the W. Himalayas
it is “ common all the summer and autumn in the beds of streams, and occasionally
met with on Hill-tops far away from any water”? (de Nicéville, Indian Agriculturist,
1880), Taken at Simla, Masuri, and Kashmir, June to October” (Capt. H. B.
Hellard, Notes). ‘*In Kumaon it is everywhere common, as high up as Khati,
8000 feet elevation, The wet-season brood consists of very pale specimens ; the
autumn brood, appearing at the end of September, is much darker” (W. Doherty,
J. A. 8S. Bengal, 1886, 123). ‘In the Bombay Presidency this butterfly is very
plentiful after the rains, and especially among the thorny jungle which covers the
little Hills of the Konkan. It is also one of the most familiar species of the Ghats.
I have never seen specimens here so large as some which come from the Himalayas,
Tt has all the habits of a Junonia, and its colour seems inappropriate, for it lives in
the midst of green foliage, and rarely settles on the ground” (H. T, Aitken,
J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1895, 406). ‘In the larva of Iphita the spines seem to be
shorter and more closely set than in other Junonias, the colour is dark dull brown.
It feeds on the Karvi (Strobilanthus) and doubtless occurs more or less throughout
the year. We found few larvae, for though the butterfly is the commonest in Karwar,
the plant is still commoner, an unfavourable condition for the larva hunter *
(J. Davidson and K. T. Aitken, id. 1890, 271), ‘ Very common in the low country
of Travancore, and in the Hills up to 3000 feet elevation” (H. 8. Ferguson, Journ,
Bombay N.H,S. 1891, 8), This is one of the commonest butterflies ocourring in

VOL. Iv. K

66 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA,

Sikkim, and is found up to about 8000 feet elevation almost throughout the year.
The larva, in Sikkim, feeds on a species of Strobilanthus” (L. de Nicéville, Sikk.
Gaz. 1894, 135). Col. C. H. E. Adamson records it as being found “ throughout
Burma” (List, 1897, p. 18). Dr. J. Anderson took it in the Mergui Archipelago in
November, December, January, and March (Journ. Linn, Soc. Zool. 1886, 35).
We possess specimens from Western China.

Foop-Piant or Larva.— The larva feeds on the Karvi, Strobilanthus callosus,
at Karwar, Bombay” (Davidson and Aitken, J. Bombay N. H. 8.1890, 71).

JUNONIA HOPFFERI.

Precis Hopfert, Méschler, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1872, p. 337, 2.
Junonia Hopfferi, de Nicéville, Butt. India, etc., ii. p. 71 (1886).

“The shape of the forewing resembles that of Precis Evigone, but the hindwing
is not angled as in several species of the genus. The ground-colour of both wings
on the upperside is of a clear golden-brown, as in many females of P. [phita, Cram.
[ida, Cram.], but is shaded by a dark brown dusting, so that it [the ground-colour]
only appears in a triangular spot at the base of the discoidal cell, in a narrow trans-
verse spot at end of the cell, in a narrow band behind the transverse series of dark
spots which crosses the middle of the wings, and in a broader band in front of the
margin. In the discoidal cell in front of the middle are two obliquely-placed round
dark brown spots with clear golden-brown centres ; behind these is a large misshapen
kidney-like spot surrounded with black. In the middle of the wings the dark
dusting is bounded by a series of dark brown transverse spots which enter angularly
into the fourth cell. In front of the light margin is placed a series of black-brown
round spots, of which the three upper ones in the fifth, sixth, and eighth cells are
only brown on the innerside, being otherwise white, and of these the spot in the fifth
cell approaches the margin, thereby dropping out of the line of the others; the
lowest spot in the second cell is the largest, and surrounded with a fine golden-
brown. Behind these spots runs through all the cells a series of broad lunular spots,
and behind them this again runs a dark brown undulating streak following the
margin which runs in an angle into the fifth cell. The margin is narrowly black-
brown in colour, but marked finely with white externally between the veins. On the
underside the colouring is clearer, brownish ochre-gold, the light parts being almost
reddish-gold; the spots of the cell are encircled with fine black, the series of dark
spots through the middle of the wings lighter brown and less distinct on the margin
ave bordered with white violet-red spots on the forewing in cells one d and two, also in
cells five and six, and in the hindwing in all the cells. The dark bands of the

NYMPHALINA. (Group NYMPHALINA.) 67

upperside between these spots and the clear margin appear narrower in the forewing,
almost resolved into flecks ; of the round spots immediately behind these the one
in the second cell is black bordered, those in the fourth, fifth, sixth and eighth cells
are white bordered, and only the three lowest on the underside are bordered with
faint brown, the spot in the third cell is a mere point. On the hindwing this band
is still more disintegrated, and of the dark spots only the one in the second cell is
visible; it is deep black, on the side towards the margin, with a fine white centre.
The series of lunulated spots, as also the undulating streak in front of the margin,
is a lighter reddish-brown, the border between the two on the forewing in cells five
and one db, and the hindwing in all the cells being tinged with pale violet-red. The
margin itself is scarcely darker. Two females from Silhet ” (Moschler, l.c.).

Hasitat.—Silhet.

Norr.—The above probably refers to an aberration or “sport” of one of the
species of this genus,

JUNONIA ATLITES (Plate 310, fig. 1, la, b, c,d, ¢ ?; larva and pupa).

Papilio Atlites, Linneus, Cent. Ins. p. 24 (1763). Johanssen, Amen. Acad. vi. p. 407 (1764). Linn.
Mus. Ulx. p. 273 (1764).

Junonia Atlites, Kirby, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 145. Aurivillius, Kongl. 8. V. Akad. Handl. xix.
p. 79 (1882). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 93, pl. 2, fig, 11, 12, ¢ @ (1882). de Nicéville,
Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 69 (1886).

Papilio Laodamia, Clerck, Icon. Ins. iii. pl. 7, fig. 5 (ined.).

Papilio Laomedia, Linneus, Syst. Nat. xii. ed. ii. p. 772 (1767). Drury, Ilust. Exot. Ins. i. p. 12,
pl. 5, fig. 3 (1770). Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. p. 13, pl. 8, fig. F, G (1775). Sulzer, Gesch. Ins.
p. 144, pl. 16, fig. 10 (1776). Herbst, Nat. Schmett. vii. pl. 174, fig. 1, 2 (1794).

Junonia Laomedia, Kirby, Catal. D. Lep. p. 187 (1871). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 140,
pl. 5, fig. 4, 4a, larva and pupa (1857). Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p.77 (1869).

Precis Laomedia, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 40, pl. 21, fig. 2 (1881).

Imaco.—Male. Upperside lilacine brownish-grey, the outer borders greyish-
fuliginous, Forewing with two irregular sinuous black lines across middle of the
cell, and two similar lines bordering the discocellulars, a transverse discal irregularly-
angulated more or less slightly diffused black line, followed by a recurved series of
six ocellated spots ringed with white and black, of which the upper two and the
fifth are the largest, and are transversely centred inwardly with ochreous-red and
outwardly with black, the others with blackish centre ; the first ocellus is preceded
by a small bifurcated white spot at the base of fourth and fifth subcostals; beyond
is a submarginal and marginal somewhat diffused blackish lunular line. Hindwing
with two waved black lines crossing end of the cell, a transverse discal waved black

K 2

68 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA,

line, followed by a series of five similar ocellated spots, a sixth or lowest spot
sometimes also obsolescently present, the two upper and the fifth the largest and
with red and black centres; beyond is a submarginal and marginal somewhat
diffused blackish lunular line. Underside lilacine ochreous-white, the outer borders
slightly tinged with pale ochreous; the basal and outer markings as on upperside,
but very slender and faintly defined; the discal line sinuous on the forewing and
more or less regularly straight on the hindwing; the two largest particoloured
ocelli on both wings slightly defined and paler ochreous, or obsolescent. Forewing
also with an extra basal faint line across the cell, the other cell lines extending
faintly hindward to across cell of the hindwing and partly beyond its median
vein.

Female. Upperside darker; the transverse lines somewhat more diffused, the
ocellate spots brighter, with the interspaces bordering the discal and submarginal
line more or less lunularly whitish, mostly more defined on the forewing. Underside
pale dull yellowish or brownish-ochreous, darkest alternately between the markings
and on outer borders; markings as in underside of male, but more distinct. Body
and palpi above fuliginous-grey, beneath and legs greyish-white; antenne black
above, ochreous beneath and outwardly edged with white, tip ochreous.

Expanse, d 9 2,4, to 2,8 inches.

Larva.—Cylindrical; armed with a dorsal and lateral rows of branched-spines.
Colour fuliginous-black, with a paler subdorsal line, and a sublateral ochreous-
brown line; spines black.

Pura.—Rather stout; purplish-grey ; head-piece broadly obtuse in front and
slightly cleft; thorax and abdomen with a dorsal row of acute tubercular points and
lesser lateral points.

Hasirat.—Plains of Eastern and Peninsular India; Assam ; Ceylon ; Nicobars ;
Burma; Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula, etc.

ABERRATION.—A male, from Silchar, Cachar, in Mr. P. Crowley’s collection,
has the upperside dusky greyish-fuliginous, broadly darkest on the costal border of
forewing and anteriorly on the hindwing. Both wings with the ordinary transverse
discal sinuous line absent, the two submarginal lines united, and forming an ill-
defined submarginal dusky fascia. On the forewing the interspaces of the two
pairs of sinuous cell-streaks is fuliginous-grey, the outer-discal transverse row of
ordinary ocelli obsolescent and without any indication of ochreous interiors; on the
hindwing these ocelli are present but ill-defined, and slightly show the ochreous
centres. On the underside the ground-colour is of the ordinary pale lilacine
ochreous-white, the discal and outer line slightly indicated, but diffused, the ocelli
also very slightly indicated, the basal transverse lines indicated by fuliginous-brown
scaled inner and outer interspaces.

NYMPHALINZ (Group NYMPHALINA.) 69

DistrisuTion.—* This is a very common species, seldom if ever occurring in
the Himalayas, or in the very dry portions of India, but abundant in the plains
throughout the area of heavy rainfall. Colonel Swinhoe does not record it from
Bombay and the Deccan” (de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. ii. 69). We possess specimens
from Nepal; Sikkim; Bhotan ; Chittagong, taken in November; Yaw, Burma, taken
in October; Mandalay; Bhamo, taken in November by Signor L. Fea; Tavoy;
Tenasserim ; Ceylon; Camorta, Nicobars; Malacca; Sumatra; Nias ; Java; Sarawak,
Borneo; Hainan. Mr. W. Doherty records it as “scarce at Ranibagh and in the
Tarai, Kumaon, from 1000 up to 2000 feet elevation” (J. A. 8S. Beng. 1886, 123).
* Tt occurs rarely in Sikkim in the hottest valleys, but is common in the Terai at
all seasons”’ (H. J. Elwes, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 342).

“In the Central Provinces this butterfly is always found in and about marshy
spots, on the borders of streams and damp places generally. The flight is distinctly
slower than any of its relatives, so that there is no difficulty in capturing it” (J. A.
Beetham, J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1890, 279). “It is fairly common on the Kanara
coast about rice-fields, chiefly at the end of the rains. It occurs also above the
Ghauts. The larva is coloured more distinctively than the others, being dull smoky
black with a well-defined orange-brown stripe above the legs. The pupa is of a
uniform slaty colour” (J. Davidson and H. H. Aitken, J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1896,
249). Colonel C. H. E. Adamson records it as ‘‘ very common in Lower Burma,
but comparatively scarce in the dry parts of Upper Burma”? (List, 1897, 19). Dr. J.
Anderson found it “very common in Mergui, Tenasserim, in December, January,
February, and March” (J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 35). Mr. H. Druce records it
from “ Chentaboon and Nakonchaisee, Siam” (P. Z. 8. 1874, 105). Mr. J. J.
Walker states having “ seen one or two specimens in local collections in Hong Kong,
said to have been taken there, but did not meet with it himself” (Tr. Ent. Soe.
1895, 453),

JUNONIA ORITHYA (Plate 311, fig. 1, la, b,c, d,e, ¢ 2; larva and pupa).

Papilio Orithya, Linnzus, Syst. Nat. ed. x. p. 473 (1758); id. ed. xii. p. 770 (1767). Cramer, Pap.
Exot. i. pl. 19, fig. C, D, ?, pl..32, fig. E, F, g (1775); id. iv. pl. 290, fig. A, B, 3d (1780).
Herbst, Nat. Schmett. pl. 177, fig. 5, 6, 7, 3 9 (1794). Donovan, Ins. China, p. 64, pl. 35,
fig. 2, 9 (1842).

Vanessa Orithya, Lucas, Lep. Exot. p. 113, p. 60, fig. 1 (1845).

Junonia Orithya, Hiibner, Verz. p. 34 (1816). Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 73 (1869). Moore,
Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 41, pl. 22, fig. 1, la, b, ¢ 2, larva and pupa (1881).

Junonia Orithyia, Doubleday and Hewits. Gen. D. Lep. i. p. 209 (1849). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus.
E. 1. C. i. p. 141, pl. 5, fig. 5, 5a (1857). Forsayeth, Trans, Ent. Soc. 1884, p. 382. Butler,
Ann. Nat. Hist. 1885, p. 308. de Nicéville, Butt. India, ete., ii, p. 73 (1886).

70 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Junonia Ocyale et Isocratia, Hiibner, Verz. p. 34 (1816).

Junonia Swinhoei, Butler, Ann, Nat. Hist. 1885, p- 309.

Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing with the costal border whitish-edged,
cilia alternately pale brown and white; the basal two-thirds dark blue-black, the
outer area fuliginous-black ; an ochreous-white oblique subapical short angulated
band and two transverse submarginal lunular fascie, the inner fascia broadest,
shortest, and bearing an upper and a lower small black red-ringed ocellus, with a
blue-speckled central dot, below which the posterior area is dark blue; crossing
end of the cell are two short very obsolescent blue-scaled bars. Hindwing dark
blue suffused with purple ; a basal short narrow black angular patch which curves
upward across end of the cell, and merges into brown on the abdominal margin;
two outer-discal prominent ocelli, which in some specimens are of equal size, in
others the upper one is the largest, and is either entirely black and blind, or
obsolescently red-ringed, the lower one being bright red-ringed, with blue and black
speckled centre; beyond are two submarginal pale-bordered slender black lunular
lines ; cilia mostly white. Underside pale dull greyish-ochreous. Forewing with
three basal transverse reddish-ochreous bands sinuously edged with black, a discal
sinuous fascia inwardly edging the subapical band, followed by the pale less-defined
outer marginal iunular fasciz and the two blind ocelli, as on upperside. Hindwing
crossed by narrow more or less faintly-defined brown sinuous basal and marginal
lines, and a diffused brownish discal fascia bearing a series of small very palely-
defined or obsolescent ocelli.

Female. Upperside. Forewing with the basal and outer margin browner
black, the blue patch duller, and sometimes fuliginous; the white markings some-
what wider, the ocelli larger and more prominent; two more or less obsolescent
black-edged reddish bars with intervening bluish bar across end of the cell. Hind-
wing with the basal half entirely black, the blue outer area paler, duller, and
sometimes fuliginous ; the two ocelli larger, more prominent, and both red-ringed ;
marginal pale-bordered lines also more defined. Underside darker than male ;
markings the same, but all more defined. Body above black, beneath and legs pale
ochreous-white ; palpi above brown, white beneath; antenne white above, beneath
ochreous annulated with white, tip beneath brown.

Expanse, ¢ 1,5, to 2, ? 1,5, to 2,4, inches.

Larya.— Head bifurcated; reddish spot in centre of face, a small spinous
process on each upper angle of eye, Head and body dark shining black, shading
into brown when seen by reflected light. Head on a short neck, the latter of an
orange-colour for a short distance ; caudal extremity also tipped with orange. Body
covered with perpendicular spines armed with strong radial hairs.”

Pupa.— Suspended by tail; wing covers of a muddy-yellow ; rest of body of

NYMPHALINZ. (Group NYMPHALINA.) 71

a purplish colour, variegated by lines of a dull creamy-white; slight angular
projections along abdomen” (Dr. Forsayeth, /.c.).

Hasirat.—India ; Ceylon; Burma; China; Hong Kong; Formosa.

DisrripuTion, Hasrrs, pro.‘ This is a common species and appears to occur
everywhere in India up to about 6000 feet elevation. It is exceedingly variable on
the underside, specimens from the dry north-west being of a pale stone-grey, while
examples from Shillong, Assam, have the underside dark brown, richly mottled and
shaded with paler brown. On the upperside, too, there are variations in markings,
some males show traces of two ochreous bands across the cell of the forewing, which
are usually more or less present in the female, in some specimens of the latter sex
that feature being very prominent. The ocelli vary greatly in size in both sexes, in
some specimens they are fully twice as large as in others. The specimens from
Upper Burma, Cachar, and Assam are richly marked on the underside, and are
almost identical with the typical J. Orithya from China, which Mr. Butler has already
shown (Ann. N. H. 1885, 308) to extend to Siam. The Western form with the pale,
slightly marked underside, has been separated as a distinct local race as J. Swinhoet
(Butler, J.c.). This variety is fairly constant throughout the dry tracts in the West
and North-west, and also in the Western Himalayas, but there is no line of demar-
cation, and the two forms gradually merge into each other. Specimens from Ceylon
and Travancore are nearly as richly marked as those from Cachar; those from
Sikkim and Bhotan, and also from the Western Ghats are less richly marked ;
and those from the plains of Bengal and the Coromandel coast still less so; the
differences as in all parallel cases following the tropical distribution of the rainfall,
the colours being most intense where the rainfall is heaviest” (de Nicéville, Butt.
Ind. ii. 74). “ Found in Kumaon, both in the plains and up to 6000 feet elevation ”
(W. Doherty, J. A. 8. Bengal, 1886, 123). ‘Generally seen in company with
J. Hierta ; it also closely resembles it in habits and time of appearance. Both are
to be met with on the wing in the Hills from March to November” (L. de Nicéville,
Indian Agriculturist, January, 1880). “Partial to bare grass land; to be seen in
the hottest hot winds, and in the bleak wintery weather, pitched on the grass,
flitting quickly away and pitching again after a short circuit. Larva reared on
Antirrhinum”’ (Captain A. M. Lang, Notes). Colonel C. Swinhoe records its
capture at “ Quetta, Beluchistan, in September” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1885, 339). Colonel
J. W. Yerbury took it at “Campbellpore, forty miles from Rawul Pindi, in April, at
Attock in April, and at Bugnoter in September. It is probably the commonest
butterfly all the year round both at Campbellpore and Murree, but at Thundiani
Hill Station, 8700 feet elevation, it is uncommon” (Ann. N. H. 1888, 142). “ Com-
monly found in ditches all the year round in Bombay and the Deccan. I have taken
it at Karachi in May” (Colonel C. Swinhoe, P. Z. 8. 1885, 128). Dr. Forsayeth

72 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

describes the larva, as reared by him in Mhow, in August (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1884, 382).
«This butterfly is of similar habits to J. Hierta and J. Lemonias. They all love the
hot sunshine, and this and J. Hierta are to be found in the Central Province in the
most open and exposed situations ; open grass plains being about the most favourite
spots” (J. A. Beetham, J. Bombay N. H. S. 1890, 279). “This is par eacellence
the Junonia of the Deccan, delighting in dry hills and stony plains. On the bare
plateau of Lanowlia I have found it very abundant in company with J. Hierta, in
February, revelling in the wealth of minute wild flowers which clothe the ground in
that favoured spot”’ (E. H. Aitken, J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1886, 131). “ This species
likes stony plains and bare hills, and is consequently comparatively rare in Kanara,
and altogether wanting during the monsoon. It rests always on the ground” (J,
Davidson and EK. H. Aitken, id. 1896, 249). ‘* Very common on the Eastern Coast,
and found everywhere. Larva easily observed, as it feeds on the low and slightly
aromatic shrubs which grow by the wayside in the Karnatic” (S. N. Ward, MS.
Notes). In Ceylon, Mr. F. M. Mackwood records it as “ occurring everywhere, but
plentiful only from 2000 to 4000 feet elevation ; a favourite resort being the Patenas,
and particularly on the pathways or bare places in them.” Captain Hutchison
says it is ‘found at all times in the Western and Central Provinces, both in the
plains and up to 3000 feet, in cultivated and open waste-ground. Flight rather
quick ; settles on the ground and seems partial to hot dusty and sandy spots. Dr.
Thwaites found the larva feeding on Acanthads””’ (Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 42).

« A common insect in Sikkim at elevations up to 9000 or 10,000 feet, but most
abundant in cultivated ground and sunny clearings. It settles on the ground with
open wings, and has a rapid strong flight. Occurs at all seasons”’ (H. J. Elwes, Tr.
Ent. Soc. 1888, 342). “Common throughout Burma, alike in the hot plains, in the
marshes in the South, and the hills in the North and West” (Colonel C. H. E.
Adamson, hist, 1597, 19).

JUNONIA HIERTA (Plate 312, fig. 1, larva and pupa, fig. la, b, ¢, d, e, 5 2).

Papilio Hierta, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 424 (1798).

Junonia Hierta, Kirby, Syn. Catal. D. Lep. p. 648 (1871). Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1884, p. 505 ;
id. 1885, p. 128. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 71, pl. 20, fig. 94, ¢ 9 (1886).

Papilio Oenone, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 35, fig. A, B, C, ¢ 2 (1775). Herbst, Nat. Schmett. vii.
p. 163, pl. 178, fig. 1-4 (1794). Donovan, Ins. China, p. 66, pl. 36, fig. 1, $ (1798), mec Linn.

Junonia Oenone, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 34 (1816). Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 72
(1869). Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 42, pl. 22, fig. 3, 3a, ¢ Q (1881). Forsayeth, Trans. Ent. Soc.
1884), p. 383.

Imaao.—Male. Upperside dark fuliginous-black ; cilia brown, alternated with

NYMPHALINZ, (Group NYMPHALINA.) 73

white. Forewing with a large broad medial ochreous-yellow patch, palest in the
middle, extending from near the base more or less irregularly to below the subcostal
and obliquely to beyond the dise towards the posterior angle, where it is sometimes
narrowed and bent downward, or includes a round black lower-discal spot between
the two lower medians and thence joins the upper end below base of the cell; a
subapical short white angular streak and a straight upper submarginal duller streak
crossed by the veins; a small ochreous-ringed ocellus is generally present below the
subapical streak. Hindwing with a large cobalt-blue subbasal spot ; a large lower-
discal broad ochreous-yellow patch extending from the submedian below the cell to
the lower subcostal and thence curving downward to near the outer margin and
ending above anal angle; the black outer-marginal border being sometimes more or
less lunularly-included within the ochreous patch; an ochreous-grey lunule is
generally present above the anal angle ; abdominal border greyish-brown. Under-
side. Forewing pale dull yellowish-ochreous; the apex, outer and posterior border
being pale ochreous-brown and crossed by the upper whitish fascia; the upper and
lower discal black ocellate spot distinct; across the cell are five more or less
complete black sinuous lines and a diffused streak at its end. Hindwing greyish-
ochreous, more or less powdered with brown scales ; crossed by brown subbasal
wavy lines, a discal sinuous fascia, then a row of obsolescent dots of which
the lowest is more distinct and ocellate, followed by two submarginal sinuous
lines.

Female. Upperside brownish-black. Forewing with the ochreous discal area
more restricted ; middle of the cell crossed by two more or less entire black streaks
and a broad streak at its end; apical white fascia, and two discal black ocelli with
blue central dot, disposed as in male. Hindwing with the lower-discal ochreous
patch narrower, and bearing an upper and lower small black ocellus with blue-
speckled centre; the outer marginal lunular lines entire and edged with ochreous;
the subbasal blue spot smaller, more or less duller, sometimes black speckled and
occasionally obsolete. Underside darker than in male; markings the same. Body
above black, beneath and legs pale ochreous-white; palpi above brown, beneath
white; antenne black above, pale ochreous beneath.

Expanse, ¢ 1,5, to 2,4, ? 1,5 to 2;% inches.

Larva.—Cylindrical ; minutely hairy; head rather small, vertex bluntly cleft,
hairy ; segments armed with a dorsal and lateral rows of black branched-spines ;
- ground-colour greyish-fuliginous, dull reddish beneath ; with a dorsal pale ochreous
line, and lateral rows of white marks.

Pura.—Dull reddish; head obtuse in front ; thorax dorsally convex ; abdomen
_ with a dorsal and lateral rows of small blackish points. (Described from Capt.
Mortimer Slater’s drawing.)

VOL, IV. L

74 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Hasitat.—India; Ceylon; Burma; Tenasserim; Andaman and Nicobar
Isles, ete.

Disrrisution, Hasirs, Etc.—‘* This species has a very wide range, occurring at
Karachi, thence throughout India, Ceylon and the Andamans to Burma, and again
in China. It delights in the sun, and to disport itself in the hottest and driest
situations. In India it presents some considerable variation according to the
humidity or dryness of the atmospheric conditions under which it exists, but these
variations cannot be maintained as distinct species. Some male specimens from
Kulu and Simla in the Western Himalayas, Sikkim, Calcutta, Orissa, the Wynaad,
and Ceylon, show no costal indentation of the yellow patch on the upperside of the
forewing, others from Karachi, Kulu, Simla, Calcutta, Shillong, Upper Tenasserim,
and the Andamans have a distinct black tooth, which is most prominent in a
specimen from Buxa, Bhotan; in all of these the black inner margin of the forewing
on the upperside gives off a projection into the first median interspace, while in
examples from Karachi, Simla, Buxa, Calcutta, Shillong, Sibsagar, Rangoon and
Upper Burma this projection assumes the form of a more or less separate and
distinct spot. The width of the marginal black band on the upperside of the
forewing is also variable; and, lastly, specimens from Bhotan and Upper Assam are
very large and heavily marked, owing probably to the greater rainfall of those
regions” (de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. ii. 73), ‘This butterfly affects paths, rocky,
bare hill-sides, the beds of streams where they widen out into stony expanses of
sand and boulders, and similar places devoid of vegetation. They are hard to catch,
flying off on one’s approach and settling on a stone or rock a few yards ahead, and
on again coming near, the same performance is repeated. It was common at Kalka,
Umballa District, in October, 1877, and I took it in the Botanical Gardens and
nowhere else in Calcutta, in December, 1878” (de Nicéville, Indian Agriculturist,
January, 1880). ‘Col. J. W. Yerbury took a single specimen at Kali Pani, N.W.
Punjab, in September, and another at Khairabad in November, also a few between
Kali Pani and Abbottabad in September” (Ann. N. H. 1888, 142). ‘* Found in
Kumaon generally, up to 7000 feet elevation” (W. Doherty, J. A. 8S. Bengal, 1886,
123), ‘Occurs somewhat rarely, at low elevations in Sikkim, west of the Tista
River, but is common at 1500 feet elevation to the East” (de Nicéville, Sikk. Gaz.
1894, 1386). “This butterfly and J. Orithya may be seen, in the Central Provinces,
resting in the middle of the most exposed parts of roads and paths, and rising in
front of one, it skims swiftly along and settles again on the road, perhaps after a
battle in the air with one of its own kind or J. Lemonias, Asterie, or Orithya, all of
which have the same habits and love the full hot sunshine” (J. A. Bethune, J.
Bombay N. H. 8. 1890, 279). ‘*Commonly found in ditches all the year round in
Bombay and the Deccan’ (Col. C. Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1885, 128). ‘* This is not

NYMPHALINZ. (Group NYMPHALINA.) 75

uncommon in Bombay on the uncultivated parts of Kamballa Hill, and about dry
stubble fields” (E. H. Aitken, id. 1886, 131). ‘ Pretty common in open country,
but absent during the monsoon. We have reared the larva in the Dekkan and
Khandeish, and found many at Karwar, in October, on a plant which appeared to
be a species of Barleria. The ground-colour of the larva was usually dark brown
or grey, with a broad dorsal stripe formed of minute white and blue spots, spines
black”? (J. Davidson and E. H. Aitken, id. 1890, 272; 1896, 249). Mr. S. N.
Ward records finding the “larva at Koonoor in January and December on the
Kolay Mooloo and Byle Choolee” (MS. Notes). Col. C. H. E. Adamson records it
as ‘‘ very common in Burma.” Signor L. Fea took it in Bhamo in July and November.
Commander A. Carpenter obtained it in Mandalay in January. Dr. J. Anderson
found it “very common in Mergui and King Island, Tenasserim, in December,
January, and February ’’ (J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 35).

In Ceylon, according to Mr. F. M. Mackwood, ‘it is a scarce, low country
insect.”’ Capt. Wade took it at Kandy and at Dambool.

We possess specimens from Kasauli, W. Himalaya; Kutch, Kattywar, Sind ;
Bombay; Nilgiris ; Chittagong, Bhamo, Burma; Mergui; Andamans; Nicobars;
Hainan; China; and Mr. J. J. Walker records it from Hong Kong.

JUNONIA LEMONIAS (Plate 313, fig. 1, la, b,c, d,e, ¢ 92).

Papilio Lemonias, Linneus, Syst. Nat. x. ed. p. 473 (1758); xii. p. 770 (1767). Clerck, Icon. Ins.
iii. pl. 7, fig. 2 (émed.). Sulzer, Gesch. Ins. p. 144, pl. 16, fig. 7, 11 (1776). Herbst, Nat.
Schmett. p. 158, pl. 177, fig. 3, 4 (1794).

Hamadryas Lemonias, Hiibner, Samm]. Exot. Schmett. i. pl. 50 (1806-16).

Junonia Lemonias, Doubleday and Hewits. Gen. D. Lep. p. 208. Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 74
(1869). Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 41, pl. 21, fig. 3, 3a, g 2 (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malay.
p. 96, pl. 11, fig. 5, J (1882). de Nicéville, Butt. India, etce., 11. p. 70 (1886).

Papilio Aonis, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 35, fig. D, F (1775).

Junonia Aonis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 34 (1816).

Tuaco.—Male and Female. Upperside greyish olive-brown; cilia alternated
with pale ochreous-yellow. Forewing with two black sinuous lines crossing middle
of the cell, joined to a pale ochreous-yellow streak, and two black sinuous lines at its
end, followed by a contiguous pale ochreous broken streak; a transverse discal
outwardly-recurved row of blackish-bordered pale ochreous-yellow spots, a sub-
marginal broken row of similar coloured but more irregular-shaped spots, and then
an outer marginal row of duller coloured lunular spots; a subapical very indistinct
small black ocellus with blue central dot and reddish outer ring between the radial
veinlets, and a large prominent red-ringed similar ocellus between the lower and
middle medians. Hindwing with a large prominent similar ocellus with bright red

L 2

76 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

ring and outer black ring placed between and extending over the lower subcostal
and radial, this ocellus being either simply round and perfect, or the outer red and
black ring encompassing a smaller upper blue-centred black spot, and sometimes also
a still smaller lower spot ; a small obscure brown ocellated spot is also generally
present between the lower median veinlets ; two short indistinct black lines at end
of the cell, and two outer marginal black lunular lines outwardly-bordered by pale
ochreous lines. Underside. Both wings (in the wet-season form) brownish-ochreous ;
crossed by pale yellowish-ochreous basal, discal, and marginal sinuous fascie, the
forewing having the two ocelli as on upperside, but less defined, and the hindwing
the two ocelli either very small, and of equal size, or both the latter are large and the
upper one duplex. In the dry-season form both wings are uniformly pale dull
yellowish-ochreous or ochreous-red ; with paler-defined transverse markings, the
lower ocellus only being present on the forewing, and a series of minute ocellate spots
on the hindwing. Body and palpi above olive-brown, beneath and legs pale
ochreous-white ; antenne dark brown above, ochreous edged with white beneath.

Expanse, ¢ 1,4 to 2,4, 2 2,% to 2;% inches.

Larva.—‘‘ After first moult ; ground-colour jet black, with four equidistant rows
of conical jet-black spines which are finely branched ; abdomen pale brown-black ;
legs black; head black, with a transverse yellow band behind; stigmata white.
After last moult. Length one inch, cylindrical and spiny; lead-colour, minutely
spotted with darker and whitish dots; dorsal line black as far as Ist and 2nd
segments, and then replaced all the way by a row of black branched-spines ;
also four rows of equidistant black longitudinally-placed spines; lateral line
milky ; abdomen and legs lead-colour, thoracic legs black; head brown, strongly
speckled with elevated black spots and having two little bundles of spiny hairs in
front, and on centre a white triangular patch, shaded all round with black; anterior
portion of first segment yellow-ochre; sides of segments transversely striated
with dark lead-colour; stigmata black. Habits. Lazy. Food-plant—The thorny
Barleria (Barleria prionitis). Changed to Pupa on the 28th Sept., 1860.”

Pura.— Suspended ; light brown, speckled with whitish and variegated with
darker brown. Jmago emerged on 5th Oct., 1860” (Capt. H. L. Chaumette, Luck-
now, 1861. MS. Notes).

Hasirar.—* India; Ceylon; Burma; Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula; Siam ;
S. China; Hong Kong; Hainan; Formosa; Philippines.

Disrrisurion, Hasirs, etc.—This is a widely-spread and common Indian species,
occurring almost everywhere in the plains in the region of heavy rainfall, and
extending into the Hills up to 7000 feet elevation. I possess two ‘sports,’ both
females, from Malda and Orissa, which have all the markings blurred and obliterated
on both sides” (de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. ii. 70). Mr. W. Doherty took it in

NYMPHALINA. (Group NYMPHALINA.) 77

**Kumaon; plains up to 6000 feet elevation” (J. A. S. Bengal, 1886, 123).
“Common all the year at Lucknow. Flight rapid, generally with out-spread wings,
soaring along the ground so that it is difficult to trace them. Fond of fruits,
particularly that of the Guava. Larva reared in Sept., on Barleria prionitis” (Capt.
H. L. Chaumette, MS. Notes). ‘Common in Sikkim up to 5000 feet, and found all
the year round”’ (H. J. Elwes, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 342). “This is the commonest
species of the genus in the Central Provinces, and is found everywhere. It is fond
of hedges and ditches, and is a very sprightly and pugnacious butterfly” (J. A.
Bethune, J. Bombay N. H. S. 1890, 279). ‘* Commonly found in ditches all the year
round, in Bombay and the Deccan ”’ (Col. C. Swinhoe, P. Z. 8. 1885, 128). “ Though
not rare anywhere, this is the commonest butterfly in Bombay at the close of the
rains and for some time after. It attains in old age to a degree of disreputability
and raggedness not often seen in any other species. I am inclined to think this is
the result of ineffectual attempts to catch it on the part of lizards, with which it is a
favourite food. The larva feeds on Lippia nodiflora and Asteracantha longifolia, both
very abundant in Bombay during the monsoon, by the side of, or actually in water.
The larva is scarcely distinguishable from that of J. Almana. I have also found the
lava on Barleria prionitis” (EH. H. Aitken, J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1886, 131).
“Tt frequents drier country than Asterie and Almana; it is also found in thick
forest, where the larva feeds on Strobilanthus. The larva has two minute spines on
the head, which are wanting or less developed in the others (id. 1896, 249),
**“Common in the Travancore Hills up to 2500 feet elevation” (H. 8. Ferguson,
J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1891, 8). In Ceylon it ‘occurs in the Eastern and Western
Provinces, in low country forests and cultivated ground. Found occasionally, at
uncertain intervals, at Colombo, more common on the road to Trincomalie. Flight
quick; settles on the ground” (Lep. Ceylon, i. 41). ‘‘ Very common throughout
Burma. I have one ‘ sport’ caught in September on the Upper Chindwin, with all
the markings, including the ocelli on the upperside of the wings, obsolete, with the
exception of an indistinct submarginal paler line” (Col. ©. H. EH. Adamson, List,
1897, 19). Signor L. Fea took it at Cheba in November, and at Palone in Aucust.
Commander A. Carpenter, R.N., obtained it at ‘“Sheemagar, Upper Burma, in Decem-
ber, and at Katha in January” (Ann. N. H. 1886, 184). Mr. Otto Limborg took it
at ‘ Ahsown, 2000 feet, Moulmein, Meetan, at 3000 feet, and at Taso, in March ”
(P. Z. S. 1878, 828). Dr. J. Anderson found it ‘very common in the Mergui
Archipelago, in December, January, and March” (J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 35),
Mr. H. Druce records it from Chentaboon and Nahconchaisee, Siam” (P, Z. 8.
1874, 105).

Of our illustrations on Plate 318, fig. 1, la, d, e, represent the upper and
underside of wet-season form, and fig. 1b, e the underside of dry-season form.

78 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

JUNONIA ALMANA.

Dry-season form (Plate 314, fig. 1, Jarva and pupa, la, b,c, d ¢).

Papilio Almana, Linneus, Syst. Nat. x. ed. p. 472 (1758) ; xii. p. 769 (1767). Fabricius, Syst. Ent.
p. 490 (1775). Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 58, fig. F, @ (1775). Herbst, Pap. pl. 172, fig. 1, 2
(1794). Donovan, Ins. China, pl. 36, fig. 2 (1798).

Alcyoneis Almana, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 35 (1816).

Junonia Almana, Doubleday and Hewits. Gen. D. Lep. p. 209 (1849). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus.
E. I. C. i. pl. 12, fig. 12, 12a, larva and pupa (1857). Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 72
(1869). Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 128. de Nicéville, Butt. India, etc., ii. p. 61 (1886).

Imaco.—Male and female. Forewing with the extreme edge of exterior margin
even and acutely angulated outward below the apex and obtusely at end of lower
median. Hindwing also even and obtusely angulated at end of upper median and

prolonged at anal angle. Upperside ochreous-red, basal areas slightly infuscated.
Forewing with the costal border and outer margin ochreous-brown ; two black
sinuous lines crossing middle of the cell, two at its end with the imternal area dark
bluish-black, followed by a somewhat similar black narrower fascia, between which
and the apex is a subtriangular black patch more or less enclosing two ocellated.
spots, the upper spot smallest or generally obsolete, the lower spot blue-black with
whitish-speckled centre; a lower-discal larger similar ocellated spot, with black
outer ring, between the middle and lower medians ; a submarginal and two marginal
blackish sinuous lines. Hindwing with a very large upper-discal ocellated spot,
which is purplish with two small inner dentate dots and outer black patch, yellow
ring and outer black ring; a much smaller similar lower-discal ocellated spot with
small white dot, which is more or less ill-defined and sometimes obsolete; sub-
marginal and marginal sinuous lines as on forewing, but more defined. Underside
pale or obscure brownish-ochreous. Forewing crossed by three obscure basal darker
sinuous fascie, a discal slender sinuous pale line, an outer-discal dusky fascia
traversed by a row of small blackish dots and a lower ill-defined ocellus, followed
by a submarginal sinuous line. Hindwing crossed by a subbasal wavy pale ochreous
line and a straight dark-edged discal line, an outer-discal row of small blackish dots,
of which the upper two and sometimes the lowest are obscurely ocellate, followed by
a submarginal sinuous brown line. Body above ochreous-red ; palpi above brownish-
ochreous ; body and palpi beneath and legs pale whitish-ochreous ; antenne dark
brown above, beneath and tip ochreous.
Expanse, ¢ 1,8, to 2;,, 2 2,% to 2,5, inches.

Wet-season form (Plate 314, fig. 1, d,e,f, ¢ 2).

Papilio Asterie, Linnzus, Syst. Nat. x. ed. p. 472 (1758) ; xii. p. 769 (1767). Fabricius, Syst. Ent.
p. 490 (1775). Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 58, fig. D, E (1775). Herbst, Pap. p. 131, pl. 172,
fig. 3, 4 (1794).

NYMPHALINZ. (Group NYMPHALINA.,) 79

Aleyoneis Asterie, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 35 (1816).

Vanessa Asterie, Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. pl. 7, fig 1, la, darva and pupa (1829).

Junonia Asterie, Doubleday and Hewits. Gen. D. Lep. p. 209 (1849). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus.
E. 1. C. i. p. 142, pl. 5, fig. 6, 6a, larva and pupa (1857) ; Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 48, pl. 22, fig. 2
(1881). Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 72 (1869). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 94, pl. 11,
fig. 1, 2 (1882). de Nicéville, Butt. India, etce., ii. p. 67 (1886).

Papilio Almana, Clerck, Icon. Ins. iii. pl. 5, fig. 3 (éned.) ; Linn. Mus. Ulr. p. 272 (1764).

Junonia Nicobariensis et Javana, Felder, Verh. Z. B. Gesch. 1862, pp. 482, 487.

Imaco.—Male and female. Forewing with the outer margin slightly angular
below the apex, and slightly scalloped. Hindwing with the exterior margin convex
and slightly scalloped, anal angle pointed. Upperside ochreous-red, basal area
slightly infuscated. Both wings with all the markings as in dry-season form, except
that the marginal lines are darker and more prominent. Underside pale brownish-
ochreous. Forewing crossed by blackish basal, discal, and marginal sinuous lines,
those of the two former with pale inter-area, the two upper and the lower ocellus
well defined. Hindwing crossed by a subbasal wavy blackish line inwardly bordered
by ochreous-white, and a similar whiter-bordered straight discal line, the ocelli
prominent, the upper oval and duplex, the lower larger than on upperside; marginal
lines distinct. Body above ochreous-red, palpi brown, beneath and legs pale whitish-
ochreous.

Expanse, ¢ 1,% to 2,%, % 23% to 2% inches.

Larva.—Cylindrical. Head blackish, slightly hairy. Body pale ochreous-
brown, with a dorsal, subdorsal and lateral blackish line, and a row of small
black-ringed spots below the latter; second segment anteriorly with a transverse
reddish stripe; second, third, and fourth segment posteriorly with a transverse
blackish stripe ; second to last segment armed with a dorsal, subdorsal, and two
lateral rows of short fine branched-spines.

Pura.—Rather short and thick; head and thorax broad, head-piece pointed
beneath; thorax and abdomen dorsally with short tubercular points; colour
brownish-ochreous. (Described from Mr. A. Grote’s Calcutta Drawing.)

Hasirat.—India; Ceylon; Burma; Tenasserim; Andaman and Nicobar Isles ;
Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; Java; Borneo; 8. China; Hong Kong ; Formosa ;
Philippines ; Japan.

Disrripution, Seasonan Appearance, Hasirs, Erc.— This species (Almana)
occurs throughout continental and peninsular India and in the outer Himalayas up to
about 6000 feet elevation. It is not recorded from Ceylon or the Malay Peninsula,
but is common through Assam, Silhet, Cachar to Burma, Mergui and Upper
Tenasserim. It occurs in the Andamans, in Java and China, and wherever met
with is a common insect. It will be seen from the localities quoted above, that

80 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

except in Ceylon, the Nicobars and the Malay Peninsula, J. almana is found wherever
J. asterie occurs ; and from observations I have made on the time of appearance of
the two forms, I have found that J. almana is the prevailing form in the dry-season,
while J. asterie abounds in the wet-season, the times of appearance and _ periods of
existence occasionally overlap somewhat; a worn J. almana may be found early in
the rains, or a J. asterte now and then in the early winter, but speaking generally,
the summer brood is J. asterie, and the winter brood is J. almana, and it is very
probable that further investigation will reveal that they are merely seasonal forms of
one and the same species. The two forms are variable also both in outline of the
wings and in the markings of the underside: in some specimens of J. asterie the
forewing is almost as truncate, and the hindwing as prominently tailed, as in
J. almana, while the ocelli on the underside are very inconstant; they vary much
in size, and in some specimens they are so pale and obscure as to be barely traceable,
and it is difficult, if not impossible, to decide to which form these intermediate speci-
mens belong. The absence of J. almana from the localities noted above, if it be a
fact, might be accounted for by the seasons in those parts being more equable and
more uniformly moist throughout the year; but the question of the distinctness or
otherwise of the two forms can only be satisfactorily settled by a series of experi-
ments in breeding them. J. asterie is a common butterfly throughout the tract of
heavy rainfall, and is abundant where it occurs; it frequents gardens and glades in
jungles, but shuns the bare open plains’”’ (de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. ii. p. 68). Col.
J. W. Yerbury records the capture of Almanaat Attock, north-west of Campbellpur,
in March, and at Hurripur in October. Asterie was taken at Khairabad, opposite
Attock across the Indus, in April, May, and July, and at Campbellpur in May, and
at Hassan Abdal in May” (Ann. N. H. 1888, p. 141.) Both Almana and Asterie
are found in the Sarju and Kali Valleys, 2000 to 4000 feet elevation, in Kumaon,
and in the Tarai. The prehensores are the same in both. I have no doubt that the
former is the dry-season form and the latter the wet form. Colonel C. Swinhoe
remarks that ‘J. almana is common everywhere, in Bombay and the Deccan, all
the year round, J. asterie is common in the latter half of the year. I am convinced
that, although the types of each are so different, they are both one and the same
insect, one being the normal and the other the dimorphic form, and I have a long
series of examples showing every stage of variety between the two” (P. Z. S. 1885,
128). We possess a male, taken at Poona in March by Col. Swinhoe, which has the
outline of both wings less angulated than in the normal dry-season form (Almana)
and the colours and markings on the underside distinctly gradating to the wet-
season form, ‘J. asterie and J. almana, I am persuaded, are one and the same
species. In the Central Provinces they are found in glades and gardens by the
margins of streams and about tanks, and sits and fans its wings in the sunshine.

NYMPHALINZA. (Group NYMPHALINA.) 81

J. Asterie is the commoner in the wet-season, while J. almana predominates in the
dry-season” (J. A. Bethune, J. Bombay N. H.S. 1890, 279). ‘Common every-
where in the Bombay district, frequenting damp grounds and ditches. The Almana
form appears in October, and gives place to Asferie in June” (J. Davidson and
E. H. Aitken, J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1896, 249). “*We have reared Almana in
Bombay on Asteracantha longifolia, which grows in wet ditches everywhere during
the monsoon and withers soon after. The butterfly appears in October, a little later
than Asterie. In Bombay we have reared Asterie on Lippia nodiflora, and once, in
company with Almana, on A. longifolia”? (id. l.c. 1890, 272). Mr. F. M. Mackwood
states that Asterie is ‘‘found in Ceylon all the year round, occurring in the
Plains and up to 4000 feet. Very abundant about September to November. Capt.
Hutchison found it, in the Plains of the Western Provinces, in open and waste land
among shrubs. Its habits like those of Orithya, but quicker in flight and more shy.
Capt. Wade took it at Galle and Kandy; sits on roads and paths basking in the
sun (Lep. Ceylon i. 43). Mr. A. Grote, in his Calcutta drawings, states that the
larva ‘“‘ feeds on Gloxinia and Osbeckia.” ‘In Sikkim it is found at low elevations
throughout the year. It is, however, rarer west of the Tista river than it is on
the eastern side, and it does not appear to occur in the inner valleys. I do not
think there can be any doubt about Almana being the dry-season and Asterie the
wet-season form of one and the same species ”’ (de Nicéville, Sikkim Gaz. 1894, 135).
** Both forms of this insect are very common throughout Burma, the ocellated form
(Asterie) appears to be the more abundant, as I have caught it in all the months of
the year, while the unocellated form I have only caught in Lower Burma from
November till June” (Col. C. H. E. Adamson, List 1897, 18). Dr. J. Anderson
records both forms (Asterie and Almana) as being taken in “ Minthantoung, Mereui,
in December’”’ (J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 34). Mr. H. Druce records it from
** Nahconchaisee, Siam” (P. Z. 8. 1874, 105). Mr. J. J. Walker (Tr. Ent. Soc.
1895, 453) records it as ‘common in Hong Kong among long grass, especially in
somewhat damp open places, but also found on the flowers of Lantana camera.
Those taken in December, January, and February are nearly all of the form Almana,
occasionally, however, examples occur in these months with the ocelli of the under-
side more or less developed, approaching in this respect to the wet-season form
Asterie, which appears at the end of April and in May. I also found Almana com-
monly at Hang-chau, Haining, and Shanghai, in October, the specimens being much
larger and finer than those taken in Hong Kong.’ We possess specimens from
Java showing that both the dry and wet-season forms do occur there. The dry-season
form, however, has the outline of the wings as in Asterie (wet-season), the under-
side being dull brownish-ochreous, with markings and the discal row of small black
dots, as in Almana. The Javan wet-season form being normal Astevie,
VOL. IV. M

82 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Inpo-Maayan Sprctes.—Junonia neglecta (Precis neglecta, Swinhoe, Ann. Nat.
Hist. 1899, p. 103). Habitat. N. Borneo; Sarawak.—Junonia Horsfieldii. Male
and female. Distinguishable from Indian, Burmese, and Malacca examples of J.
Iphita, on the upperside, by the uniformly darker basal area, discal and outer band ;
the discal edge of the basal area on forewing being less angulated above the median,
the discal fascia on both wings broader and more diffused, the submarginal line
being also broadly diffused, the ocellate spots on the hindwing are small and well
defined. Expanse, 3 2,%, % 2,3, inches. Habitat. Java.—Junonia intermedia
(Precis intermedia, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 402 (1866). Habitat. Macassar ;
Celebes.—Junonia Erigone (Pap. Erigone, Cram. Pap. Exot. i. pl. 62, fig. EH. F.
(1779). Habitat. Java.—Junonia Ida (Pap. Ida, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 42, fig.
C. D. (1775), id. iv. pl. 374, fig. C. D.). Precis Ida, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 92,
pl. xi. fig. 10 (1882). Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Nias ; Sumatra; Billiton, Sarawak,
Borneo; Java.—Junonia Adelaida (Precis Adelaida, Staudinger, Deuts. Ent. Zeit.
1889, p. 51). Habitat. Palawan.—Junonia Wallacei, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 95,
pl. xi. fig. 3,4, d ¢ (1883). Pap. Ocyale, Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. i. pl. 33,
fig. 1-4 (1820-6). Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Borneo; Sumatra ; Java.—Junonia
Villida (Pap. Villida, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 35 (1787). Donovan, Ins. N.
Holl. pl. 25, fig. 3). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. HE. I. C. i. p. 141 (1857). Habitat.
Australia (Port Darwin, Champion Bay). Gilbert Island; Viti; Ellice Island ; New
Guinea; Java (Horsfield) ; Sumatra (Raffles). We possess a male and female of
Villida from Horsfield’s collection, both in very fine condition, labelled “‘ Java,
November,” and a male, also labelled ‘‘ Java,” from ancther collection.

Genus EUVANESSA.
Euvanessa, Scudder, Butt. E. U. 8. i. p. 387 (1889).
Papilio, Scudder, Syst. Rev. Amer. Butt. pp. 11, 16 (1872).
Scudderia, Grote, Canadian Ent. v. p. 144 (1873), pre-occupied.
Vanessa (part), Auctorwn.

Imaco.—Wings broad. Male. Forewing subtriangular ; costa slightly arched
from the base ; exterior margin very slightly oblique, acutely scalloped, a prominent
angle projecting below the apex and a lesser angle at end of lower median veinlet ;
posterior margin nearly straight; costal vein extending to about two-thirds the
margin ; first subcostal branch emitted at one-third before end of cell, second branch
at one-ninth before the end; upper and middle discocellulars very short, middle
concave at its base, lower discocellular very slender and obliquely recurved ; cell
broad; middle median veinlet emitted opposite upper discocellular at from consider-
able distance before lower end of the cell. Hindwing triangulate ; arched from the
base; exterior margin obliquely convex, acutely scalloped, and with a prominent

NYMPHALINZA (Group NYMPHALINA.) 83

projecting caudate point at end of upper median; precostal vein bent inward; cell
closed by a slender lower discocellular veinlet. Both wings beneath with very
numerous long fine rigid bristly hairs projecting from between the scales, some of
the hairs on the forewing being projected forward from front of the base of the
costa. Body very robust, thorax densely woolly above and thickly clothed beneath
with long fine rigid hairs; palpi porrect, slender, projecting half beyond the front,
laxly clothed with fine long rigid hairs; fore tibiz and tarsi of the male sparsely
clothed with long fine bristly hairs, femora with shorter and more delicate hairs
beneath ; fore tibiz and tarsi of the female more sparsely clothed with long fine
bristly hairs, tarsal joints apical and minutely spurred at sides beneath; antenna
with a lengthened cylindrical club ; eyes hairy.

Larva.—Head subquadrate in front, sides rounded, almost flat, vertex indented
in the middle, numerously covered with short conical tubercles, the smallest emitting
each a short hair. Body cylindrical, very minutely warted and hairy ; armed with
a dorsal and five lateral rows of long minutely-branched spines.

Pora.—Stout. Thorax dorsally angled and with a larger hindward projected
pointed process; abdominal segments with a dorsal and a lateral row of broad
tubercular points ; wing cases somewhat large; head-piece widely cleft and pointed.

Typs.—H. Antiopa.

EUVANESSA ANTIOPA (Plate 316, fig. 1, 1a, 2).

Papilio Antiopa, Linnezus, Syst, Nat. x. ed. p. 476 (1758) ; ¢d. xii. ed. p. 776 (1767). Esper, Schmett.
i. pt. i. pl. 12, fig. 2 (1777); id. pl. 29, f. 2(1778). Hitbner, Eur. Schmett. 1. fig. 79, 80 (1793).
Scudder, Syst. Rev. Amer. Butt. pp. 11—16 (1872).

Vanessa Antiopa, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 808 (1819). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus, E. I. C. i. p. 136
(1857). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 898. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 232 (1886).
Leech, Butt. of China, etc., i. p. 256 (1893). Kirby, Allen’s Nat. Hist. Butt, i. p. 88 (1894).

Eugonia Antiopa, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 37 (1816).

Scudderia Antiopa, Grote, Canadian Ent, v. p. 144 (1873).

Nymphalis Antiopa, Kirby, Catal. D. Lep. Suppl. p. 732 (1877).

Euvanessa Antiopa, Scudder, Butt, E. U. S. i. p. 397 (1889).

Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside. Both wings rich dark purpurescent-

Genus Nympuatis,* Linneus, 8. N. x. ed. p. 472 (1758). id. xii. ed. i. 2, p. 769 (1767).
Esper, Schmett. p. 87 (1777). Barbut, Gen. Ins. Linné, pp. 162, 172 (1781). Cuvier, Tabl.
Elem. H. N. p. 589 (1798). Kirby, Syn. Catal. D. Lep. App. p. 648 (1871); id. Suppl. p. 732
(1877). Moore, Lep. Indica, ii. p. 226 (1895). Syn. Hamadryas, Hiibner, Tent. i, (1806).
Inachis, Hiibn. Verz. p. 37 (1816). Vanessa, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 48 (1880).—Typrz
Nymphalis Io, Linn.

* We refer the origin and authorship of this genus to Linneus, See Historical Note (Lep. Indica,
ii, p. 226) on its restriction to the typical species, as here assigned.

M 2

84 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

red, the outer border with a broad ochreous marginal band, which is more or less
densely marked with black-speckled transverse strigee, and is inwardly bordered by
a parallel black sinuous-edged band, which latter is broadest on the hindwing, and
on both wings bearing a series of rich shining blue spots between the veins, these
spots being dentate on forewing, and more of an oval shape on hindwing, becoming
obsolescent towards the anal angle. Forewing also with the costal border black,
striated with ochreous, and having two paler ochreous short broad bars before the
apex. Underside. Both wings rich dark purpurescent greyish-black, densely
covered with transverse black strigz ; marginal ochreous band as above, but paler
and more densely striated, its inner bordering band formed of narrow black dentate
marks with bluish-grey speckled centres; a very small ochreous dentate spot at
lower end of each cell. Forewing also with less defined pale ochreous costal strige,
and the two narrower bars before the apex. Hindwing also crossed by a slender
black irregular discal line. Body above dark purpurescent-red; palpi blackish, the
sides ochreous; forelegs, middle and hind femora blackish, middle and hind tibiz
and tarsi ochreous ; antenne black, tip and beneath reddish-ochreous,

Expanse, d 3, ? 3,% inches.

Hasitat.—Europe; C. Asia ; E. Himalayas; W. China; Amurland; Japan.

Disrripurion.—‘* Within our limits, this species has been obtained by Mr. H. J.
Elwes and Mr. Otto Moller, in native Sikkim and across the passes in Chumbi. It
has also been recorded from Bhotan”’ (de Nicéville, /.c. 253). ‘I have no knowledge
of the occurrence of this in Sikkim proper, although I received a considerable
number from native collectors, which were taken in Chumbi or Bhotan, in July and
August. Iam not aware that it has been taken in any other part of the Himalayas ”
(Elwes, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 362).

Genus EUGONIA.

Eugonia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 36 (1816). Stephens, Catal. Brit. Lep. B. M. p. 12 (1850)
Scudder, Butt. E. U. 8. i. p. 372 (1889).

Nymphalis, Scudder, Syst. Rev. Amer. Butt. p. 10 (1872).

Vanessa, Staudinger et Schiitz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 124 (1887), Kirby, Allen’s Nat. Hist. Butt. i,
p. 88 (1894).

Imaco.—Wings broad. Male. Forewing subtriangular; costa much arched
from the base; exterior margin slightly oblique, prominently scalloped and broadly
angled below the apex and at end of lower median veinlet ; posterior margin nearly
straight; costal vein extending to half the margin; first subcostal branch emitted at
about one-fourth before end of the cell, second close to the end; upper and middle
discocellular of nearly equal length, middle bent outward near its base, lower.

NYMPHALINZ. (Group NYMPHALINA.) 85

discocellular slender and obliquely recurved; middle median veinlet from some
considerable distance before lower end of cell, lower median at fully half before
the end. Hindwing short, triangular; exterior margin very obliquely convex,
prominently scalloped, with a prominent projecting broadly-obtuse caudate angle at
end of upper median, and a less similar angle at end of lower median ; precostal
vein straight ; cell closed by a slender lower discocellular veinlet. Wings beneath
with numerous projecting rigid bristly hairs, some of which project forward from
base of costa on the forewing. Body robust; palpi somewhat compressed laterally,
clothed throughout with short erect hair-like scales, interspersed with long erect
bristly hairs; antennz with a stout cylindrical club ; fore tibize and tarsi, in the male,
rather thickly but laxly clothed with longish fine silky hairs interspersed with much
longer and more bristly hairs ; femora beneath with longish fine silky hairs ; fore tibiz
and tarsi, in the female, less thickly clothed with fine longish hairs, shortest and
decreasing to near tip of tarsi, apical joints minutely spined. Eyes hairy.

Larva.—Cylindrical, slightly hairy. Head subquadrate, vertex sharply indented
in front, slightly hairy, front and cheeks with several small pointed tubercles.
Third to last segment armed with a dorsal row of short spines and three lateral rows
of long rigid branched-spines.

Pupa.—Stout. Head-piece cleft and pointed; thorax with a rounded posterior
prominence; abdominal segments with a dorsal row of points and a lateral row of
lesser tubercular points.

Type.—KH, Polychloros.

EUGONIA XANTHOMELAS (Plate 316, fig. 2, 2a, ¢ 2).

Papilio Xanthomelas, Denis: et Schieffermiiller, Wien. Verz. p. 176 (1776). Esper, Schmett. i. pt. 2,
pl. 63, fig. 4 (1780). Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. fig. 85, 86 (1793). Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur.
i, p. 117 (1807).

Vanessa Xanthomelas, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 820 (1823). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i.
p. 137 (1857); P. Z. S. 1882, p. 240. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., i1, p. 235, pl. 18, fig. 73,
& (1886). Leech, Butt. China, etc., 1. p. 260 (1893).

Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside rich fulvous. Forewing with the costal
edge more or less striated with olivescent-ochreous and black ; two black spots
superposed obliquely outward in middle of the cell, which are often more or less
joined together and sometimes forming a single quadrate spot; a large quadrate
black patch from the costa at end of the cell, then a pale yellow diffused costal
patch, another black patch outwardly decreasing in width to or below the lower
radial, and then a pale yellow more or less narrow subcostal macular streak; within
the dise are two superposed somewhat quadrate black spots between the upper and

86 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

lower medians, and two black spots within the submedian interspace, the inner spot
largest, the outer one more or less distinct, or formed by sparsely disposed black
speckles or sometimes cbsolescent; outer margin broadly black and traversed by
two ill-defined ochreous marginal lunular lines edged inwardly by a blue-speckled
line and outwardly at ends of the veins by blue-speckled spots, Hindwing with a
large irregular-shaped black patch from the middle of costa decreasing in width to
the radial veinlet, the discocellulars defined by two black-speckled lines; outer
margin broadly black, and traversed by a prominent continuous series of blue
lunules, and two outer ochreous lines, the angled ends of the veins also blue-speckled ;
abdominal margin greyish-brown. Underside ochreous, densely covered with darker
brown and black slender strigze; the basal half and outer margins almost black ;
sinuous cell marks and outer marginal lunules with dull dark bluish-grey centres ;
base of wings clothed with numerous long fine hairs, some of which on the forewing
project from front of the costa. Body and palpi above olivescent ochreous-brown,
beneath and legs pale ochreous-brown; antennz black above and annulated with
white, beneath and tip reddish ochreous.

Expanse, ¢ 2,% to 2;, ? 2,% to 3 inches.

Larva.—Cylindrical, slightly hairy. Head subquadrate, vertex sharply indented
in front, slightly hairy, front and cheeks with several small pointed tubercles,
Third to last segment armed with a dorsal row of short spines and three lateral rows
of long rigid branched-spines. Colour dark purpurescent-brown, almost black,
palest beneath; with two dorsal slender yellowish macular lines and a single similar
lateral line, the subdorsal and sublateral area longitudinally speckled with numerous
irregular-shaped yellow dots. Spines black; head black. Reared on willow.
(Described from preserved specimen, Coll. Hocking.)

Hasirat.—E. Europe; W. Himalayas; C. Asia; Corea; Japan.

DistripuTi0oN.— *‘ In India this is a rare species, and appears to be confined to
the Western Himalayas. In Simla and Kulu it appears on the wing in the early
summer for a very short period just after it has emerged from the pupa, it then
disappears till the following spring, when the eggs are laid and the early stages of
the insect rapidly passed through. Dr. T. C. Jerdon took a single specimen at
Goolmurg in Kashmir. I have taken it near Dalhousie. Mr. A. Graham Young
has bred it in Kulu on the ‘ Kukkurree’ Pistachia integerrima, the ‘larva being
gregarious, under a loose web whilst feeding, when about to change to pup they
desert the food-plant and disperse amongst low herbage’ ” (de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. 11.
235). ‘It is by no means a common insect, I have taken a few at Simla, again at
Kujeah, near Dalhousie, in May, and at Ulwas, near Pangi, a little later on” (id.
Indian Agriculturist, January, 1880). ‘It occurs at Goolmurg, Cashmere, in July
and August. It is taken in the Simla district, where, however, it is not common”

NYMPHALINZ. (Group NYMPHALINA.) 87

(Capt. A. M. Lang, MS. Notes). It is “very rare in Masuri, a few hybernated
specimens make their appearance in February. In March and April a fresh brood
appears, which frequents the Rhododendron flowers. It occurs also at Nag Tiba,
8000 feet elevation, in May. The larva feeds on Celtis australis, N. O. Urticacez,
and on a wild willow”? (P. W. Mackinnon, J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1898, 375). The
Rey. J. H. Hocking “ found the larva on willow on March 30th, in the Kangra
district. Fed up April 6th; in pupa state from April 16th to 24th. Imago emerged
on May 9th” (P. Z. S. 1882, 240).

Genus AGLAIS.

Aglais, Dalmann, Vetensk. Acad. Handl. xxxvii. pp. 56, 64 (1816). Scndder, Syst. Rev. Amer, Butt.
p. 16 (1872); Butt. E. U.S. i. p. 413 (1889).

Vanessa (part), Auctorum.

Imaco.—Wings broad. Male. Forewing triangular; costa much arched from
the base, exterior margin slightly oblique, scalloped, and obtusely angled below the
apex ; posterior margin straight; costal vein extending to half the margin; first
subcostal branch emitted at one-fifth before end of the cell, second branch close
before the end; upper discocellular short, middle three times the length of upper,
concave, lower discocellular slender, straight. Hindwing short, triangular ; exterior
margin obliquely convex, scalloped, with a projecting angle at end of upper median
veinlet ; precostal vein straight ; discocellulars outwardly oblique ; cell broad, closed.
Body stout, palpi densely clothed with fine long and shorter hairs throughout ; fore
tibie and tarsi, in the male, rather thickly clothed with uniformly fine longish silky
hairs; femora beneath the same; fore tibie and tarsi, in the female, laxly clothed
with uniformly fine longish silky hairs, tarsal joints quite apical, the spines slender ;
antenne with a short stout cylindrical club; eyes hairy.

Larva.—Head rather flat in front, slightly indented at vertex, studded with
bristly-points and hairs. Third to last segment armed with a dorsal and three
lateral rows of branched-spines.

Pura.—Head-piece pointed and bifid; thorax raised to a central angular ridge ;
abdominal segments with a dorsal and a lateral row of blunt tubercles.

Type.—A. Urtice.

AGLAIS KASCHMIRENSIS (Plate 316, fig. 3, 3a, Gg 2).
Vanessa Caschmirensis, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. pt. 2, p. 442, pl. xi. fig. 3, 4 (1844). Moore,
Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 137 (1857). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 233 (1886).
Vanessa Kaschmirensis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 240. Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886,

p- 121.

88 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Vanessa Kashmeriensis, Elwes, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 403.
Vanessa Flacilla, Doubleday MS., in Gray’s Lep, Ins. Nepal, p. 11 (1846).

Imaco.—Male and female. Forewing with the ground-colour of the cell and discal
area rich chestnut-red; base of the costa with short black and olivescent-ochreous
strigee; base of the cell and posterior margin densely covered with olivescent-
ochreous scales; a black quadrate bar across middle of the cell, then a pale yellow
bar, then another much broader black bar from the costal to upper median, with
another pale yellow bar beyond it, and then again a third broad black bar with a
small bluish-white costal spot placed outwardly beyond it ; within the discal area are
two rounded black superposed spots between the median interspaces, the lower one
being the largest, and below which is an ill-defined narrow streak formed by blackish
scales ; a larger but more irregular and diffused black spot placed inwardly between
the lower median and submedian, and having a narrow diffused pale yellow or
whitish patch between it and the outer streak; outer margin broadly greyish-
fuliginous traversed by a medial blacker lunular fascia and two outer paler lines.
Hindwing with the basal two-thirds black, densely irrorated basally with olivescent-
ochreous scales and numerously covered with similar coloured or reddish hairs ; a
broad outer-discal chestnut-red band with its inner edge irregular and its outer edge
even, and its costal end diffusedly-speckled with pale yellow or whitish scales ; outer
margin broadly greyish-fuliginous, traversed by a medial row of prominent deep
black dentate-lunules with blue-speckled centres, and two outer marginal paler lines ;
abdominal margin greyish-fuliginous. Underside ochreous-brown, densely covered
with slender short black strigze ; basal two-thirds clouded with dark brown and out-
wardly defined by an irregular zigzag black line, which is most distinct on the hind-
wing; cells of both wings crossed by two pairs of sinuous black lines centred with
dull dark bluish-grey ; outer margins traversed by a continuous row of black-speckled
lunules with dull bluish-grey centres. Body and palpi above dark olivescent-brown,
beneath and legs olivescent-grey ; antenne black above and articulated with white,
shaft beneath and tip ochreous-red.

Expanse, ¢ 2 to2,;%, ? 2,4 to 2;% inches.

Larva.—Head subquadrate, slightly hairy, vertex indented in the middle, fore-
head on each side with several strong short sharp spines each ending in a fine hair ;
face and cheeks minutely tuberculated ; segments slightly hairy, armed with a dorsal
and three lateral rows of long sharp branched-spines. Head black ; spines blackish,
segments dark purpurescent-black, almost black, paler beneath; with two dorsal
and two sublateral slender yellow maculated lines, the subdorsal and sublateral inter-
areas being numerously covered with minute yellow spots. (Described from pre-
served specimen in Rey. J. H. Hocking’s Coll.)

Pupa.—Not known.

NYMPHALINZ. (Group NYMPHALINA.) 89

Haprtat.—Throughout W. and E. Himalayas.

Distrizution.— This butterfly abounds along the whole range of the Himalayas,
and is as common in those mountains, as its ally A. Urtice isin Europe”? (Capt. A.
M. Lang, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1868, 34). We possess examples from Kaschmir, Simla,
Kasauli, Masuri, and from Thundiani. Capt. H. B. Hellard took it in “Simla,
Masuri, Pangi in Busahir, andin Kaschmir, in July, August, and September ” (MS.
Notes). Col. J. W. Yerbury found it ‘rare in Murree in August, but very common
on the top of Thundiani at end of September. Also taken at Mir Jani above
Kalabagh, about 9000 feet elevation, in September” (P. Z. S. 1886, 361). Mr. P. W.
Mackinnon observed it as “very common in Masuri and all over the Hills to the
North, from May to October. The larva found feeding on various species of
Urticacez”’ (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1898,375). Mr. L. de Nicéville says “ this butterfly
may be met with, in the W. Himalayas, on fine days from January to December. It
has several broods, and feeds on the common stinging nettle” (Indian Agriculturist,
1880). Mr. W. Doherty took it ‘in Kumaon, from the Kali Valley, 2500 feet, to
the summit of the Lepu Lek, over 18,000 feet elevation—far above the snow line. I
also found it abundantly in Nepalese Tibet and in the dry valleys of Hundes, Chinese
Tibet. The prehensores, as drawn by me, are different from those of Urticex as figured
by Dr. B. White” (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 123). It “ occurs in Sikkim from 2000 to
3900 up to 12,000 feet and upwards ; commoner at low elevations in winter” (H. J.
Elwes, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 362). Mr. de Nicéville says it “occurs in Sikkim from
2000 to 12,000 feet, and at low elevations flies in every month of the year; the larva
feeds on different species of Nettle” (Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 145).

In Mr. J. H. Leech’s collection are specimens from Kulu; Kujiar, 6000 feet,
taken by Capt. McArthur; Gurais Valley, 7000, Kaschmir, taken in September ;
Dugi Pass, 12,000 feet, Karakorum, taken by Capt. Thompson; and from the Kuti
Pass, 17,000, near Karakorum, in September, by Capt. McArthur.

AGLAIS RIZANA (Plate 317, fig. 1, la, ¢ 9).

Vanessa Rizana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1872, p. 559. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii
p. 234 (1886).
Nymphalis Rizana, Kirby, Catal. D. Lep. Suppl. p. 733 (1877).

Male and female. Upperside. Differs from A. Kashmirensis in being a smaller
insect, having the forewing less produced at the apex ; markings and colours disposed
as in that species, but more sharply defined, and the colours much brighter. Fore-
wing with the red colour near the base descending to near the submedian vein ; the
posterior black spot being quadrate, well-defined, and broadly bordered outward
with clear yellow, this colour also bordering the two upper discal spots, but palest in

VOL. IV. N

90 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

the female ; submarginal black border narrow and traversed by a single pale lunular
line. Hindwing with the black base bordered outwardly by clear yellow, the sub-
marginal row of blue-centred black dentate spots slightly, or in most, narrowly
bordered inwardly by the dusky band. Underside much darker than in Kashmirensis ;
markings similar,

Expanse, ¢ ¢ 1,8 to 2 inches.

Hasitat.—N.-W. Himalayas.

Disrrisution.x—The type specimen was taken at Chini, at 9000 feet elevation,
Middle Kunawur, in October. Capt. A. M. Lang also obtained it in Kunawur, at
10,000 feet elevation, and Dr. Jerdon at Gulmurg in Kashmir. Capt. H. B. Hellard
took it in the ** Rupin Pass at about 13,000 feet elevation in September, another seen
near top of the Pass, which is about 15,000 feet elevation”? (MS. Notes). Col. C.
Swinhoe has examples from Kulu. In Mr. J. H. Leech’s Collection are specimens
from Sultanpur, Kulu, taken by Capt. Graham Young ; the Goorais Valley, 7000 feet
elevation, Kashmir, taken in June; Dugi Pass, 12,000 feet, taken in August and
September by Capt. Thompson, and from the Kuti Pass, 17,000 feet elevation, taken
in September by Capt. McArthur. Mr, L. de Nicéville records ‘‘a few specimens,
obtained from time to time at very high elevations in native Sikkim, by native
collectors ” (Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 145).

AGLAIS LADAKENSIS (Plate 317, fig. 2, 2a, ¢ ?).

Vanessa Ladakensis, Moore, Annals Nat. Hist. 1878, p. 227; Yarkund Exped. Lep. p. 2, pl. 1, fig. 2
(1879). Elwes, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 403. Doherty, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 122.
de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 234 (1886), Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 362.

Male and female. Nearest allied to A. Rizana. Both wings with the outer
margin less angled. Upperside with similarly-disposed markings, the black
markings somewhat duller and less sharply defined and the red colour less intense.
Forewing with the two upper black bands merging into or being confluent with the
discal oblique band below the cell; the outer yellow band from the costa is wider
and extends across the wing to the posterior margin, enclosing the two small black
discal spots, this band being diffusedly-bordered with red outwardly and inwardly
below the median veinlets; the subbasal red band is narrower. On the hindwing
the black basal area has its discal edge more irregular and more diffusedly yellow-
bordered. Other markings similar. Underside. Ground-colour much paler than
n A. Rizana, the strige also paler, the cell interspaces between the bars and the
discal transverse fascia of the forewing more defined, the black discal line on hind-
wing more irregular,

NYMPHALINA. (Group NYMPHALINA.) 91

Expanse, ¢ 1,8 to 2, 2 2,4 inches,

Hasirat.—Northern Himalayas.

Distrisut1on.—The type specimens were taken at Gogra, Changchenmo, at
15,000 feet elevation, in Ladak, and at the Karatagh Lake, on snow, 16,890 feet
elevation, in Yarkund, by the late Dr. F. Stoliczka, during the Indian Government
Mission to Yarkund in 1873, In Mr. J. H. Leech’s collection are specimens of both
sexes from the Kardong Pass, 14,000 feet, in Ladak, taken in August; from the
Digha Pass, 15,000 feet, taken in June, and from the Karakorum, 18,000, taken in
July by Capt. McArthur, Examples are in the British Museum from W. Tibet,
taken by Capt. Colomb. Mr. P. W. Mackinnon says of it, ‘ Very rare, specimens
only obtained on the Nilang Pass, 15,000 feet elevation, in July” (Journ. Bombay
N. H. Soe, 1898, 375). Mr. W. Doherty records it from “ near Kalapani, Nepalese
Tibet, at 14,000 feet elevation, and near Hindi, Chinese Tibet, 15,000 feet elevation.
The prehensores are quite different from those of Kaschmirensis” (J. As, Soc. Beng.
1886, 122). Mr. H. J. Elwes records it from the “ Eastern frontier in Chumbi or
Bhotan”’ (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 363). In the ‘Sikkim Gazetteer,” 1894, 145, it is
recorded by Mr, L, de Nicéville as having been ‘‘ obtained by native collectors
only, probably on the other side of the Passes, in Tibet.”

CHINA AND Japan Spectes.—Aglais Connexa (Vanessa Connexa, Butler, P. Z. S.
1881, p. 851. Leech, Butt. China, ete., i. p. 258 (1893), Habitat. Japan.—Aglais
Chinensis (Vanessa Chinensis, Leech, Butt. China, etc., p. 258, pl]. 25, fig. 1, ? (1898).
Habitat. W., China,

Genus KANISKA.

Imaco.—Wings rather short and broad. Male. Forewing triangular; costa
much arched from near the base; apex obtusely pointed; exterior margin slightly
oblique, scalloped, angulated outward below the apex and obtusely angled at end
of lower median veinlet ; costal vein extending to nearly two-thirds the margin ; first
and second subcostal branches emitted before end of cell ; upper discocellular short,
middle discocellular concave, lower very oblique and slender. Hindwing triangular ;
anterior margin broadly lobate at the base and thence oblique to the end; exterior
margin obliquely convex, scalloped, very slightly excavated below the apex, and with
a broad caudate angle at end of upper median yeinlet; anal angle lobate; precostal
vein bent outward near end ; costal vein extending to apex ; discocellulars outwardly
oblique, lower slender. Body very robust ; palpi ascending to level of vertex, flattened
at the sides and beneath, thickly clothed with short coarse hairy-scales, with a dense
ridge of longer hairy-scales on upper edge of second and third joint, edges beneath
also hairy. Fore tibie and tarsi, in male, densely clothed with short hairy-scales

N 2

92 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

above and laterally with very fine long silky-outspread hairs; femur with shorter
hairs beneath. Fore tibie, in female, clothed less thickly with short hairy-scales
above and laterally with fewer and shorter fine hairs, tarsus more roughly scaly and
with a few short fine hairs only, terminal joints quite apical, their lateral spines
short, but stout. Antenne with a stout cylindrical club. Eyes hairy.

Larva.—[Haronica]. Somewhat robust; segments armed with longitudinal
rows of branched-spines ; anal segment slightly humped.

Pupa.—Robust ; abdominal segments with two dorsal rows of small pointed
tubercles ; thorax angular; head-piece produced and bifid.

Typz.—K. Canace.

Norr.—The shape of the wings in this genus is similar to that of Polygonia, as
is also the character and position of the markings on the underside, the markings of
the upperside are, however, very different from those in Polygonia.

KANISKA CANACE (Plate 315, fig. 1, la, 3 2).

Papilio Canace, Johanssen, Amen. Acad. vi. p. 406 (1764). Linneus, Syst. Nat. xii. ed. p. 779 (1767).
Vanessa Oanace, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 231 (1886), Mackinnon, Journ. Bombay Nat.
Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 875.

Nymphalis Canace, Kirby, Catal. D. Lep. App. p. 648 (1871).

Imaco.—Male. Upperside rich deep blue-black, somewhat glossy, the basal area
suffused with dark sap-green ; cilia black, alternated with white. Forewing with a
pale greyish-blue short outwardly-oblique upper-discal band and a transverse outer-
discal broad lunular recurved band gradually decreasing in width upward, being
slender and brokenly speckled above the median and ending ina small subapical
angular spot on the costa; in some specimens a black dot is present in the two
lower lunules ; outer border with two very ill-defined marginal blue-speckled slender
lunular lines ; costal edge striated with pale blue. Hindwing with a transverse outer
discal broad pale greyish-blue band gradually decreasing in width upward and bear-
ing an outwardly-placed series of very small black spots between the veinlets; the
two outer marginal blue-speckled lines ill-defined. Underside beautifully variegated,
the ground-colour being more or less bright brownish-ochreous, the basal two-thirds
prominently edged by a discal black zigzag line, and the outer lunular borders dark
greyish-brown or sap-brown, and numerously covered throughout, except at the
apices, with short black, violet-grey, and ochreous strige ; normal cell-marks with
brownish-ochreous or grey centres ; a small ochreous-white spot at lower end of each
cell, the one on the hindwing being the largest and dentate; an outer discal row of black
dots, those on the forewing enclosed more or less in a circular area of the ground-

NYMPHALINA! (Group NYMPHALINA.) 93

colour and forming obscure ocelli. In some specimens the ground-colour is uniformly
purpurescent ochreous-brown and striated with black.

Female. Upperside as in the male, the greyish-blue bands somewhat broader.
Underside as in male. Body olivescent blue-black, beneath and forelegs dark grey ;
middle and hindlegs brownish-ochreous ; antennz black above, reddish-ochreous
beneath ; eyes reddish.

Expanse, ¢ 2,4) to 2,5, 2 2,5, to 3 inches.

Larva.— Segments alternately orange and white, with numerous black spots on
the orange segments, and black streaks on the white; seven white branching black-
tipped spines on each orange segment.

Pura.—Variegated reddish-brown with frontal gold and silver spots; head
produced and bifid.’ (G. F. Hampson, J. A. S. Beng. 1888, 355.)

Hasitar.—W. and E. Himalayas; Malda; Assam; 8. India; Burma.

Distriporion AND Hasirs.—‘‘ This very beautiful insect occurs throughout the
Himalayas, Bholahat, Malda, in Assam, and in Burma. It is also found in the hills
of South India. It has a swift flight, and in the Simla Hills is often found in the
bed of a stream, up and down which it flies within a certain limited distance, often
settling on a stone with open wings. It frequents paths in forests, occasionally
settling on the ground with open wings; if disturbed it settles with closed wings on
the bark of a tree, where its rich dark colouring completely hides it” (de Nicéville,
lc. p. 232). We possess specimens from Kashmir; Thundiani, taken in September
by Col. J. W. Yerbury ; Kasauli ; Nepal ; Khasias, Nilgiris ; Wynaad ; Shevaroy Hills,
and Travancore. Capt. A. M. Lang, in his MS. Notes on the butterflies of the
Western Himalayas, says, ‘‘ This is a thorough forest insect, of swift flight. It is a
handsome butterfly on the wing, flashing past, now in the deep shade of the Oak and
Rhododendron, now in the broad sunlight, it gleams all blue as a sapphire.” Capt.
H. B. Hellard took it in “‘ August and September, in Masuri, the Buspa Valley, and
in Kashmir” (MS. Notes). ‘It is common at Murree in August and September ;
found along this Hill as far as Thundiana, also at Dewal. It is fond of pitching on the
trunks of trees, particularly of the Ilex when the tree has been wounded and the sap
is exuding ” (Col. J. W. Yerbury, P. Z.S. 1886, 861). It is ‘common in Masuri and
in the interior from May to December. <A few also taken in the Dun in October”
(P. W. Mackinnon, J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1898, 375). Mr. W. Doherty obtained it in
“Kumaon generally from 2500 to 8000 feet elevation. Rather rare” (J. As. Soc.
Beng. 1886, 122), Mr. H. J. Elwes records it as occurring in ‘‘ Sikkim, but never
commonly, up to 5000 to 6000 feet elevation, during the greater part of the year ” (‘T'r.
Ent. Soc. 1888, 362). Mr. G. F. Hampson obtained it in the “ Nilgiris, at 3000 to
7000 feet elevation,” and describes both the larva and pupa (J. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888,
355). Col. C. H. E. Adamson records it as “common at Bhamo, Upper Burma,

94 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

from October to February, but rarer in the further South” (List Burmese Butt.
1897, 25). Dr. N. Manders found it ‘‘not uncommon and widely distributed
throughout the Shan States, Burma” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 525).

KANISKA HARONICA (Plate 315, fig. 2, larva and pupa, 2a, b, g 9).

Vanessa Haronica, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 137; Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 49, pl. 25, fig. 2, g,
fig. 2a, larva and pupa (1881), de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc, ii. p. 232 (1886).

Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside deep blue-black; basal areas suffused
with dark sap-green. Forewing with a greyish-blue continuous curved band medially
disposed across the disc, broader than in Canace, its upper end being formed by
the similar placed upper-discal oblique band of the latter species ; a small bluish-
white costal lunule before the apex, with a few blue scales scattered marginally below
it. Hindwing with the greyish-blue band also medially-disposed across the disc, and
having a parallel row of small blue-speckled spots disposed beyond its outer border ;
two slightly-defined blue-speckled marginal lines. Underside beautifully variegated,
as in Canace, but with all the markings brighter and more distinctly defined.

Expanse, 3 2,5, 9 2;% to 3,% inches.

Larva.—Light red; spotted with black, the segments divided by blackish and
purple lines; anal segment shghtly humped ; segments armed with eight longitudinal
rows of yellow branched-spines ; head and legs black. Feeds on Smilaz.

Pura.—Reddish-brown; abdominal segments with two dorsal rows of small
reddish pointed tubercles ; thorax angular; head-piece produced and bifid.

Hasitat.—Ceylon,

Distrisution.—‘‘ Found in hilly country from 2000 to 6000 feet elevation,
Very common on pathways or roads bordered by jungle. Occurs all the year round,
Larva feeds on the wild yam” (F. M. Mackwood, MS. Notes). Capt. Wade also
took it in the *‘ Kottawa Forest, Galle, also at Kandy ” (Lep. Ceylon, 49).

Inpo-Matayan Species.—Kaniska Charonia (Pap. Charonia, Drury, Illust. Exot.
Ent. i. pl. xv. fig. 1,2(1770). Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 47, fig. A-C (1775). Herbst,
Pap. pl. 160, fig. 1, 2 (1794), Vanessa Charonia, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p, 308
(1819). Kirby, Catal. D, Lep. p. 183 (1871). Elwes, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 898, Syn.
Pap. Kollina, Meerburgh, pl. 45 (1775). Van. Canace, Leech, Butt. China, etc., i.
p. 225 (1893). Habitut. 8. China; Tonkin; Hongkong.—Aaniska Japonicum (Pap,
No-Japonicum, Siebold, Diss. Hist. Nat. Japon, p. 16 (1824). Nymphalis No-
Japonicum, Kirby, Catal. D. Lep. Suppl. p. 732 (1878). Van. Glauconia, Mot-
schulsky, Etudes Ent. ix. p. 128 (1860). Van. Canace (part). Leech, l.c. p. 225
(1893). Habitat. Japan; Corea.—Kaniska Perakana (Vanessa Perakana, Distant,
Rhop. Malay, p. 430, pl. 40, fig. 1, ? (1886). Habitat. Malay Peninsula.— Kaniska

NYMPHALINA (Group NYMPHALINA.) 95

Battakana (Vanessa Battakana, de Nicéville, Journ, Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1895,
p. 428, 2. Habitat. N.-E. Sumatra.—Kaniska Benguetana (Vanessa Benguetana,
Semper, Reis. Phil. Lep. p. 122, pl. 21, fig. 11, 12, ¢ (1888). Habitat. Luzon,
Philippines,

Genus POLYGONIA.

Polygonia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 36 (1816). Scudder, Butt. E, U.S. i. p. 309 (1889).
Kirby, Allen’s Nat. Hist. Butt. i. p. 86 (1894),

Comma, Rennie, Consp, Butt. p. 8 (1832).

Grapta, Kirby, Faun. Bor. Amer, iv. p. 292 (1837). Stephens, Catal. Brit. Lep. B. M. p. 12 (1850).
Stainton, Manual Brit. Butt. i. p. 40 (1857), Staudinger et Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii, p. 124
(1887),

Tmaco.—Male, Forewing somewhat elongated and narrow, subtriangular ; costa
slightly arched from near the base and thence straight to near the end, the apex
pointed ; exterior margin slightly oblique and anteriorly produced obliquely-outward
below the apex into a prominent broadly-projecting angle, below which the margin
is concave and sinuous, and with a broader projecting angle at end of the lower
median veinlet; posterior margin much recurved; costal vein extending to more
than half the margin; first subcostal branch emitted at about one-fourth before end
of the cell, second at one-eighth before ; discocellulars oblique, upper discocellular
extremely short, middle concave, lower discocellular straight, slender; median
veinlets wide apart; submedian vein slightly recurved. Hindwing short, broad,
triangular; anterior margin basally lobate and slightly arched towards the apex ;
exterior margin very oblique, sinuous, excavated below the apex, broadly angular
at end of first subcostal, and with a prominent projecting rounded caudate-angle at
end of upper median veinlet ; anal angle also projected ; precostal vein slightly bent
or curved outward near tip; cell closed by a slender discocellular veinlet. Body
very stout; palpi porrect, extending two-thirds beyond the front, compressed at the
sides and beneath, densely clothed throughout with rather short hair-scales, the
middle and lower joint slightly fringed beneath with fine long hairs, and the middle
joint above more densely with stouter hairs; fore tibiz and tarsi, in the male, laxly
scaly above, the sides rather thickly clothed with laterally-spreading long, very fine
silky hairs; femora beneath with less numerous fine silky hairs ; fore tibiz and
tarsi, in the female, laxly scaly above, the sides less thickly clothed with shorter
silky hairs, apical joints with short stout spines; antennz with a short stout club;
eyes hairy.

Larva.—Head subquadrate, minutely hairy, vertex slightly depressed in middle,
each lobe surmounted with a short tubercular horn, the tip of which is set with hard

96 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

spiny-warts; second segment with a transverse row of bristly-warts ; third to last
segment armed with seven rows of branched-spines.

Pupra.—Head rather flat, with two prolonged straight points in front; back of
thorax sharply raised to a thin squared central projection ; waist hollowed ; abdomen
with a bold dorsal curve; a subdorsal row of nine small points ; wing-cases promi-
nent, shoulders angulated, their lower ends humped (Buckler).

Tyre.—P. C-album.

POLYGONIA VAU-ALBUM (Plate 317, fig. 3, 3a, 3).

Papilio Vau-Album, Denis et Schieffermiiller, Wien. Verz. p. 176 (1776). Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii.
p. 489 (1787). Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. fig. 83, 84 (1793). Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. i.
pt. i. p. 112 (1807).

Pap. Polychloros, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 330, fig. C, D (1782), mee Linn.

Pap. L. album, Esper, Schmett. i. pt. ii. pl. 62, fig. 3, a, b (1780).

Vanessa Vau-album, Godart, Enc, Méth. ix. p. 306 (1819). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii.
p. 236 (1886).

Nymphalis Vau-album, Kirby, Catal. D. Lep. Suppl. p. 773 (1877).

Taraco.—Male and female. Upperside deep fulvous ; cilia black, alternated with
white. Forewing with a black constricted spot obliquely across middle of the cell,
a large quadrate spot at its end, extending from the costa to upper median veinlet,
and bordered on each side with a pale yellow diffused costal patch, a discal quadrate
black spot between upper and middle median veinlets, two black spots between the
middle and lower medians, and two wider separated spots between the lower median
and submedian vein; the basal area and posterior margin sprinkled with olivescent-
fuscous scales; a broad black apical patch bearing an outer pure white costal spot ;
the outer margin broadly black and traversed by two indistinct ochreous lines.
Hindwing with a large irregularly-quadrate black spot extending from middle of the
costa to discoidal veinlet and outwardly bordered by a quadrate white spot ; outer
margin with a broad decreasing black band enclosing a more or less distinct series
of small rounded spots paler than the ground-colour, the extreme outer margin being
dark fulvous and traversed by two ochreous lines, the inner one most distinct.
Underside more or less dusky brownish-ochreous or ochreous-brown. Both
wings with the basal half dark ochreous-brown and transversely marked more or
less with dense-black or dark-brown strigee, its discal edge sharply defined by a very
irregular angulated black line; the discal area less numerously marked with paler
brown irrorations and strige, and traversed by an outer series of black dots; the
outer margins sinuously dark brown, with a medial inner black band bearing a
bluish line and two outer indistinct pale ochreous lines. Forewing also with a short

NYMPHALINZ, (Group NYMPHALINA.) 97

dark brown basal oblique cell-streak and a zigzag bar across middle of the cell, the
latter with its upper end outwardly white bordered; outer edge of the discal
angulated line also white bordered; the apical spot beyond also white. Hindwing
with a small prominent pure white widely-spread V-shaped mark at lower end of the
cell. Body above olivescent-brown, beneath brown; palpi above black, sides and
beneath edged with ochreous-white ; legs blackish above, ochreous-white beneath ;
antenne black above, beneath and tip ochreous,

Expanse, ¢ 2,% to 2,8, ? 2;% inches.

Hasitat.—Kashmir ; Chitral; N. Asia; C. Russia; E. Europe.

Disrrizution.— Dr. T. C. Jerdon took two fine specimens at Gulmurg,
9000 feet elevation, in Kashmir. It has also been taken at Sonamurg, Kashmir”
(de Nicéville, l.c¢. 236).

Our illustration on Plate 317, fig. 3, 3a, is from a Kashmir male in our own

collection.
POLYGONIA C-ALBUM.
Papilio C-album, Linneus, Syst. Nat. x. ed. p. 447 (1758). Esper, Schmett. i. pl. 18, fig. 3 (1777) ;
id. pl. 59, fig. 3 (1780). Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. fig. 92, 93 (1794).
Vanessa C-album, Godart, Enc. Méth, ix. p. 302 (1819). Herr. Schaffer, Eur, Schmett. i. fig. 159,
169 (1844). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 237 (1886).
Nymphalis C-album, Kirby, Catal. D. Lep. Suppl. p. 732 (1877).
Wet-season form (Plate 318, fig. 2, 2a, b,c, ¢ 9).

Imaco.—Male. Upperside deep bright fulvous-red; cilia black, alternately
edged with fulvous-grey. Forewing with two deep black rounded spots obliquely
across middle of the cell, a large quadrate discocellular streak extending from the
costa to upper median, three discal oblique quadrate spots, and a subapical black
patch decreasing from the costa to near upper median; outer margin black and
linearly speckled outwardly with fulvous-grey scales, and bordered inwardly by a
series of yellow dentate spots. Hindwing with the costal base broadly black, and
the outer margin very broadly fulvescent-black, the latter traversed by a row of five
distinct yellow small dentate spots; abdominal border greyish-brown ; a black
quadrate spot at end of the cell, a larger spot above it between the subcostals, and
a much smaller spot between the upper and middle medians, Underside with the
basal area and outer marginal border greyish sepia-brown; the discal area dark
grey, divided from the dark base by a sharply-defined broken irregular black line ;
outer areas and base of hindwing numerously covered with fine black strigw; discal
area traversed by a very indistinct row of blackish dots. Furewing also with an
oblique black loop-mark from lower base of cell, some black strigz from the costa,
and a black lunular streak between the angles of the outer margin. Hindwing also
with a prominent white comma-shaped mark at end of the cell.

VOL. IV. 0

98 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Female. Upperside as in the male, except that on the forewing the disco-
cellular black streak is broader, and the subapical streak fulvous posteriorly ; and
in the hindwing the marginal dentate yellow spots are somewhat larger. Underside
as in the male; the outer area duller grey, the strige less prominent, and the white
comma-shaped mark more or less ill-defined.

Expanse, ¢ 2,4, ? 2;% inches.

Dry-season form (Plate 318, fig. 2, d, e, 2).

Male and female. Upperside fulvous-yellow ; markings as in the wet-season
form, but the black spots somewhat smaller and less sharply defined, the yellow
dentate spots also less defined. Underside paler than in wet-season form, the
ground-colour being dull ochreous greyish-brown ; markings similar.

Expanse, ¢ 1,4, ? 2% inches.

Hasitat.—Europe ; Asia Minor; Persia; Western Himalayas.

DisTRIBUTION WITHIN OUR AREA.—We possess specimens of the wet-season form
from Gulmurg and Sunamurg, Kashmir, taken by Capt. A. M. Lang, and of the
dry-season form from Kashmir, taken by Capt. R. Bayne Reed. Capt. Lang records
it as “ apparently common at Gulmurg, Kashmir” (Ent. Monthly Mag. 1868, 34).
Mr. J. H. Leech has specimens from Kylang, 13,000 feet elevation, taken by Capt.
MacArthur in September, from Gurais Valley, 7000 feet, Kashmir, taken by himself
in September; from Dugi Pass, 12,000 feet elevation, near Karakorum, taken in
August and September by Capt. Thompson.

Of our illustrations on Plate 318, figs. 2, 2a, b,c, are from wet-season male and
female Kylang specimens in Mr. Leech’s collection, and figs. 2d, e, from diy-season
female from Kashmir, taken by Capt. Reed.

POLYGONIA COGNATA.
Wet-season form (Plate 319, fig. 1, la, ¢).

Inaco.—Male and female. Upperside similar to, but of a paler fulvous than,
O-album, as here described. Forewing with the cell spot united and larger, the
discocellular streak broader, the lower discal spot larger and with a small speckled-
spot above it. Hindwing with the discal spots larger; the outer marginal band
broader, more uneven on its inner edge and traversed by an almost continuous
series of narrow yellow lunules. Underside with the ground-colour throughout
uniformly dark greyish sepia-brown, the strige less sharply defined, white comma-
shaped mark prominent.

Expanse, ¢ 2, $ 2,% inches.

NYMPHALINZ. (Group NYMPHALINA.) 99
Dry-season form (Plate 319, fig. 1, b,c, d,g 2).

Male and female. Upperside fulvous-yellow; markings as in wet-season form ;
the black markings less sharply defined, the marginal bordering yellow dentate spots
on the forewing less distinct, and the yellow lunules on the hindwing broad and
continuous. Underside with the ground-colour dull yellowish-ochreous or pale
brownish-ochreous, the markings dark ochreous-brown; comma-shaped mark
prominent.

Expanse, d 2, ? 2,7, inches.

Hasitat.—Western Himalayas; Kashmir, Kunawur, Kumaon.

Distrinution.—We possess specimens of the wef-season form from Thundiani,.
taken by Col. J. W. Yerbury in September ; from Kashmir, taken by Major H. B.
Hellard in August and September, and also both sexes of the dry-season form from
the Simla Hills, Kunawur, taken by Capt. A. M. Lang, and from Kashmir, taken by
Capt. Magee. Specimens from Thundiani are also in the collection of the British
Museum and of Col. Swinhoe. Capt. A. M. Lang refers to this species under
C-album, as “occurring rarely in Kumaon, where he took it at several localities
far apart, and of divers altitudes and climates. One fine specimen was taken on
the bleak Hungrung Pass at about 15,000 feet elevation, while others were taken
200 miles away on the lower well-wooded ranges of the Simla District” (Ent. Mo.
Mag. 1868, 34). Col. J. W. Yerbury took his specimens at ‘Thundiani, a Hill
Station near Abbottabad, at about 8700 feet elevation, in August and September.
It affects the Yarrow and Ragwort” (Ann. Nat. Hist. 1888, 139). Mr. W. Doherty
probably refers to this species, under C-album, as being taken by him at “ Khati,
N.W. Kumaon, at 8000 feet elevation” (J. A. S. Beng. 1890, 122), Mr. J. H. Leech
has it from Sultunpur, Kulu, taken by Capt. Graham Young,

POLYGONIA AGNICULA.

Grapta Agnicula, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 559 (¢ only).

Nymphalis Agnicula, Kirby, Catal. D. Lep. Suppl. p. 733 (1877).

Vanessa C-album, var, tibetana, Elwes, Trans, Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 363, pl. 10, fig. 1, 3.
Vanessa C-album (part), de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 257 (1886).

Wet-season form (Plate 319, fig. 2, 2a, ¢).

Male and female. Upperside bright clear fulvous-red. Forewing with pro-
minent black markings disposed as in Kashmir C-albwin, the two cell-spots being
well-separated and small, the marginal black band slightly speckled outwardly with
fulvous-grey scales, the inner row of yellow dentate spots, seen in C-album and
cognata, are absent. Hindwing with three black discal spots, the two lower being

o 2

100 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA,

well isolated, the costal border black; the marginal black band traversed by broad
lunules of the same bright fulvous as the ground-colour, and also outwardly
speckled with fulvous-grey. Underside greyish sepia-brown, brownest on the basal
areas, the outer areas numerously covered with very fine black strigz and traversed
by a discal row of slightly-perceptible black dots with pale borders; comma-shaped
mark slender.

Expanse, ¢ ?, 2 to 2,% inches.
Dry-season form (Plate 319, fig. 2, b,c, ¢).

Upperside clear fulvous-yellow; of a uniform tint throughout; marginal
lunules on the hindwing of the same colour; black markings somewhat larger.
Underside dark ochreous-brown, darker throughout than in wet form of cognata.

Expanse, 2 inches.

Hasitat.—Nepal ; Chumbi, Sikkim ; N. W. Bhotan.

DistrisuTioN.—The type specimens of agnicula were taken at Katmandu, in
Nepal, by the late Major-Gen. G. Ramsay. Mr. H. J. Elwes records his type of
tibetana as haying been taken by native collectors in Chumbi and N, W. Bhotan
(Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 363). Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 122) records
agnicula as having been taken by himself on the Pindari Glacier, 12,000 feet
elevation, and Byans Valley, in Eastern Kumaon, 12,000 to 15,000 feet elevation,
and remarks, ‘ These species (C-album and Agnicula) are closely allied, but I have
been able to separate my own specimens by means of slight differences in the
prehensores, as well as by the shape and colouring.”

Our illustrations of this species on Plate 319, figs. 2, 2a, are from a Nepal type of
Agnicula (wet-season form); and figs. 2b, c, from a male dry-season form, from
Chumbi, kindly given to me by Mr. Elwes.

POLYGONIA INTERPOSITA (Plate 318, fig. 1, la, g, 2).

Vanessa interposita, Staudinger, Stettin Entom. Zeit. 1881, pp. 286-7.
Vanessa Egea, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 237 (1886), zee Cramer.

Iuaco.—Male and female. Upperside deep dusky-fulvous; cilia black and
alternately edged with grey. Forewing with two outwardly-oblique superposed small
black spots across middle of the cell, a broad black discocellular streak at its end
extending from the costa to upper median veinlet, and three discal inwardly-oblique
small spots, the upper two being much the smallest in the male, and the upper one
almost obsolescent ; a dusky-castaneous oblique patch before the apex, its costal
end being broadly black; a broad blackish outer-marginal border very indistinctly

NYMPHALINA, (Group NYMPHALINA.) 101

traversed by a fine dusky fulvous line and inwardly bordered by a series of small
yellowish dentate spots disposed between the veins. Hindwing with the costal base
broadly dull greyish-black, the outer margin broadly dull greyish-black anteriorly
merging to dark fulvous-brown posteriorly, and traversed by a row of five small
yellowish dentate spots; the costal interspace between the dark basal border and
the outer band being grey-speckled ; at the upper end of the cell is a small narrow
black spot, and a larger black spot above it between the subcostals. Underside.
Both wings pale purpurescent greyish-brown, darkest basally and on outer borders ;
numerously covered with transversely disposed fine black strige, which are most
conspicuous across the disc. forewing also with the discal strigse separated from
the dark basal area by an irregular black discal line, and from the outer margin by
a narrow black lunular medial fascia speckled with greenish-grey scales, and two
upper series of black dentate marks and a lower inner series of similar marks ;
from the lower base of the cell extend two oblique fine black looped-lines. Hind-
wing also with the discal strige separated from the basal dark area by a slender
black interrupted line, which is bent upward above the anal angle and thence
extends angularly up the abdominal margin; the outer margin traversed by a series
of black dentate marks speckled with greenish-grey scales; at lower end of the cell
is a pure white angled-mark like an oblique letter L. Body and palpi above
olivescent-brown, beneath and legs pale brownish-grey ; palpi externally edged with
black; front and middle legs lined with black above; antenne black above, ochreous
beneath.

Expanse, ¢ 1 ;4, ? 2,4 inches.

Hasitat.—Persia ?; Beluchistan; Chitral ; Turkestan.

The above description and figures are taken from Chitral specimens in the
collection of Mr. H. Grose-Smith, and differ from South European and Asia Minor
examples of Hgea in having the ground-colour of the upperside darker, the markings
and marginal bands also being darker. A male, from Turkestan, in Mr. J. H. Leech’s
collection, agrees perfectly with the above. A female, from Quetta, Beluchistan,
taken at 6500 feet elevation, and described by Mr. de Nicéville (/.c. p. 237) is stated
to “ differ from European examples of Eyea in lacking the two round black spots on
the disc of the forewing on the upperside, but there are traces of these spots,
there being spots in their place of a deeper shade of fulvous than the ground-
colour.’

Inpo-Marayan Sprcies.—Polygonia C-aurewm (Pap. C-aureum, Linn. Syst.
Nat. i. p. 477 (1758). Syn. Pap. Angelica, Cram. iv. pl. 388, fig. G, H (1782),
Habitat, China, Formosa, Japan.—Polygonia Bockii (Grapta Bocku, Rothschild,
Nov. Zool. i. p. 535, pl. 9, fig. 7 (1894). Habitat. W. China.—Polygonia Pryert
(Vanessa Pryeri, Jansen, Cist, Ent, ii, p. 269, pl. 5, fig, 2 (1878), Leech, Butt.

102 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

China, etc., i. p. 267, pl. 25, fig. 4, ¢. Habitat. Japan.—Polygonia Fentoni (Van.
Fentoni, Butler, Cist. Ent. ii. p. 281 (1878). Habitat. Japan.—Polygonia lunigera
(Van. lunigera, Butler, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 850. Habitat. Japan.—Polygonia
Hamigera (Van. Hamigera, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 92. Habitat. Japan.
—Polygonia gigantea (Grapta gigantea, Leech, Ent. 1890, p. 189; Butt. China, etc.,
i. p. 263, pl. 25, fig. 6, ? (1893). (Wet-season form.) Syn. Polygonia extensa
(Grapta C. album, var. extensa, Leech, Butt. China, etc., i. p. 265, pl. 25, fig. 5, 2
(1893). (Dry-season form.) Habitat, W, and C, China,

Genus VANESSA.

Vanessa, Fabricius, Syst. Gloss (Llliger’s Mag. vi. p. 281 (1807). Latreille, Consid. Gén. p. 440
(1810). Hiibner, Verz. Schmett. p. 33 (1816). Curtis, Brit. Ent. pl. 96 (1825). Scudder,
Syst. Rev. Amer. Butt. p. 2 (1872); id. Butt. E. U. S. i. p. 430 (1889).

Pyrameis, Hiibner, Verz. Schmett. p. 33 (1816). Doubleday and Hewits. Gen. D. Lep. p. 202 (1849).
Stephens, Catal. B. Lep. B. M. p. 11 (1850). Moore, Lep, Ceylon, i. p. 49 (1880). Staudinger
et Schiitz, Exot. Schmett. ii, p. 125 (1887). Kirby, Allen’s N. H. Butt. i. p. 96 (1894).

Bassaris, Hiibner, Exot. Schmett. ii. dd. Index, p. 4 (1816-21).

Ammiralis, Rennie, Consp. Butt. p. 10 (1832).

Cynthia, Stephens, Illust. B. Ent. Haust. i. p. 47 (1827). Rennie, Consp. p. 10 (1832). Westwood,
Brit. Butt. p. 56 (1841). Stainton, Manual Brit. Butt, i. p. 36 (1857).

Phanessa, Sodoftsk. Bull. Mosc. x, p. 80 (1837).

Neopyrameis, Scudder, Butt. E. U. S. i. p. 434 (1889).

Imaco.—Male. Forewing triangular; costa slightly arched, exterior margin
oblique and slightly angular below the apex, scalloped; posterior margin straight ;
costal vein extending to two-thirds the margin ; first and second subcostal branches
emitted at equal distances close before end of the cell, third at nearly half length
beyond, fourth and fifth at two-thirds beyond; upper discocellular very short, middle
short and curved outward, lower discocellular long, slender, recurved obliquely out-
ward ; radials from angle near subcostal and end of middle discocellular ; cell broad ;
middle median emitted at one-fifth before lower end of the cell, lower at one-half its
length; submedian vein almost straight. Hindwing short, triangular; exterior
margin convex, scalloped, abdominal margin long; costal vein extending to apex;
precostal vein bent abruptly outward, emitted at a short distance beyond base of
subcostal; first subcostal branch emitted at two-thirds from its base; upper dis-
cocellular slightly convexly-oblique, lower slender, very oblique and straight ; radial
from end of upper discocellular; cell broad ; two upper median branches from end
of cell, lower at one-third before its end and opposite second subcostal; submedian

NYMPHALINZ. (Group NYMPHALINA.) 103

recurved ; internal vein recurved from the base. Body stout, abdomen short; palpi
porrect, compactly clothed with short appressed hairs at sides and beneath, second
joint long and projecting half its length beyond the head, third joint short, pointed ;
fore tibize and tarsi in the male somewhat scaly above, the sides very densely clothed
with laterally spreading long coarse silky hairs, femora beneath with less numerous
shorter hairs; fore tibie and tarsi, in the female, somewhat scaly above, the sides
less densely clothed with long coarse silky hairs, apical joints spined; antenne
long, with a short thick cylindrical club; eyes hairy.

Larva.—Cylindrical, delicately hairy; armed with a dorsal and five incomplete
lateral rows of branched-spines; head slightly subquadate, vertex depressed in
middle, regularly covered with minute tapering warts ; hairy.

Pupa.—Head-piece obtuse, bluntly cleft; thorax dorsally raised and angled
near the middle ; abdomen dorsally arched, and with a dorsal row of conical points
and lateral rows of lesser points.

Typz.—V. Atalanta.

VANESSA INDICA (Plate 320, fig. 1, 1, a, b, 3 9).

Papilio Atalanta Indica, Herbst, Nat. Schmett. vii. p. 171, pl. 180, fig. 1, 2 (1794).

Pyrameis Indica, Kirby, Catal. D. Lep. p. 185 (1871). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 50, pl. 27, fig. 2
(1881). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 229, pl. 18, fig. 74, 2 (1886).

Papilio Atalanta, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 84, fig. E, F (1775), mec Linn.

Hamadryas decora Calliroé, Hiibner, Samuel Exot. Schmett. (1806-16).

Pyrameis Calliroé, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 33 (1816). Doubleday and Hewits. D. Lep.
p. 204. Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 138 (1857).

Vanessa Calliroé, Gray, Lep, of Nepal, p. 11 (1846).

Pyrameis nubicola, Fruhst. Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1898, p. 151.

Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside. Forewing black, with a broad medial
outwardly-oblique irregular red band, the lower portion of which is traversed by
three irregular-shaped black patches; basal area and posterior margin golden-
brown ; an oblique inner subapical series of white quadrate spots and an outer
subapical series of small white dentate spots. Hindwing golden-brown, with an
olivescent or purplish gloss in certain lights; costal border greyish-ochreous ; an
outer marginal red band inwardly-bordered by black conically-lunate spots, and
traversed by a row of black lunulate spots and outer marginal line. Cilia alternated
with white. Underside. Forewing similar to upperside, except that the base of
costa is striated with black, the apex broadly ochreous-brown and with two small
ocelli below the white dentate spots, a partly blue and whitish marginal line, a blue-

104 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

speckled costal stripe beyond the cell, and a black patch crossed by a white bar at
end of the cell. Hindwing beautifully marked with rich dark reddish-brown trans-
verse sinuous fasciz with pale ochreous borders, which are numerously speckled
with greyish-white and black scales; the veins from the base also lined with
greyish-white; two white-edged blackish marks within the cell and a larger similar
mark beyond the cell; outer disc traversed by a series of cordiform ocellate reddish
spots with blue and black-speckled centres, followed by a submarginal blue-speckled
blackish lunular line and a narrower similar marginal line. Body above olivescent
golden-brown; palpi above blackish, beneath pale ochreous, the sides being
white; legs pale ochreous, femora beneath black-speckled with white; antenne
black above, beneath and tip reddish-ochreous.

Expanse 2 to 3 inches.

Larva.—Head black, minutely tuberculated. Segments slightly hairy, armed
with a dorsal and three lateral rows of branched-spines; spines mostly black ;
segments blackish, numerously covered with very small yellowish spots. (Described
from preserved specimens in Coll. Hocking.)

Hasitat.—W. and E. Himalayas; Assam; Naga Hills; Burma; Bombay;
Nilgiris; Ceylon; China; Japan.

DistrIBuTION, ETCc.—‘‘ This ts a common species wherever the food plant, the
nettle, is found. Itoccurs commonly in the Himalayas up to considerable elevations.
I possess a curious aberration, taken in the Deyra Dun, in July, by Col. Buckley,
which almost exactly agrees with a variety of the European species (Atalanta)
figured by Herbst (pl. 180, fig. 5, 6)” (de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. ii. 229). “It is
very common in the late summer and autumn months throughout the N. W.
Himalayas, and hybernated specimens are met with in the spring” (7d. Indian
Agriculturist, Jan., 1880). Col. J. W. Yerbury found it ‘‘common at Thundiani,
the Hill Station above Abbottabad, in May, August, and September” (Ann. N. H.
1888, 1389). Capt. A. M. Lang found it ‘*abundant in the W. Himalayas from 5000
to 10,000 feet elevation. Larve taken at Kasauli on nettle,in June and July”
(MS. Notes). Mr. P. W. Mackinnon says it is “more common in Masuri than
Cardui, but is comparatively rare in the Dun. The larve feed on different species
of Urticacez, and is gregarious. It flies almost throughout the year’? (J. Bombay
N. H. Soc. 1897, 375). Major J. L. Sherwill, in his Journal of a trip in November
in the Sikkim Himalayas, says this butterfly ‘‘ was common at great elevations. I
observed it on the snow, and on the glaciers at 13,000 feet to 16,000 feet elevation,
but it was the sole inhabitant of these cold and dreary regions” (J. A. S. Bengal,
1882, 479). ‘* Not uncommon in Sikkim, in open ground, at all seasons and
elevations up to 12,000 feet elevation’ (H. J. Elwes, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 362).
Col. C, Swinhoe records taking “several examples in Bombay in 1877” (P. Z.S.

NYMPHALIN A. (Group NYMPHALINA.) 105

1885, 128). Col. C. H. E. Adamson says it is “rarely taken in the Arakan Hills
and at Bhamo” (List, 1897, 25). Dr. N. Manders took “fone specimen at
Bernardmyo, Shan States, Burma” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 524). In Ceylon, Mr.
F. M. Mackwood says it is “rarely seen under 4000 feet elevation. Settles on
pathways or open ground. Very swift of flight. Larve feeds on Nettle (Urtica
neilgherriensis).” Capt. Hutchison “found it at all times in forest land, from 3000
to 6000 feet. Commonest at the highest elevation” (Lep. Ceylon, i. 50),

VANESSA CARDUI (Plate 320, fig. 2, 2a,b, ¢ 2).

Papilio Cardui, Linneus, Syst. Nat. x. ed. p. 475 (1758) ; id.ixii. ed.i. 2, p. (1767). Esper, Schmett.
i. pt. 1, pl. 10, fig. 3 (1777). Hubner, Eur. Schmett. i. fig. 73, 74 (1793).

Vanessa Cardui, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 33 (1816).

Pyrameis Cardui, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 138, pl. 5, fig. 8, 3a, Jarva and pupa (1857
Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 50, pl..27, fig. 1, la (1881). de Nicé¢ville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 22
(1886). Staudinger et Schitz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 125 (1887). Leech, Butt. of China, etc., 1.
p. 251 (1893).

Cynthia Cardui, Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 47 (1827). Hoorsfield, Desc. Catal. Lep. EH. I. C.
pl, 7 (1829), Westwood, Gen. Syn. p. 87 (1840). Crotch, Cist. Ent. i. p. 66 (1872).

Neopyrameis Cardui, Scudder, Butt. E. U.S. i. p. 434 (1889).

Papilio Carduelis, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 26, fig. E, F (1775).

7
7

74
93

Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside. Ground-colour reddish-ochreous, basal
areas olivescent-ochreous-brown ; cilia black, alternated with white, Forewing with
an outwardly-oblique black irregular-shaped broken band crossing from middle of
the cell to the disc above the submedian vein; the apical area from end of cell and
the exterior border also black; before the apex is a short white outwardly-oblique
streak and a curved row of four round spots, the second and third being small; a
marginal pale lunular line with its upper portion most defined and whitish. Hind-
wing with a blackish patch from the costal vein across end of cell, a partly confluent
recurved discal band, a submarginal row of lunules, and then a marginal row of
somewhat scutiform spots; between the discal band and submarginal lunules is a
row of five round black spots, which in some examples show a pale and dark outer
ring. Underside. Forewing brighter reddish-ochreous, the apical area and outer
margin much paler, the apex being olivescent ochreous-brown; discal irregular
band as above, subapical white streak, row of spots and marginal lunules distinct ;
base of wing and interspace before end of cell white. Hindwing transversely
marbled with olivescent ochreous-brown and speckled with black scales; crossed by
basal and discal sinuous whitish or pale fascize and intersected by white veins; an
outer-discal row of five ocelli, the upper one smallest and usually imperfect, the

VOL. IV. P

106 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

second and fifth the largest, the fourth with black centre speckled with blue and ringed
with yellow, and the second and fifth also with an outer black ring; submarginal
lunules purpurescent-grey, bordered by a whitish fascia ; outer margin ochreous. Body
olivescent ochreous-brown, abdomen with ochreous bands; palpi blackish above,
white beneath ; body beneath and legs greyish-white ; antennz black above, tip and
beneath reddish.

Expanse, 2,%, to 2,8 inches.

Larva.—* After first moult; three-quarters of an inch long; ground-colour
olive-brown, variegated with brown; dorsal line double, interrupted and white ;
lateral line faint, interrupted and red-brown; sides pale slate colour, and very
spiny ; abdomen pale slate colour, ventral line darker ; prolegs slate colour; thoracic
les black and shiny; anal pair slate colour; head black and spiny ; stigmata white,
bordered with black; armed with five rows of slate coloured branched-spines, one
dorsal and two lateral. After last moult; length one inch. Cylindrical and spiny.
ground-colour and markings as after first moult.”

Pupa.—* Golden olive-green, with a lilac iridescence; a dorsal row of pro-
tuberant gold spots, and on either side one of same, and also broad longitudinal bands
of gold colour on the sides.” (Chaumette, Lucknow, MS. Notes.)

Haxitat.—Throughout India; Burma; Ceylon; Andaman and Nicobar Isles;
Malay Peninsula, etc,

Disrripution, Hasits, etc. Within our Area.—‘ In India this butterfly occurs
almost everywhere. It is decidedly rare in Calcutta, but as far as I am aware it
occurs plentifully in every other part of India and in the Hills up to a considerable
elevation. It has been found in both the Andaman and Nicobar groups of Islands”’
(L. de Nicéville, Butt. India, ii. 228). ‘* This is one of the first insects you will meet
with in the spring, in the W. Himalayas, and the last you will see in the autumn.
It is an early riser, and one of the last to go to rest. I have actually watched them
follow the setting sun as its beams gradually ascended the hillsides, caused by the
sun setting behind an opposite range of hills. I have taken specimens in the plains
as far east as Dinapore, but [up to the present date] I have never seen any in
Calcutta. It also occurs commonly in Kashmir, and I have taken it high up in
Ladak” (id. Indian Agric. January, 1880). Capt. A. M. Lang found it “ everywhere
common in the Western Himalayas at all seasons, and throughout the winter months
in the plains’’ (MS. Notes). The Rev. J. H. Hocking found the “larva on Nettle ;
May and August, in Kulu, at 6200 feet elevation” (P. Z.S. 1882, 240). ‘‘ Very
common almost throughout the year in Masuri andthe Dun. Larva feeds on thistles
and on Debregeasia bicolor, N. O. Urticacew’’ (P. W. Mackinnon, J. Bombay N. H.
Soc. 1898, 375). Mr. L. de Nicéville records that it was ‘‘ found near Jarti Gumbaz,
Pamir” (Rept. on Pamir Boundary Comm. 1898, p. 15). Col. C. Swinhoe obtained

NYMPHALINA, (Group NYMPHALINA,) 107

“a few at Kandahar in October and November in 1880. It was very plentiful in
March and April following. The gardens about Kandahar were alive with regular
swarms of this butterfly in the last month, but I did not observe it at Quetta or
anywhere else on our lines of communication between Sibi and Kandahar ” (Tr. Ent.
Soc. 1885, 339). At Karachi it was plentiful in several months of the year. I took
it in January, February, June, July, August, and December” (id. P. Z. 8. 1884, 505).
Capt. H. L. De la Chaumette reared the “larva at Lucknow, in October, 1860, on
Gnaphalium indicum, the imago emerging on November 15th” (MS. Notes). ‘ In
Sikkim, this cosmopolitan butterfly is found throughout the year at low elevations,
but more commonly in the winter. In the summer it is found up to 12,000 feet
elevation’’ (de Nicéville, Sikkim Gaz. 1894, 144). In Bombay ‘‘it is found sparingly
throughout the District. At times it appears in great numbers, continues for a week
or two, and disappears again. As is well known, it is a migratory butterfly, and is
known in almost every part of the world. It has a rapid, irregular flight, and is fond
of settling on the ground, and on rocks. We have found larve in Kanara in
November, feeding on Zornia diphylla, and on a thistle-like plant of the genus
Blumea, which is its common food in other parts of the Presidency also” (J. David-
son and EH. H. Aitken, J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1896, 256). ‘‘ The larve are social
when very young, half a dozen living together under the shelter of a little network
of silk. The butterfly is not very easy to catch, being a strong flier and wary. It
rarely settles, except on the ground, and opens its wings much less than the Junonias”
(E. H. Aitken, id. 1886, 131). ‘At different times of the year, but most often, I
think, in June, large numbers of this butterfly appear about the rocks on the sea-
shore, or in other barren situations, and I am inclined to think they are new arrivals
from some other country. A certain number remain permanently with us, and breed
on a common species of Blumew” (id. 1897, 337). In Ceylon, “it is found every-
where, but is more plentiful in the higher districts” (F. M. Mackwood, Lep. Ceyl.
i. 50). “In Burma this is a rare butterfly. I took one in February near Bhamo,
and one in December in North Yen. I have received it from the Chin Hills, and saw
one so far South as Mandalay, in January. One was also obtained at Nimbu” (Col.
C. H. E. Adamson, List, 1897, 25). Mr. W. L. Distant records it from Penang
(Rhop. Malay. Preface, p. vi.). We have examples from Sumatra, Java, Formosa,
and Japan. Mr. J.J. Walker, R.N., found it ‘‘not very common in Hong Kong from
December to May” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1895, 457). Mr. J. H. Leech also obtained it in
China and Japan. It is also recorded from the Philippines.
Inpo-Matayan Spucizs.—Vanessa Dejeanti, Godart, Hne. Meth. ix. Suppl.
p. 821 (1823). Boisd. Spéc. Gén. Lep. i. pl. 10, fig. 2 (1836). Habitat.
Java.—Vanessa Samani (Pryameis Samani, Hagen, Iris, vu. p. 359 (1894).
Habitat. Sumatra.
Beg

108 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Genus ARASCHNIA.

Araschnia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 37 (1816). Doubleday and Hewits, Gen. D. Lep. p. 187
(1848). Staudinger and Schiitz, Exot, Schmett. ii. p. 123 (1887). Leech, Butt. China, etc., 1.
p. 267 (1892).

Ivaco.—Male. Wings moderately small. Forewing elongatedly triangular ;
costa very slightly arched, apex rounded, exterior margin oblique, sinuous, slightly
convex below the apex, posterior margin slightly recurved ; costal vein extending to
about three-fifths the length; cell extending to nearly half the wing ; first subcostal
emitted at about one-sixth before end of the cell, short and running close to the
costal near its end, and in some specimens slightly anastomosed to it close to its
end; upper discocellular extremely short and outwardly-oblique, middle disco-
cellular erect and concave, lower discocellular outwardly-oblique; middle median
emitted at some distance before lower end of the cell, lower median at half distance
before end of cell; submedian vein slightly recurved. Hindwing small, conically-
triangular; anterior margin almost straight from basal lobe, apex rounded, exterior
margin convex and sinuous, abdominal margin somewhat convex, anal angle
pointed ; precostal vein straight; radial emitted near the base of subcostal branch ;
cell open. Body moderately slender; eyes hairy; head hairy in front; palpi
rather slender, third joint rather long, pointed, smooth, second joint clothed with
fine longish hairs beneath and above, sides smoothly scaled; fore tarsi in male
clothed with fine long silky laterally-divergent hairs; fore tarsi in female slender,
smooth, joints spined at tip beneath,

Lanva.—Head with two erect branched-spines. Segments with a dorsal, and
lateral rows of branched-spines.

Pupa.—Head-piece short, cleft; thorax dorsally angled; abdomen with a
dorsal and a shorter lateral row of points.

Typu.—A. Levana.

Srasonat Dimorpnism.—In the European species, Levana is now known to be
the spring form and Prorsa the swinmer form of one species,

ARASCHNIA DOHERTYI (Plate 320, fig. 3, 3a, b, d 2).
Araschnia Prorsoides, Elwes, Proc. Zool, Soe. 1891, p. 285, pl. 27, fig. 5, 6, 3 § (nec Blanchard),

Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purpurescent-brown; cilia black, alternated
with ochreous-white. Forewing with two, or three, pale reddish-ochreous speckles
within the base of the cell, a slender curved streak and two straight streaks across
the middle of cell, followed by an upper wedge-shaped ochreous spot near end
of the cell; below the cell is a short slender ochreous streak and an outer

NYMPHALINZ, (Group NYMPHALINA.) 109

obsolescent dot; across the dise are two upper-discal outwardly-oblique pale
ochreous-yellow broad spots, a very small outwardly-oblique spot below, two small
rounded inwardly-oblique superposed white spots which are outwardly placed above
and below the upper median veinlet, followed by three lower-discal broad quadrate
large ochreous spots, the lower being narrow; beyond is a submarginal irregularly-
disposed series of small markings, of which the upper are macular and_ pale
ochreous-yellow, the next a reddish-ochreous broken lunule, then a pale yellow short
lunule, and lastly two lower reddish-ochreous narrow lunules. Hindwing crossed
by a medial-discal broad pale ochreous-yellow band, and a submarginal reddish-
ochreous very narrow lunular band, between which is a very slender discal broken
sinuous line; base of wing with a slightly-defined pale yellow dot above the cell
and two very slender curved lines across the cell. Underside. Ground-colour pale
yellowish-ochreous ; the discal band, as above, ochreous-white; basal irregular
markings dark ochreous-red narrowly edged with yellow, the veins basally also
yellow ; discal area medially clouded with dark ochreous-red and traversed by an
inner slender sinuous black-edged yellow line and an outer diffused yellow lunular
line, followed by two marginal slender black lines ; a medial series of lilacine-white
dots, the middle pair on the forewing being the largest and represent those of the
upperside.

Female. Upperside with markings as in the male, but somewhat broader,
Forewing also with a small red spot beyond the cell. Hindwing also with an outer-
discal reddish-ochreous slender lunular line. Underside similar to the male. Body
dark olivescent-brown; palpi above black ; body and palpi beneath and legs pale
ochreous-white ; antenne black above, whitish beneath, tip ochreous.

Expanse, ¢ 2, ? 2,% inches.

Hapitat.—Naga Hills.

Distrisution.—Mr. W. Doherty ‘found it abundantly above Mao, on the
Manipur side of the Nagar Hills, at 6000 to 8000 feet elevation, in August and
September, 1889, where it was common in open ground near water, the larva
feeding on a species of Nettle” (H. J. Elwes, /.c.).

CHINA AND JAPAN SPECIES.—Avraschnia prorsoides (Van. Prorsoideset Levanoides,
Blanchard, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. 1871, p. 810), Leech, Butt. of China, ete., i.
p. 278, pl. 26, fig. 1,2, d ¢, Syn. A. Strigosa, Alpheraky, Rom. Mem. v. p. 111,
pl. 5, fig. 6 (1889). Habitat. W. China.—Araschnia obscura, Fenton, P. Z. 8. 1881,
p- 850. Syn. A. Levana, Leech, l.c. p. 269, pl. 26, fig. 9. Habitat. Corea;
Yesso, Japan.—Araschnia Burejana, Bremer, Bull. Acad. Petr. (1861), p. 466; id.
Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 15, pl. 1, fig. 8 (1864). Leech, Jc. i. p. 271, pl. 26, fig. 10—14
(1892). Pryer, Rhop. Niphon, p. 25, pl. 5, fig. 11 (1888). Syn. A. Strigosa,
Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool, 1866, p, 54, Habitat, Amur Land, W, China,

110 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Corea, Japan.—Araschnia Doris, Leech, l.c. i. p. 272, pl. 26, fig. 4,5, 3 9 (1892),
Habitat. W.and ©. China.—Araschnia Fallax, Janson, Cist. Ent. ii. p. 271, pl. 5,
fig. 3 (1878). Pryer, Rhop. Niphon, p. 24, pl. 5, fig. 12, 9. Habitat. Japan.—
Araschuia Davidis, Poujade, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1885, p. 114. Oberthiir, Et. Ent.
1890, p. 38, pl. 9, fig. 102 (1890). Leech, lc. p. 274. Habitat. Moupin, W.
China.—Araschnia Oreas, Leech, l.c. i. p. 275, pl. 26, fig. 6, ¢ (1892). Habitat.
W. China.

Genus SYMBRENTHIA.

Symbrenthia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 43 (1816). de Nicéville, Butt. India, ete., ii. p. 238
(1886). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 431 (1886). Staudinger and Schiitz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 123
(1887).

Laogona, Boisduval, Spéc. Gen. Lep. i. pl. 10, fig. 3 (1836). Doubleday and Hewits. Gen. D. Lep. i.
p. 190 (1848).

Imaco.—Male. Wings short. Forewing triangular; costa slightly arched;
apex obtuse, exterior margin slightly oblique and uneven, posterior margin slightly
recurved; costal vein rather stout, extending to beyond middle of the margin ; first
subcostal branch emitted at one-third before end of the cell, second branch at one-
ninth before the end, third at fully one-third beyond the cell, fourth and fifth at
two-thirds ; upper discocellular short and outwardly-oblique, middle concave, lower
rather slender and outwardly-oblique; middle median veinlet at considerable distance
from lower end of cell, lower median at fully half from the end; submedian vein
straight. Hindwing triangular; costa prominently arched at the shoulder, apex
obtusely rounded ; exterior margin oblique, slightly smuous and with a projecting
prominent angle at end of upper median, anal angle pointed ; precostal vein bifid,
radial emitted close to base of subcostal branch; cell open. Body stout; palpi
ascending, projecting half beyond the front, clothed with rather closely-appressed
long scales, second joint more hairy above ; forelegs in male—femur scaly, tibia and
tarsus laxly clothed with long fine silky-hairs which are longest on the tarsi ;
femur longer than tibia, the tibia and tarsus of equal length ; forelegs in female—
femur, tibia and tarsus very slender, scaly, very sparsely fringed on their outer side
with a few very fine longish hairs; tibia and tarsus of equal length, tarsus four-
jointed, second, third, and fourth joint armed beneath with a few minute spines and
two stronger spines at the apex; antennz with a short obtuse club; eyes hairy.

Larva.—Body cylindrical ; head flattened in front, vertex broad and sharply
depressed in the middle, minutely hairy, cheeks slightly tuberculous; third to last
segment armed with a dorsal and four lateral rows of rigid branched-spines on each

side.

NYMPHALINZA:, (Group NYMPHALIN4.) 111

Pupa.—Suspended by tail. Thorax and abdomen laterally protuberant in front ;
with an anterio-dorsal and thoracic pointed prominence ; abdominal segments with
a row of dorsal and lateral small points ; head-piece projected and widely cleft.

Tyre.—S. Hippoclus.

DisrrinvtTion oF GENus.—This is a truly oriental genus, being found, in India
throughout the Himalayas, Assam, and the Hastern Ghats; in Burma, Upper
Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, extending to the Philippine Islands
and W. and C. China, but does not occur in Ceylon, the Andaman or Nicobar
Islands.

SrasonaL Variation.—The species of this genus, occurring within our area are,
apparently, all seasonally variable, the markings of the upperside, in both sexes of
the wet-season broad, being narrow and brightly-coloured, and in those of the dry-
season brood broader, more irregularly-shaped, and paler in colour. In a Philippine
species (S. Anna, Semper) the sexes are dimorphic—the male having red bands and
the female ochreous-white bands,—and in S. dissoluta, Stgr., from Palawan, the
bands in maleare red, and in female almost white. In the Java species (S. Javanus)
—figured in Hiibner’s Exot. Schmett.—the male has red bands, and the female is
stated to be dimorphic, some having red bands, others pure white bands.

SYMBRENTHIA LUCINA.
Wet-season form (Plate 321, fig. 1, larva and pupa; fig. lab, ec, ¢ 2).

Symbrenthia Khasiana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 569, ¢ 2. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete.,
ii. p. 241 (1886).

Symbrenthia Hippoclus, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, 243, pl. 11, fig. 4, 4a, de Nicéville, Journ. As.
Soe. Bengal, 1882, p. 57. Butt. of India, etc., ii, p. 240 (1886). Doherty, 7d. 1886, p. 122.
Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 431, pl. 42, fig. 4,5, ¢ 9(1886). Leech, Butt, China, etc., i. p, 284.

Symbrenthia Asthala, Leech, le. pl. 25, fig. 2, ¢.

Imaco.—Male. Upperside fulvescent-black, with pale fulvous bands. Cilia
alternated with white. Forewing with an elongated rather narrow irregular clavi-
form discoidal band, its upper edge indented before and at end of the cell, its lower
edge including and slightly bordering the median vein; a subapical oblique sinuous
band extending to the costa, its lower portion being usually broken in two, but
sometimes coalescent, above its end there is generally a very small attached spot
and always a slender apical lunule; below is an oblique discal band, which is con-
stricted at the lower median veinlet, its upper portion being quadrate and some-
times with a very small attached spot at its outer lower angle. Hindwing with a
short basal costal patch, a rather broad discal band, which is narrowest anteriorly
and widens suddenly on the abdominal margin; a much narrower submarginal

112 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

band gradually attenuating and ending at the upper subcostal veinlet, its inner
edge sinuous and sometimes anteriorly dotted with black ; followed by a marginal
more or less interrupted fine line. Underside pale fulvous or yellowish-ochreous,
marked with dark ferruginous short streaks and spots almost throughout, those
across the dise of both wings assuming the form of a somewhat conspicuous darker
band, which band, on the forewing, has a pale violet streak bordering its lower
inner end. Forewing also with the outer-discal markings forming two submarginal
continuous ill-defined sinuous lines, between which is a series of small indistinctly-
defined ocellate spots, the one between the upper and middle median being the most
distinet and with a violet-speckled centre. Hindwing also with the outer-discal
markings forming two submarginal continuous ill-defined sinuous lines, between
which is a row of very indistinctly-formed conical spots, those from the discoidal
veinlet to the anal angle being broadest and with their shape obliterated by
numerous bluish-violet speckles, some of these speckles being also scattered above
the abdominal angle; outside these spots is a marginal lunular line, the lunule
above the caudal angle being speckled with bluish-metallic scales. Thorax above
olivescent-brown, abdomen black with a broad pale fulvous band; frontal tuft
fulvous; palpi above blackish ; body and palpi beneath, and legs, pale yellowish-
ochreous ; antenne black, annulated with pale ochreous beneath, tip fulvous.

Female. Upperside with all the bands as in male, but shghtly broader and
paler. Underside with the ground-colour paler; all the markings as in male, but
clearer and better defined. Body as in male,

Expanse, ¢ 1,5, ¢ 2,% inches.

Dry-season form (Plate 321, fig. 1, d, e,f, g, gd 9).
Papilio Lucina, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. p. 82, pl. 330, fig. E, F, 2 (1780).
Symbrenthia Daruka, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 570, pl. 66, fig. 10, J.

Male. Upperside. Both wings with all the bands much broader and some-
what paler than in wet-season form. Forewing with the discoidal band coalescing
at its upper and lower end with subapical and discal band, the two latter bands also
partially coalesced, and the subapical band also with the apical streak; the lower
outer angle of the discal band extending to the posterior angle. Hindwing with the
discal and submarginal band coalesced on the abdominal border ; some transverse
short slender streaks also extending from the former to the latter between their
upper end; marginal interrupted line distinct. Underside paler and with all the
markings less defined than in wet-season form.

Female. Upperside with all the bands broad and coalescent, as in male, but
with paler central areas. Underside with the ground-colour pale and the markings

less defined, as in male,

NYMPHALINZE, (Group NYMPHALINA.) 113

Expanse, d 1,4, 2 2 to 2,%, inches.

Lanva.—Body cylindrical. Head black, flattened in front, vertex broad and
sharply depressed in the middle, minutely hairy, cheeks slightly tuberculous ; third
to the last segment armed with a dorsal and four lateral rows of black rigid
branched-spines on each side; segments fuliginous-black; second segment with a
slender pale ochreous dorsal line, third to last segment with two dorsal and two
sublateral rows of small pale ochreous spots.

Pcpa.—Suspended by tail. Pale purpurescent-ochreous ; thorax and abdomen
laterally protuberant in front; with a thoracic and anterior-dorsal pointed promi-
nence ; abdominal segment with a row of dorsal and lateral small points ; head-piece
projected and widely cleft. (Described from preserved specimens in Coll. Hocking.)

Hasitat.—W. and E. Himalayas; Assam; Khasias; Burma; Tenasserim ;
Malay Peninsula; 8. China.

Distrisution.x—We possess specimens of both the wet and dry season form
from Kasauli, N.W. Himalayas, Nepal; Sikkim ; Bhotan; Khasia Hills (Swinhoe) ;
Karen Hills, Burma; and W. China. In the British Museum are examples from
the Kali Valley, Kumaon; Landoor; Sikkim and Bhotan, taken in March and April
by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon; Tilin Yaw, Burma, taken by Capt. EH. Y. Watson in
February ; Karen Hills taken in December; Thoungyeen Valley, March (Capt. C. T.
Bingham); Hong Kong (J. J. Walker, R.N.); Colonel C. Swinhoe has received
numerous examples from the Khasia Hills. Mr. L. de Nicéville records it as “ the
widest spread species of the genus and the most abundant in individuals where
met with. It occurs in India throughout the Himalayas and Assam to Upper
Tenasserim”’ (/.c. 241). ‘‘ Fairly common, in the W. Himalayas, in the beds of
streams during the summer and autumn” (id. Ind. Agriculturist, 1880). The Rey.
J. H. Hocking found the larva feeding on Nettle, in August, at 6200 feet elevation,
in the Kangra Hills. Mr, P. W. Mackinnon says ‘it occurs somewhat commonly
at Masuri and in the interior from April to October. The larva feeding on
Debregeasia bicolor, N.O. Urticacex, and is gregarious”’ (J. Bombay N. H. Soe.
1898, 376). Mr. W. Doherty says it is ‘‘ found, commonly, in low country and river
valleys in Kumaon, as far up as the Dhoaj, 6500 feet elevation, I have also taken
it in the Eastern Ghats of the Indian Peninsula, in the districts of Ganjam and
Vizagapatam”’ (J. A. S. Bengal, 1866, 122). It is ‘common in Sikkim, up to
about 6000 feet elevation, all through the warm months. The larva feeding on
Girardinia heterophylla” (L, de Nicéville, Sikkim Gaz. 1894, 145). Col. C. H. E.
Adamson says it is “ fairly common in Lower Burma, but is not common in Upper
Burma, though on two successive days I took about a dozen at one spot near
Sayaing, in January (List Burm, Butt. 1897, 25). Mr. W. L. Distant records it
from ‘“* Perak, Malay Peninsula” (Rhop. Malay, 431).

VOL, IV. Q

114 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Mr. J. H. Leech has several examples of both forms—which we have verified —
from Omeishan, W. China, and from Ichang, C. China. Mr. J. J. Walker found it
common in Hong Kong from December to May. Fresh specimens being on the wing
in February (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1895, 458).

We have adopted Cramer’s name Lucina, being the oldest, given by him to his
figure of the Chinese female of the dry-season form of this species.

Of our illustrations on Plate 321, fig. 1 represents the larva and pupa from the
Rey. J. H. Hocking’s Kulu collection; figs, 1 a, b,c, male and female of the wet-
season form (being the types of Khasiana), and figs. d, e, f, g, the male and female
of the diy-season form (fig. e being the type of Daruka).

SYMBRENTHIA COTANDA.
Wet-season form (Plate 322, fig. 1, la, b, g, le, d, 2).
Laogona Hypselis, Doubleday and Hewits. Gen. D, Lep. i. p. 191, pl. 25, fig. 1, ¢ (1847)—nee
Godart.

Symbrenthia Hypselis, de Nicéville, Butt. India, etc., ii. p. 341 (1886). Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc.

1888, p. 364. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 288. Staudinger and Schitz, Exot. Schmett.
ii, p. 123, pl. 16 (1887).

Symbrenthia Sinis, de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soe. 1891, p. 357, pl. F, fig. 9, g.

Tuaco.—Upperside. Both wings dark fulvescent-black ; cilia alternated with
yellow. Forewing with a rich dark fulvous, rather narrow discoidal streak extending
along lower half of the cell to beyond its end, its upper edge irregularly waved or
slightly sinuous, the end truncate between base of upper and middle medians, its
lower edge also waved or slightly extending sinuously below the median vein, the
basal area of the wing being also tinged with fulvous ; a subapical short oblique
angular streak divided into two portions by the lower radial, and with a small spot
sometimes present disposed inwardly above it; a lower-discal inwardly-oblique band
from below middle median to the posterior margin. Hindwing with a rich dark
fulvous inwardly-oblique narrow irregular-edged short medial-discal band with
sometimes a small paler costal spot above it; beyond is a submarginal broader band
attenuating anteriorly and ending at the lower subcostal, and an obsolescent fulvous
slender marginal line sometimes present from the anal to near outer angle;
abdominal margin broadly to the submedian fulvescent-yellow basally and greyish-
brown posteriorly, with the blackish bars of the underside slightly visible ; the hairy
clothing of the lower-discal area from the base dark fulvous. Underside. Both
wings pale olivescent-yellow, with a submarginal and marginal very slender black
line. Forewing with the costal area and from below the cell obliquely across the disc
to near middle of the outer margin tessellated with short black marks; the lower

NYMPHALINZ:. (Group NYMPHALIN4A.) 115

area of the cell and posterior border being white, the lower cell area and median
interspaces blotched with pale fulvous. Hindwing with the basal area and lower-
discal area tessellated with black marks divided by a whitish transverse medial
interspace representing the band of the upperside; beyond is a submarginal series
of five metallic-green conical spots, each being thickly powdered with black scales
and edged with black, the whole series encompassed by a fine black line, the veins
between the spots being also black lined; bordering these spots is an inner black
lunular line, and outwardly a marginal row of metallic-green black-speckled lunules,
the three lowest lunules from the anal angle being broad, a similar lunule also
present at the abdominal angle. Body above black; thorax thickly clothed with
iridescent green and fulvous hairs, abdomen with fulvous segmental bands; head
above black, front whitish; palpi above black, pale yellow beneath ; body beneath
and legs pale yellow; abdomen beneath with lateral black spots; antenne black
above, whitish beneath.

Female. Upperside duller fulvescent-black ; all the bands yellowish-ochreous.
Forewing with the discoidal band as in male; the subapical streak continued to the
costa and having a minute spot also present outside its lower end, with which it is
sometimes coalescent, a small apical streak also above it; outer band the same as
in male. FHindwing with the discal band narrow as in male, the blackish tessellate
marks of the underside being very slightly visible basally ; outer-discal band
narrower ; marginal disconnected line slightly apparent. Underside as in the male.

Expanse, ¢ 1,% to 2,%, ° 2,;% inches.

Dry-season form (Plate 322, fig. 1, e, d, 1, f, gh, 9).

Symbrenthia Cotanda, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1874, p. 569, pl. 66, fig. 9, g. de Nicéville, Butt.
India, 11. p. 242 (1886) ; 2d, Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, p. 145.

Mare.—Upperside duller fulvescent-black than in wet-season form. Both wings
with all the bands broader, more irregular in shape, and of a somewhat paler fulvous.
Forewing with the broad discoidal band diffusedly extending brokenly below the cell
towards the posterior margin and partly coalescing with inner end of the outer band,
the subapical band composed of three conjoined portions. Hindwing with the discal
band extending broadly to the costal edge, where it is pale yellow; the outer band
broader and more irregularly-edged ; the fulvous marginal disconnected line from
anal angle distinct, its upper end joined to the discal band. Underside similar to
wet-season form.

Female. Upperside. Ground-colour dark fulvescent-brown; the black
tessellate markings of the underside being more or less partially visible; the bands
yellowish-ochreous with paler central areas, broader and more irregularly-edged than

Q 2

116 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

in female of wet-season form. Forewing with the discoidal band slightly confluent
with lower end of subapical band ; the apical streak longer and narrow ; the lower
band very broad, its upper irregular end sometimes almost touching the subapical
band. Hindwing with the discal band very broad, its central area pale yellow ;
tessellate marks of underside slightly visible; outer band broad, its upper end
extending inward and sometimes joined to the discal band; marginal line extending
to apex. Underside paler throughout than in wet-season form.

Expanse, ¢ 1,% to 2;% inches.

Hasirar.—W. and HE. Himalayas; Assam; Khasia and Naga Hills; Burma;
Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula.

Disrripution.—Mr. W. Doherty records it as being ‘‘ common in the Kali
Valley, 2000 to 4000 feet elevation in Hastern Kumaon” (J. A. 8S. Beng. 1856, 122).
Mr. L. de Nicéville says it is ‘not nearly so common as Hippoclus [Lucina]. It
has a habit of flymg backwards and forwards in a narrow gorge between rocks in

one of the mountain streams so common in the Himalayas, and occasionally settling
on the overhanging folage”’ (Indian Agriculturist, 1880). We possess the wet and
dry-season forms from Nepal, Sikkim, and the Khasia Hills. Col. C, Swinhoe has
both forms from the Khasias, and males of the wet form from Kaschmir. Mr. L. de
Nicéville records it also from “ Bhotan, Assam, Naga Hills, Cachar, Karen Hills,
Burma, and Malay Peninsula” (J. Bombay N. H. S. 1891, 357). “It is the
commonest species of the genus in Sikkim, and is found up to 4000 feet elevation
almost throughout the year” (id. Sikk. Gaz. 1894, 145). Mr. H. Grose-Smith has
it from the Ruby Mines, Burma. Specimens from the Thoungyeen Valley, Upper
Tenasserim, taken in November and February, by Capt. C. T. Bingham, are in the
British Museum,

SYMBRENTHIA BRABIRA.
Wet-season form (Plate 323, fig. 1, la, g, 1,b,¢, ?)-.

Symbrenthia Asthala, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 269, pl. 48, fig. 9, g. Doherty, Journ,
Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 122. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 244, pl. 28, fig. 106,
g (1886),

Imaco.—Male. Upperside rich fulvescent-black; the bands of the same rich
dark fulvous, as in male of S. Cotanda, and of the same shape but not so broad as in the
dry-season form of the latter species. Underside nearly uniformly bright ochreous-
yellow; tessellated marks smaller, narrower, and more widely apart than in
wet-season form of S. Hysudra; the submarginal conical spots on the hindwing
small, imperfectly formed and slightly speckled with metallic-green scales ; marginal
lunules continuous and metallic-green speckled.

NYMPHALINA. (Group NYMPHALINA.) 117

Female. Upperside with slightly paler bands than in male. Forewing with the
discoidal band somewhat narrower, the other bands slightly broader, the subapical
band reaching the costa, and with two very small apical spots above its end.
Hindwing with both bands somewhat narrower than in male. Underside as in the
male.

Expanse, ¢ 1,8, ? 2 inches.

Dry-season form (Plate 323, fig. 1, d,e, ¢).

Symbrenthia Brabira, Moore, Proc, Zool. Soe. 1872, p. 558. de Nieéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii.
p. 244 (1886).

Male. Upperside duller fulvescent-black and the bands paler than in wet-season
form. Both wings with very broad irregularly-edged bands, broader than in
dry-season 8. Cotanda; the discoidal band on forewing diffused hindward below
base of the cell. Underside bright ochreous-yellow ; tessellated marks somewhat
narrower and less perfectly formed than in the wef-season form; the submarginal
series of spots on hindwing not conically defined, each being formed by an upper
and lower short lunate line, the centres being very sparsely metallic speckled.

Expanse, ¢ 1,4 inch.

Hasirar.—Western Himalayas.

Distrinution.—We possess the type specimen (Asthala), the wet-season form,
taken in Kaschmir by Capt. R. Bayne Reed, and also that of the dry-season form
(Brabira). Mr. P. W. Mackinnon says, it is “‘rather rare in Masuri, but flies from
April to September. . It occurs also in the Tehri Garhwal and the Upper Ganges
Valley’ (J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1898, 376). Mr. W. Doherty (J. A. 8. Bengal,
1886, 122) records it from the ‘‘ Pindari Valley, N.W. Kumaon, at 7000 feet
elevation.”

Notse.—Brabira being the oldest name, takes precedence of that given to the
wet-season form. We have not seen a female of the dry-season form.

SYMBRENTHIA SIVOKANA.
Wet-season form (Plate 323, fig. 2, 2a, g ; 2b, ?).

Imaco.—Male. Upperside rich dark fulvescent-black; the bands rich dark
fulvous, similar to those in wet-season S. Asthala ; the bands on forewing somewhat
-shorter. Underside light yellow with defined intervening patches of ochreous-yellow
between the markings ; both wings with all the markings very slender. Hindwing
with the submarginal row of conical spots very small and having pale yellow centres,
their inner-edge only being slightly speckled with bluish-grey scales ; the lower

118 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

marginal lunules and the lunule at abdominal angle slender and_bluish-grey
speckled.

Female, Upperside with the bands as in male, of the same colour and width.
Forewing also with a small spot above outer end of subapical band. Underside of the
same pale yellow ground-colour and defined patches of bright ochreous-yellow as in
male; the tessellate markings broader; the submarginal row of conical spots on
hindwing with clear pale centres as in male; the marginal lunules also the same as
in male.

Expanse, ¢ 1,6, ? 2,2, inches.

Hasirar.—Sikkim.

Disrripution.—Under the name S. Asthala Mr. L. de Nicéville refers to this
species as having “been brought in considerable numbers in April, May and
October, from native Sikkim by native collectors. It is very plentiful at Sivoke in
March” (Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 145). Specimens of both sexes from Sivoke,
Sikkim, taken in March and May by Mr. G. C. Dudgeon, are in the British Museum.
Other examples are in our own collection, and also in that of Mr. P. Crowley and
Mr. H. Grose-Smith,

SYMBRENTHIA HYSUDRA.

Symbrenthia Hysudra, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 268, pl. 43, fig. 8, 2 (dry-season). Doherty
Journ. Asiatic Soc, Bengal, 1886, p. 123. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 244 (1886).

Wet-season form (Plate 324, fig. 1, la, J, 1, b,c, 2).

Iwaco.—Male. Upperside fulvescent-black; the bands uniformly fulvous.
Forewing with a broad very irregularly sinuously-edged discoidal band, a broad
subapical oblique sinuous band extending to the costa, and a broad lower-discal
band, the latter being sinuous on its inner edge, curved on its outer edge, and
joined by a narrow upper streak to the lower end of subapical band, above which
latter is a slender apical lunule. Hindwing with an irregular-edged broad discal
band and a rather broad submarginal band, the latter attenuated and curved upward
to the upper median ; followed by a slender interrupted marginal line to the apex.
Underside yellowish-ochreous, blotched with darker ochreous. Forewing with the
costal and medial tessellate marks broadly black; marginal black line prominent.
Hindwing with the basal and lower discal tessellate marks broadly black; the
submarginal conical spots large and speckled with metallic greyish-blue scales ;
the marginal lower lunules and lunule at abdominal angle also metallic greyish-
blue.

Female. Upperside with the bands paler than in male. Forewing with the
discoidal band less irregular edged, the subapical band broader and disconnected

NYMPHALINZ. (Group NYMPHALINA.) 119

from the lower band. Hindwing with the bands asin male. Underside as in the
male,

Expanse, ¢ 2,2, ¢ 2,3, inches.

Dry-season brood (Plate 324, fig. 1, d,e,g, 1, f, g, 9).

Male. Smaller than in wet-season form. Upperside with all the bands as
in wet-season form, but somewhat paler. Underside paler yellowish-ochreous ;
tessellate marks the same but somewhat smaller ; the submarginal series of spots
smaller and not conical, each being formed by an upper and lower short black line,
the lower second and third only being slightly speckled with metallic greyish-blue
scales ; marginal lower lunules and lunule at abdominal angle speckled with metallic
greyish-blue scales.

Female. Upperside with slightly paler bands than in male; all the bands
similar. Forewing with the subapical band broader, its lower inner angle touching
the discoidal ; lower-discal band partly joined by a streak to the lower ends of both
the discoidal and subapical band. Underside as in the male.

Expanse, ¢ 1,5, ? 2 inches.

Hasirat.—N.W. Himalayas.

Distripution.—We possess the type specimen, a dry-season male, taken in
Kaschmir by the late Capt. R. Bayne Reed. A female from Kulu is in Col. C.
Swinhoe’s collection, and a female, also from Kulu, in Mr, P. Crowley’s collection.
A male, taken at Kaleni, at 3900 feet elevation, in May, by Capt. McArthur, is in
Mr. J. H. Leech’s collection. Mr. W. Doherty obtained it in the ‘ Pindari Valley,
5000 to 8000 feet elevation, N.W. Kumaon” (J. A. 8. Bengal, 1886, 123).

SYMBRENTHIA NIPHANDA.
Wet-season form (Plate 325, fig. 1, la, J,1, b, ¢, 9).

Symbrenthia Niphanda, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 559, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii,
p- 243 (1886).

Imaco.—Male. Upperside fulvescent-black; cilia alternated with white.
Forewing with a yellowish-ochreous rather narrow band extending along lower half
of the cell, including the median vein, and ending between the base of upper and
middle median veinlets, its end being distinctly truncate, the upper edge irregularly
waved, its lower edge even; a subapical outwardly-oblique narrow irregular band
extending to the costa, a small apical lunule, and a lower-discal inwardly-oblique
narrow somewhat recurved band. Hindwing with a broader discal band narrowing
to the costa, below which is a submarginal somewhat lunular band attenuating

120 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

anteriorly to the upper subcostal veinlet, followed by a slender interrupted marginal
line. Underside bright ochreous-yellow, with two marginal prominent slender black
lines. Forewing also with broad black tessellated. marks from base of costa to the
apex and obliquely from below base of cell to middle of outer margin, the interspaces
representing the areas of the bands of the upperside being glossy bluish-white and
distinctly defined. Hindwing also with the basal and lower discal area tessellated
with broad black marks, the intervening discal area being glossy opalescent-white ;
a submarginal series of five metallic-green conical spots, the two upper smallest and
somewhat flattened, each spot black-speckled and outlined with black, and all
encompassed by an outer slender black line; beyond is a marginal anterior black
line, and posterior metallic-green lunules ending in a partially disconnected anal
broader black lunule centred with blue-speckles; a small blue-speckled lunule
also at abdominal angle; the linear interspace between the second row of
basal black marks, and also between those above the abdominal angle being white.
Body and palpi above fulvescent-black; abdomen with ochreous bands; body
beneath and legs ochreous-yellow, abdomen with black spots ; antennz black, tip
ochreous.

Female. Upperside with similar but slightly broader, and paler bands than in
male. Underside as in male; all the markings somewhat broader, the marginal
lower metallic-speckled lunules on the hindwing also much broader.

Expanse,d 1,8 to 2, ?2,4 inches.

Dry-season form (Plate 325, fig. 1d, e, g).

Male. Somewhat smaller than wet-season form. Upperside with all the
bands similar, but of a paler yellowish-ochreous, their middle areas palest
and their edges somewhat more irregular. Underside paler yellow than the
wet-season form. Both wings with the tessellate black marks smaller, the white
bands representing those of the upperside not glossy. Hindwing with the
series of metallic-green spots smaller, shorter, and somewhat quadrate in shape,
the disconnected anal lunule and the lunule at abdominal angle centred with
blue speckles.

Female. Upperside with the bands slightly broader than in male. Underside
as male.

Expanse, ¢ 1,5 to 2, ? 2 inches.

Hasrrat.—Sikkim.

Distripution.—‘ This is rare in Sikkim, occurring at low elevations from
about 3000 to 5000 feet, from March to October” (H. J. Elwes, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888,
365),

NYMPHALINZ. (Group NYMPHALINA.) 121

SYMBRENTHIA SILANA.
Wet-season form (Plate 325, fig. 2, 2a, ¢).

Symbrenthia Silana, de Nicéville, Journ. Asiatie Soc. Bengal, 1885, p. 117, pl. 2, fig. 9; Butt. of
India, etc., ii. p. 243 (1886).

Imaco.—Male. Upperside fulvescent-black. Forewing with a_ yellowish-
ochreous discoidal band, which is palest in the middle, and somewhat irregularly-
clavate in shape ; a subapical rather broad angulated oblique band not quite reaching
to the costa, and above which is a slender curved apical lunule ; below is a broad
lower-discal oblique band. Hindwing with a broad yellowish-ochreous discal band,
palest in its middle, and not quite reaching the costa; a submarginal narrow band
attenuating anteriorly and ending at the lower subcostal veinlet; a marginal
obsolescent fine line. Underside bright ochreous-yellow. Forewing with very broad
black tesselate marks, as normally disposed, except that the ordinary basal mark
below the cell is absent, there being only three marks in the submedian interspace,
and the two superposed subapical marks are distinctly ocellate, each having a white
central dot; the marginal inner line is also thick, and the mark at posterior angle
is large and prominent ; the intervening areas representing the bands of the upperside
are opalescent-white. Hindwing with broad black basal and lower-discal tesselate
marks, the intervening discal area being opalescent-white, the outer-discal series of
five spots are small, the middle one only being conical, the others almost round,
and the three lower only are centred with metallic-blue scales ; the three lower outer
marginal connected-lunules are sharply angled and also centred with metallic-blue
scales.

Female. “Larger. Forewing broader, the outer margin evenly curved;
markings throughout paler; except the blue ones on the underside of hindwings,
which are larger and more prominent. The subapical streak on the upperside of
the forewing touching the costa, and a small narrow spot just within it.”

Expanse, ¢ 2, 2 2,% inches.

Dry-season form (Plate 325, fig. 2, b, ¢).

Male. Upperside with broader and paler bands, with more irregular edges.
Underside paler yellow than in wet-season form, the areas representing the bands of
upperside broader ; markings the same, but not quite so broad; the submarginal
black spot between the upper medians centred with blue speckles.

Expanse, ¢ 1,° inch.

Hasrrat.—Sikkim ; Bhotan.

Distrisution.—* This is rare and local in Sikkim, at about 2000 feet elevation,

VoL. Iv. September 12th, 1899. R

122 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

where Mr. Otto Méller has hitherto only procured it in May. It has also been
taken at Buxa, Bhotan” (H. J. Elwes, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 365). ‘All the
specimens I have seen have been obtained in Sikkim at low elevations in March and
May” (de Nicéville, /.c. 243).

Matayan Spxcivs.—Symbrenthia Hippoclus (Pap. Hippoclus, Cramer, Pap. Exot.
ili. p. 46, pl. 220, fig. C, D, ¢ (1779). Staudinger, Hxot. Schmett. pl. 36, ¢.
Habitat. Amboina.—Symbrenthia Javanus (Sym. Hippoclus, var. Javanus, Staudinger
(Fruhstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1896, p. 314); Sym. Hippoclus, de Nicéville, Journ.
Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, pl. F, fig. 10, dimorphic ¢. MHypanartia Hippocla,
Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. i. fig. 1, 2, 3, 4, d, dimorphic $ (1827). Habitat.
Java.—Symbrenthia Violetta, Hagen, Deuts. Ent. Zeit. Lep. 1896, p. 165.
Habitat. Sumatra; Borneo.—Symbrenthia Niasica. Male. Differs from Violetta on
the underside in the ground-colour being duller ochreous-yellow and all the red
markings very inconspicuous. On the forewing the small round spot between the
upper and middle median is centred with ochreous-yellow and has a distinct blackish
outer attached mark, the lower-discal oblique fascia is also inwardly-edged with
yellow, in the Sumatran Violetta both these parts are distinctly violet. On the
hindwing the obsolescent conical spots are also entirely yellow, and are not speckled
with violet scales, the marginal lunular line is distinctly inwardly-bordered with blackish
lunules from the anal angle to the apex, the lunule above outer angle being blue
speckled. Female. Upperside with the bands similar but narrower than in Violetta.
Underside paler than in male, the ground-colour and markings similar to Violetta,

except that on the hindwing the marginal lunular line has a more or less defined
inwardly-bordered shade. Habitat. Nias (Coll. Swinhoe and British Museum).—
Symbrenthia Semperi (Sym. Lucina, Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep. p. 114, pl. 21, fig. 7,
8, 6 ¢. Habitat, Philippes.—Symbrenthia Anna, Semper, l.c. p. 114, pl. 21,
fig. 5,6, ¢ 2 (1888). Habitat. Bohol, Philippines.—Symbrenthia Hypatia (Laogona
Hypatia, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 345, ¢). Hagen, Deuts. Ent. Zeit.
1896, p. 165. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 482, pl. 42, fig. 6, d. Fruhstorfer, Stett.
Ent. Zeit. 1894, p. 125, pl. 3, fig. 4, ¢. de Nicéville, J. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895,
p- 428. Syn. Symb. Chersonesia, Fruhst. Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1893, p. 38.
Symb. Hippocrene, Staudinger, D. Ent. Zeit. 1896, p. 232, pl. 5, fig. 3, d. We
have compared Wallace’s type specimen, now in the Oxford University Museum, with
male Sumatran and Bornean examples. A Sumatran female, in Mr. Godman’s
collection, has all the bands on the upperside broader and paler fulvous than in
male; the ground-colour on the underside is slightly paler, but with all the dark
reticulated markings the same as in male, except that on the forewing the two
transverse discal slender lines between the jower median and submedian are joined
together longitudinally in their middle and form a distinct yellow letter }¥. Habitat.

NYMPHALIN. (Group N¥YMPHALINA.) 123

Java; Sumatra; Borneo; Malay Peninsula.—Symbrenthia dissoluta, Staudinger,
Tris, 1889, p. 49. Habitat. Palawan.—Symbrenthia Ottilia, Fruhst. Berl. Ent. Zeit.
1897, p. 327. Syn. Sym. Hypselis, Weymer, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1885, p. 264. Habitat.
Nias, ? Sumatra —Symbrenthia Hypselis (Vanessa Hypselis, Godart, Ene. Méth. ix.
Suppl. p. 818 (1823). Laog. Hypselis, Boisd. Spéc. Gén. Lep. i. pl. x. fig. 3,
(1836). Sym. Hypselis, de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay N. H. 8. 1891, p. 356, pl. F,
fig. 8, ¢. Habitat. Java—Symbrenthia Sinica. Male. Upperside with the fulvous
bands similar to those in Sikkim wet-season form of Cotanda, except that on the
forewing the subapical band is longer, narrower, and its lower part longer. Under-
side with broader and more compactly-disposed black tesselate markings than in
Cotanda, the metallic-blue conical spots on hindwing only about half their size, and
the three marginal lower blue lunules very narrow. Female. Upperside with
somewhat paler bands than in male, all wider. Underside as in the male. Expanse,

$ 2, ? 2,4, inches, Habitat, W. China (Coll. Leech).

Genus PROTHOE.

Prothoé, Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. ii. fig. 54 (1823-26). Doubleday and Westwood, Gen. D.
Lep. ii. p. 266 (1850). Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 80. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 110
(1883). Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep. p. 77 (1886). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 293
(1886). Staudinger and Schitz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 177 (1888).

Imaco.—Male. Wings large. Forewing triangular; costa slightly arched, apex
obtuse; exterior margin slightly oblique, nearly straight and also even, posterior
angle rounded ; posterior margin almost straight ; costal vein strong, extending to
half the margin; cell extending to two-fifths at its upper end from the base; first
subcostai branch emitted at one-fourth before end of cell and curved upward towards
end of the costal vein, but entirely free from it ; second subcostal branch at half-
way between it and end of cell; third subcostal at one-sixth beyond the cell and
extending to the apex; fourth and fifth branch at two-sixths beyond the cell, the
fourth branch deflexed before reaching the end below the apex ; upper discocellular
extremely short, almost obsolete; middle discocellular oblique, rather short and
slightly convex ; the lower discocellular long, its upper end deeply concave, the lower
end extending obliquely outward; middle median veinlet at one-sixth before lower
end of cell, lower median at one-half before the end ; submedian vein nearly straight.
Hindwing somewhat triangularly oval ; anterior margin long, gently curved from near
the base, apex oblique ; exterior margin convexly-oblique from end of upper subcostal,
slightly waved, produced between the upper and middle median into a short broad out-
wardly-curyed tail, from thence to anal angle broadly scalloped ; a prominent tuft of
long jine silky hairs extending hindward from basal interspace between the submedian

R 2

124 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

and inner vein, the tuft overlapping a glandular patch of scales ; precostal vein slightly
curved ; subcostal ending below the apex, radial emitted from subcostal branch at
some distance from the latter; cell open; lower median emitted opposite base of dis-
cocellular, upper and middle medians at some considerable distance beyond ; sub-
median and inner vein much recurved from the base. Body moderately stout; palpi
rather short, projected forward to level of vertex, compressed laterally, clothed with
short appressed hair-scales, end of second joint above more hairy, apical joint
conical; forelegs of male very short, thickly clothed to the tip with short hairs ;
forelegs of female laxly scaly, tarsus dilated towards the extremity and shghtly
truncate at tip, the spines slender and sharp-pointed ; antennz slender, with an
elongated slender gradually-formed club ; eyes naked.
Tyre.—P. Franckii.

PROTHOE ANGELICA (Plate 326, fig. 1, la, b, c, d 2).
Prothoé Angelica, Butler, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1885, pp. 53, 54. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii.
p. 295, front plate, fig. 120, ¢ (1886).
Prothoé uniformis, Butler, l.c. pp. 53, 54 (1885).
Prothoé Franckit (part), Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 80. Moore, P. Z.S. 1878, p. 832. Elwes,
P.Z.S. 1891, p. 284.

Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Both wings dark blue-black, the basal area palest
and thickly irrorated with light blue scales. Forewing with a narrow black slightly
angulated streak crossing end of the cell but not quite touching the median vein; a
broad discal outwardly-oblique pale blue band (of a lilacine or cobalt tint in certain
lights) extending from the costa to the posterior angle, and traversed through its
middle area by two more or less indistinctly-defined white costal streaks and a row
of five lower obliquely-dentiform decreasing irrorated white streaks, one in each
interspace from lower subcostal to lower median, the blue band being variable in
width, in the male from four-tenths to five-tenths of an inch, and it generally
includes the black cell-streak ; the inner edge of the band is, generally, regular and
speckled, its outer edge being more defined and irregular ; beyond is an apical series
of five superposed rounded lilacine-white spots, of which the lower first and third
are very small and generally indistinct or obsolete. Hindwing with two elongated
lilacine-white spots at the extreme apical margin divided by the upper submarginal
veinlet ; a slender lilacine-white interrupted wavy marginal line extending from anal
angle to near the outer caudal angle; the glandular tuft of hairs reddish-ochreous.
Underside pale olivescent-buff or brownish-ochreous, with dark brown markings.
Forewing with a broad dark brown posterior marginal area, a narrow outer marginal
middle line, a looped-spot at base of the cell, two superposed annular spots in the
middle and a W-shaped mark near its end continued to the costa, the discocellulars

NYMPHALINA. (Group NYMPHALINA.) 125

enclosed by a double line, some bordering spots outside the cell, a large broad upper
discal patch decreasing from the costa sinuously to near the upper median and
traversed by a pale sinuous streak, two outer-discal large somewhat hastate marks
between the radial and middle median, the lower one being generally broken, an
upper submarginal series of small slender sinuous marks, the upper two being double
and with white centre, the two lower with a white outer streak, a small similar
sinuous mark also between the middle and lower median ; the outer margin inwardly
blotched with reddish-ochreous ; obliquely across the dise the interspaces between
the veins are somewhat whitish, indicating the white marks of the band on the
upperside. Hindwing with a dark brown spot at the base of costal lobe, a streak
from base of abdominal margin extending across base of cell to the costa, some
streaks below the cell to abdominal margin a reniform mark in middle of the cell,
another at its end extending to the upper subcostal veinlet, and a slender angled-
streak beyond the cell, a small patch above the cell, some streaks below the cell, two
broad partly-coalescent irregular upper-discal patches descending from the costa,
followed by an outer-discal series of large conical-shaped spots—one between each of
the interspaces—and each thickly irrorated with black and metallic-greyish-green
scales, the anterior inwardly margined by a black and an ochreous-red outer line, the
lower with a black line only, each also is outwardly bordered by a blackish line; the
middle of outer margin including the upper half of the tail is dark brown, the lower
half of the tail being green or greyish-green inwardly and whitish outwardly ; anal
lobe with a black angled-mark centred with red outwardly and bordered by green or
greyish-creen inwardly ; a smaller similar streak also above anal angle.

Female. Upperside as in male, except that the blue band on the forewing is some-
what broader and its white markings also broader and longer. On the hindwing the
apical white spots are also somewhat broader, and the lower marginal white line
more prominent. Underside also as in male, except that on the forewing the inter-
spaces between the veins obliquely across the disc—indicating the white portions of
the band of the upperside—are broader and more defined. Body above blue-black,
beneath whitish with blackish stripes; palpi above brown, sides white and with a
black stripe beneath; legs blackish above, whitish beneath; antenne reddish-
ochreous.

Expanse, 3 3 to 3,4, 2 3 to 3,8, inches.

Hasrrar.—Upper Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; Borneo.

Disrrisution and Hapirs.—The type specimens are recorded by Mr. Butler
from ‘‘ Tenasserim, Borneo, and Sumatra” (l.c. p. 54). Mr. Otto Limborg took it
at ‘‘ Meetan, Upper Tenasserim, in April” (P.Z. 8S. 1878, 832). In Mr, F. D.
Godman’s collection are specimens from Malawoon, Burma, taken by Mr. A. O.
Hume, both sexes from HK. Pegu, taken in March and September by Mr. W. Doherty ;

126 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

also from Borneo. It is recorded from ‘‘ Sandakan, N. Borneo” (Pryer and Cator,
N. Borneo Herald, 1894, 258). Mr. H. Grose-Smith has a female from Daat Island,
Labuan, and Mr. P. Crowley has both sexes from Perak, and Lawas, N, Borneo.
Mr. W. Doherty records it as “‘ occurring not uncommonly at the foot of the Karen
Hills, E. Pegu, and was taken on the body of a dead Python. It is very fragrant in
both sexes” (P. Z,S. 1891, 256). Mr. T. A. Hauxwell obtained it at Tounghou,
Upper Tenasserim, and notes that it * flies low, and settles low down on the trunks
of trees, with closed wings, only two or three feet from the ground. Once frightened
it never returns to the same spot” (L. de Nicéville, J. Bombay N. H. 1899),
It is “found not rarely in Sumatra. It settles on tree trunks with its head
downwards” (id. J. A. 8. Bengal, 1895, 439).
Our illustrations on Plate 326 are from a male and female taken in H. Pegu.

PROTHOE REGALIS (Plate 326, fig. 2, 2a, 3).

Prothoé regalis, Butler, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1885, pp. 53, 54, 306, pl. 8, fig. 1, g. de Nicéville,
Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 296 (1886). Doherty, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 126.

Imaco.—Male, Upperside, ‘ Both wings with the basal third and body olive-
green. Forewing crossed obliquely from middle of the costa to the third-fourth of
the inner margin by a broad silvery-blue belt, the external edge of which is irregu-
larly notched and only separated by a blackish submarginal streak from three large
spots of the same colour upon the centre of the external border ; veins slenderly
black, terminating in blackish spots, two of which are placed between the above-
mentioned blue spots; two white spots followed by a blackish streak upon the
costal part of the blue belt; a large triangular black spot closing the cell ; apical
area chocolate-brown ; three subapical spots, the two upper large, placed obliquely,
bluish, with white centres, the submarginal bluish, small. Hindwing with the centre
of the wing blue-black; apical area and external border chocolate-brown; two
linear apical blue dashes and a blue line along base of the fringe. Underside,
Forewing whitey-brown, slightly tinted with greenish towards the base and with
lilacine along the external border; markings very similar to those in P. Franckii,
but the outline spots on the discoidal area filled in with dark olivaceous, with no
trace of an oblique white band and with all the internervular submarginal markings
cruciform, Hindwing with the basal half as in P. Franckii, excepting that the
discoidal spots are filled in with dark olivaceous; external half considerably darker,
its inner half greyish-olivaceous, enclosing a series of oblong interneryular black
patches, which are sinuated in front and bounded by reddish crescentic borders ;
immediately beyond these reddish crescents is a submarginal series of eight unequal

NYMPHALINZ. (Group NYMPHALINA.) 127

black-edged bronze-green spots, with brighter green borders; these spots are
irrorated and more or less suffused with blackish; from apex to second median
branch is a series of gradually increasing marginal black spots, edged externally
with pink, the last two crossed by a red stripe; a large bright olive-green semi-
circular spot, with black inner border and bluish-white outer border at outer
extremity of first median interspace, and a large black spot, crossed by a red
A-shaped marking, and bordered along its infero-exterior border with grey, at the
extremity of interno-median area; a triangular black and red spot at extremity of
abdominal fold ’”’ (Butler, l.c. 306).

Expanse, ¢ 3,%, inches.

Hasrrar.—Manipur ; Upper Assam.

Nore.—* Duller in colour than P. Angelica; differs in the absence of white on
the blue belt, and in the great width of the belt, and in the presence of blue
marginal spots on the forewing, the less caudate hindwing, the cruciform character
of the black submarginal markings of the underside of the forewing, the filled-in
discoidal markings on both wings, the inner-half of external area of hindwing, on
the underside, being greyish-olivaceous crossed by oblong black patches with reddish
external borders, the shorter green and black submarginal arched spots, ete.”
(Butler, l.c. 54).

Disrrisution.—A single specimen of the male of this species was taken in
Manipur by Dr. G. Watt. Mr. W. Doherty “obtained one male near Margherita,
and one was seen near Sadiya, Upper Assam, the former agreeing with regalis in
the dusky underside, and the very broad blue band and five blue spots of the fore-
wing above, but the hindwing and the base of the forewing have an obvious violet-
gloss, though they are not, as in angelica, powdered with the bluish-white scales ”
(J.c. 126).

Inpo-Matayan Sprctes.—Prothoé Niasica, Rober, Entom. Nachr. 1894, p. 366.
Habitat. Nias Island.—Prothoé Franckii (Nym. Francki, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix.
Suppl. p. 825 (1823). Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. ii. pl. 54 (1823-26).
Doubleday and Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. ii. p. 266, pl. 51, fig. 3, 2 (1850). Wallace,
Tr. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 80. Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1885, p. 52. Habitat. Java.—
Prothoé Sempert, Honrath, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1884, p. 204, pl. 2, fig. 1, La. Semper,
Reisen Phil. Lep. p. 77, pl. 15, fig. 1 (1887). Habitat. Mindanao.—Prothoé Plateni,
Staudinger (Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep. p. 834). Habitat. Mindoro.

Genus AGATASA.,

Male. More robust than in typical Prothoé. Forewing with the base of costal
and subcostal vein curved inward, the subcostal being perfectly free from end of

128 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

costal vein; middle discocellular slightly concave, lower discocellular oblique and
very slightly but evenly concave; basal interspace between the submedian and
posterior margin thickly clothed with fine longish appressed woolly-hairs. Hindwing
somewhat narrower than in Prothoé, the anterior margin very much arched from the
base and thence oblique to apex ; upper area of the cell longer, the radial starting
from second subcostal at nearly equal distance as the latter does from the costal ;
submedian vein densely covered from its base to end with fine long laterally-
spreading woolly-hairs ; the basal area of the cell and of middle and lower medians
also clothed with fine longish woolly-hairs. Body very robust; base of abdomen
densely woolly; palpi longer, and curved upward.

Typs.—aA. Calydonia.

Hasits.—Mr. L. de Nicéville records A, Calydonia as being found, in Sumatra,
only in forest, and is rare. Dr. L. Martin took his first specimen on a wounded
tree, where it was sucking up the juice. It was on the fourth day, after having
missed it the three previous days, and on the very same tree. Only one pair of this
strong-winged butterfly may be found over a large area of forests; which likes to
keep to the higher trees, quite out of the reach of the net, but is fond of feces and
strong-smelling things, such as carrion, to which it is often attracted and caught.
It settles with the head downwards on tree trunks, and makes, while feeding, the
same rotating movements in the hindwings as is done by many Lycenide” (J. As.
Soc. Beng. 1895, 438).

AGATASA BELISAMA (Plate 327, fig. 1, la, ¢).
Prothoé Belisama, Crowley, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1891, p. 403, pl. 18, fig. 1, 2, ¢.

Male. Upperside. Forewing with the medial, basal, and lower-discal area deep
sulphur-yellow, the lower base bluish-white, the apical half from base of the costa
across upper end of cell and then irregularly-angled across the disc to posterior
margin before the outer angle, brownish-black ; a small yellow narrow costal spot
above end of the cell, an outwardly-oblique subapical series of four irregular-shaped
spots, the first from the costa small, the next also small and placed between the
lower subcostals, the third and fourth in the next interspaces, both being elongated ;
at the apex is a small obsolescent brownish-white spot. Hindwing with the base
and lower-discal area bluish-white, the broad woolly covering of the submedian
being slightly tinged with sulphur-yellow, the upper medial-discal interspaces
between the subcostal and radial being also tinged with very pale sulphur-green, and
the outer costal border above white; outer margin with a broad irregular bluish+
black band, the extreme marginal edge having a slender interrupted white line.
Underside, Forewing, Ground-colour white, with the medial-discal area from the

NYMPHALINZ. (Group NYMPHALINA.) 129

cell to outer margin bright yellow, the apical area clouded with very pale ochreous-
brown; marked with three black spots along base of the costa, a spot at base of
cell, two rounded spots across its middle, an elongated constricted spot beyond from
the costa, and a streak close to end of cell; beyond is an irregular streak decreasing
from the costa to the upper median veinlet, followed by some upper-discal irregular-
shaped streaks and a lower loop-mark between the upper medians, and then by three
outer transverse series of various narrow-shaped marks, the lowest of each series
being disposed between the upper medians, the extreme outer-margin bordered by a
slender black band, and above the posterior angle is an irregular, broken, diffused
black patch; the intervening spaces between the cell markings and partly between
those of the upper disc and of the outer margin, being bright ochreous-red. Hind-
wing. Ground-colour white, Basal interspaces to the middle of the costa with
partly confluent black streaks intervened with ochreous-red ; a series of elongated
black streaks disposed across the dise from middle of abdominal margin to near the
anterior margin before the apex, the streaks being placed singly between the veins,
except in the discoidal interspace, where it is in three portions, the intervening
veins and their borders being lined with ochreous-brown, brightest between the
discoidal portions and at outer end of the upper streaks; beyond are two piirs of
submarginal prominent black lunular lines, each pair being traversed by a similar
bluish-white line, the inner pair being also somewhat sinuous at the anterior end,
and the interspace between the pairs is irrorated with pale green and black scales ;
outside the end of the outer pair is a row of three similar black-and-white lunules
extending from anal angle to the caudal angle, the caudal portion being broadly
black, each of these and those above the tail are outwardly bordered by bright
yellow, and the outer black lunule at anal angle is broken by a small bright ochreous-
red bar; intervening between the discal black streaks and the inner submarginal
line is a parallel row of diffused black lunules. Body above white; base of thorax
and of abdomen very woolly; collar with two black bands; head black and white
spotted; palpi above and beneath black, its sides white; legs whitish above,
blackish beneath ; antenna blackish above, red beneath.

Expanse, ¢ 4,%) inches.

Hasitat.—Lower Burma.

DistRisuTION AND Hasirs,—The type specimen was taken in Tounghoo, and is
in the collection of Mr. P. Crowley. Mr. W. Doherty obtained “three specimens at
Petichaung, at the foot of the Karen Hills, H. Pegu” (P. Z. 8. 1891, 284). Mr. T.
A. Hauxwell states that “it occurs rarely in the Ataran Valley in March, and in the
Tounghoo Hills, 8000 feet elevation, in April and June.” As stated by Mr. A. R.
Wallace, in “the Malay Archipelago, with regard to the very closely-allied Prothoé
Calydonia, this species flies high and settles high up on tree trunks with closed

VOL. IV. s

130 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

wings, very rarely descending to the ground. It invariably returns to the same
spot when frightened off, so if its resting-place is within reach, the butterfly, with
patience, can be secured with certainty. To capture one specimen my men and I
had to construct three high platforms of bamboo adjoining three trees between which
P. Belisama continually flew backwards and forwards. After some time we managed
to secure the specimen ” (L. de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1899).
Inpo-Matayan Spectes.—Agatasa Calydonia (Nymph. Calydonia, Hewitson,
Exot. Butt. i. p. 86, pl. 43, fig. 3, 4 (1855). Charaxes Calydonia, Butler, P. Z. 8.
1865, p. 638. Prothoé Caledonia, Butler, P. Z. 8S. 1867, p. 873. Distant, Rhop.
Malay. p. 110, pl. 13, fig. 9, d (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. India, etc., ii. p. 297
(1886); id. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1895, p. 438. Habitat. Malay Peninsula ;
Sumatra; Labuan, Borneo.—Agatasa Chrysodonia (Prothoé Chrysodonia, Staudinger,
Deuts. Ent. Zeit. 1890-91, p. 86, pl. 4, fig. 6). Habitat. S.H. Mindanao.—Agatasa
Heterodonia, Staudinger (Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep. p. 334). Habitat. Mindoro,

Genus RHINOPALPA.

Rhinopalpa, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. iv. p. 399 (1860) ; id. Neues Lep. p. 49 (1861). Distant,
Rhop. Malay. p. 97 (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 245 (1886), Staudinger and
Schatz, Exot. Schmett. p. 128 (1887).

Eurhinia, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 405 (1867).

Imaco.—Male. Wings short, broad. Forewing triangular; costa very much
arched, slightly indented near the base, apex truncate and obliquely-angulated
outward to below the upper radial, deeply concave below it, sinuous, and broadly
angled outward at the lower median veiulet, posterior angle rounded, posterior
margin much recurved; costal vein extending to middle of the margin; first
and second subcostal branches emitted near together before end of the cell,
third branch at three-fifths beyond the cell, fourth and fifth at one-fifth from the
apex; upper discocellular short and outwardly-oblique, middle discocellular
practically obsolete, as the lower radial starts from the same point, lower dis-
cocellular absent and the cell entirely open; two upper median branches from
opposite the discocellular ; submedian vein straight. Hindwing somewhat quadrate ;
anterior margin lobate at the base, and thence oblique to the apex, exterior margin
sinuous, almost erect from the apex to end of radial, where it is prolonged into a
blunt tail and from thence concave to anal angle, which latter is broadly produced,
the abdominal margin being excavated above the anal angle and more deeply so
between the submedian and internal vein; precostal vein strongly bent outwards ;
costal vein strongly arched from the base, running close to the margin and ending
at the apex; radial from close to base of lower subcostal; cell open. Body

NYMPHALINA! (Group NYMPHALINA.) 131

stout, abdomen short; palpi long, porrect, compactly clothed beneath and at the
sides, apical joint pointed ; forelegs of male clothed with rather short hairy-scales,
femur with long hairs beneath ; fore tarsi of female smoothly scaled, tip dilated
beneath, joints crowded together at the tip, spines acute ; antenne witha lengthened
well-formed club; eyes naked.

Type.—R. Fulva.

RHINOPALPA POLYNICE (Plate 327, fig. 2, 2a, b, 3 2).

Papilio Polynice, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 195, fig. D, E, g (1780).

Rhinopalpa Polynice, Kirby, Catal. D. Lep. p. 191 (1871). de Nicéville, Journ. As, Soc. Bengal,
1895, p. 429.

Rhinopalpa fulva, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. iv. p. 399 (1860). Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool.
1877, p. 545. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 98, pl. 12, fig. 1, g, 2, 2 (1883). de Nicéville, Butt.
of India, ete., ii. p. 246, pl. 23, fig. 102, g (1886); Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 429.

Rhinopalpa Birmana, Fruhstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1897, p. 331.

Iuaco.—Male. Upperside reddish-ochreous ; cilia black, alternated with white.
Forewing with a dark ochreous-brown, almost black, outer marginal band, which is
broadest anteriorly and of slightly variable width, its inner edge being curved to the
costa. Hindwing with a similar coloured outer marginal band, which is broadest
anteriorly, narrowing to above the radial veinlet and traversed outwardly by two
indistinct paler lunular lines, from whence it is continued to the anal angle as two,
more or less slender, or partly conjoined lunular black lines, the outer line being
generally the broadest, the anal end dilated and angled upward and speckled with
violet scales; within the lower submarginal area is a parallel series of four round
black-speckled, or entirely black, spots, the upper one being between the radial and
subcostal and sometimes encompassed by the marginal band. Underside clear
sepia-brown, or dark sepia-brown, crossed by a subbasal and an ante-medial darker
brown or purpurescent-brown broad sinuous fascia, each edged on both the*. sides
by a very slender violet-blue line, followed by two medial-discal slender dark brown
sinuous fascie inwardly-edged by a slender violet-blue line ; an outer-discal broad
dark brown lunular fascia which is more or less slightly, or sometimes obsolescently,
inwardly-bordered by reddish-ochreous Junules on both wings and less so outwardly
on the forewing, but also more prominently outwardly on the hindwing, where, in
the latter wing, the red lunules are sometimes broader and at anal angle dilated, the
lower second and third lunules being sometimes absent; beyond them is a sub-
marginal contiguous row of large rounded ocelli, each with a violet-blue and black
central dot and black-and-violet edged outer ring; on the forewing there are six of
these ocelli, the lowest being bipupilled and inwardly-bordered by a broad violet-

s 2

132 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

white straight streak, and above the upper ocellus is an apical sinuous white spot ;
on the hindwing there are only five ocelli, the apical being absent; beyond these
ocelli are two outer submarginal slender violet-blue lines followed by a dark brown
broader line; anal and caudal angle reddish-ochreous. Body reddish-ochreous ;
thorax olivescent-ochreous ; palpi above brownish-ochreous, beneath white ; legs dark
brown ; middle tarsi whitish above ; antennz blackish, reddish beneath, tip black.

Female. Upperside much paler ochreous, the base darker. Forewing with the
blackish outer-marginal band broken towards posterior angle and slightly showing
a bipupilled ocellus. Hindwing with the outer band not reaching the margin; lower
submarginal spots smaller and with a slightly-indicated outer ring. Underside pale
ochreous ; the transverse sinuous fascie# darker ochreous and with prominent violet-
white edged-lines ; outer series of ocelli prominent ; marginal violet-white lines
distinct.

Expanse, ¢ 2,5 to 3, ? 3 to 3,%, inches.

Hasrrat.—Assam ; Cachar; Khasia Hills; Naga Hills; Burma; Tenasserim ;
Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; Borneo.

Distrisution.—* Mr. J. Wood-Mason obtained it in the forests near Silcuri,
Cachar, from May to August. There are specimens from Cherrapunji, Assam, and
the Naga Hills, in the Calcutta Museum. Mr. J. L. Sherwill took it in the Jorehat
district, Assam, in October, Mr. H. M. Parish obtained a female in November in the
Chittagong Hill Tracts. Capt. C. T. Bingham took a male in the Donat Range,
Upper Tenasserim, in December, which approaches the figure of Cramer’s Polynice,
in having the ground-colour of the upperside much darker than the other specimens
I have seen, and the outer black border broad at the apex of the forewing, the
underside is also much darker. A female, taken in October also in the Donat
Range, is also much darker than the Chittagong female mentioned above. It does
not appear to be a common species anywhere” (de Nicéville, J.c. 247). Col.
C. Swinhoe has received it from the Khasia Hills. Mr. P. Crowley has specimens
from the Naga Hills, Tounghoo, Upper Tenasserim. Col. C. H. E. Adamson says
it appears to be scarce in Burma; I took four males at Phapoon on the Yunzaleen
River in November, and have it also from Tavoy” (List 1897, 25). Dr. J.
Anderson took it at ‘‘ Minthantoung and in Mergui in December” (J. Linn. Soe.
Zool. 1886, 35). We have verified males from Malacea and Perak, and a Malacca
female in the Hewitsonian collection. Mr. de Nicéville says, “in N.E. Sumatra it is
found only in large forest, the males being fond of feces on forest roads; the
females being very rare and are seldom seen in collections, perhaps escaping capture
by the coloration being very different from that of the males, as on the wing the

female closely resembles a common Cirrochroa” (J. A. S. Beng. 1895, 429). It
also occurs in Borneo.

NYMPHALINZ. (Group N¥YMPHALINA.,) 133

Inpo-Matayan Sprctes.—Rhinopalpa Eudoxia (Vanessa Eudoxia, Guérin, Rev.
Zool. 1840, p. 44; Delessert’s Voy. l’Inde, p. 73, pl. 20, 2 (1848). Distant, Rhop.
Malay. p. 99, pl. 17, fig. 6, 2 (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. India, etc., ii. p. 248.
Syn. Rhinopalpa Callonice, Fruhstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1897, p. 330, ¢ &.
Halitat. Nias Island.—Rhinopalpa Elpinice (Eurhinia Elpinice, Felder, Reise Nov.
Lep. 11. p. 405 (1867). Habitat. Java.—Rhinopalpa Stratonice (Hur. Stratonice,
Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 607 (1867). Semper, Reis. Phil. Lep. p. 121, pl. 20,
fig. 10, 3, pl. 21, fig. 9,10, 2. Habitat. Philippines.

Genus YOMA.

¥oma, Doherty, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 258. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p, 245
(1886).

Imaco.—Male. Wings similar in shape to Rhinopalpa, except that in the
forewing the outer margin is less sinuous below the subapical angle, and is less
produced at the lower median; third subcostal branch emitted at more than one-
third beyond the cell, fourth and fifth branch half-way thence to the end; upper
discocellular distinct, short, middle discocellular long, angled obliquely-inward, and
bent outward near lower end, lower discocellular slender and slightly concave; two
upper median branches from lower end of the cell. Hindwing with the outer
margin almost even and convex anteriorly, the caudal angle shorter and at end of
upper median instead of the radial vein, as in Rhinopalpa; the abdominal margin
less excavated and with but one lobe at the anal angle; precostal vein slightly
bifid ; cell closed by a very incipient slender curved lower discocellular. Palpi more
coarsely clothed with stouter scales ; antennz shorter, club also shorter.

Type.—Y. Vasuki.

Larva.—[Sabina.] Head with two erect branched-spines; segments with
dorsal and lateral rows of branched-spines.

Pupa.—Suspended. Moderate sized. Head-piece projected, pointed; thorax
much arched hindward ; abdomen slightly convex dorsally, and with a row of fine
spines, and lateral small tubercular points.

YOMA VASUEI (Plate 328, fig. 1, la, b,c, 2).
Yoma Vasuki, Doherty, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 259.
Rhinopalpa Vasuki, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii, p. 247 (1886).
Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside. Both wings deep vinous-brown, palest
on the outer margins, which are traversed by two submarginal indistinct somewhat-
lunulated black lines; the disc crossed by a broad bright deep yellowish-ochreous

134 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

band, its inner-edge being sharply-defined, and somewhat irregular on the forewing,
its outer-edge blurred, and on the forewing directed somewhat inwardly from above
the upper median, becoming gradually narrower towards the anal angle of hindwing,
but to which it does not quite reach; cilia lilacine-grey tipped with black at end
of veins. Forewing also with three superposed subapical outwardly-oblique pale
ochreous spots, the upper one being slender, the next much larger, the lowest small
and speckled ; below these and near the discal band are two small white spots placed
above and below the upper median; across middle of the cell are two indistinct
black sinuous lines and another pair at its end enclosing the discocellulars.
Hindwing with a small more or less obscurely-defined outer-discal black spot
margined with pale ochreous, placed between the lower and middle medians ; the
outer border and anal angle grey-speckled. Underside. Both wings pale greyish-
ochreous-brown, slightly flushed with vinaceous-grey, and irrorated with darker
brown scales ; the discal band, as above, being more or less grey and speckled with
brown scales, its edges also more or less sharply-defined ; the basal area crossed by
two similar-coloured sinuous-edged fascie ; the submarginal lunular lines very
obscure. Both wings with an outer-discal row of obscurely-defined black dots
placed between the veins, those on the hindwing being slightly surrounded by pale
ochreous, and the two on the forewing, representing the pair of the upperside, are
entirely white ; posterior angle of forewing broadly lilacine-grey speckled, and with
a quadrate black spot; anal angle of hindwing also grey-speckled. Body and palpi
above brown, beneath and legs pale yellowish-ochreous; antenne blackish above,
beneath and tip ochreous.

Expanse, ¢ ?, 3 to 3, inches. |

Hasitat.—Burma; ‘T'enasserim.

Disrripurion.—* Mr. W. Doherty found it flying rather commonly in the open
country at the foot of the Arakan Yoma near Sandoway, Arakan, and has the habits
of Hypolimnas Bolina. In Major Marshall’s collection are several specimens from
Rangoon. It occurs also in Tavoy.” (de Nicéville, lc. 248). Col. C. H. E.
Adamson records it as being “ found throughout Burma in the dry-season, In
February, 1892, it was very common at Aloungdau Kathapa Pagoda, in the Chindwin
District. It frequents thick forest, and is very difficult to catch in good order”
(List 1897, 25). Capt. E. Y. Watson says it “ occurred commonly in the Upper
Chindwin in April, but almost invariably in bad condition, and also very difficult to
catch” (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1897, 656). Capt. Watson also took it at “ Beeling
in Upper Tenasserim” (id. 1888, 6), and on the road from “ Pauk to Tilin in
November, and at Tilin from December to May, was very common in March, but
specimens, though fresh, were terribly battered” (id. 1891, 41). Mr. W. Doherty
took “ several specimens near Momeit, Upper Burma” (P. Z. 8. 1691, 285). Dr. F.

NYMPHALINZ (Group NYMPHALIVA.) 135

Manders records having “several specimens taken in widely different localities.
It is common in Eastern Karenee, also in the forest belt between Burma and the
Shan States, and appears partial to thick jungle near water. I have taken it in
July, and also in January” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 525). A single male is recorded
from Sinbyoodine on the Siam frontier” (J. A. Soc. Beng. 1887, 422).

Genus APATURA.

Apatura, Fabricius, Iliger’s Mag. vi. p. 280 (1807). Scudder, Proc. Boston Acad. Arts and Sci. x.
p- 115 (1875). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 57 (1881), Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886,
p. 109.

Hypolimnas, Hiibner, Verz, bek. Schmett. p. 45 (1816); zd. Samm. Exot. Schmett. ii. (1822
Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 164 (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 121 (1
Staudinger and Schiitz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 131 (1887).

Esoptria, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 45 (1816).

Diadema, Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, Lep. p. 135 (1832); id. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. p. 187 (1833).
Doubleday and Westwood, Gen. D, Lep. p. 279 (1850). Wallace, Trans. Ent, Soc. 1869, p. 27.
Felder, Neues Lep. p. 25 (1861).

ola (part), Billberg, Enum. Ins. p. 78 (1820).

-5).
868).

Imaco. Male. Forewing triangular; costa much arched, apex obtusely
convex ; exterior margin oblique, slightly angulated below the apex, concave below
the middle, and slightly scalloped; posterior margin slightly recurved ; costal vein
extending to more than half the margin; first subcostal branch emitted at one-fifth
before end of the cell, and second subcostal close to the end, third branch at one-
third beyond, fourth and fifth at two-thirds beyond; cell broad, truncate at end,
less than half length of wing; upper discocellular very short, outwardly oblique,
middle discocellular curved inward, lower discocellular long, very slender and
slightly curved outward; radials from their angles; middle median veinlet emitted
at some distance before lower end of cell, lower median at half the length;
submedian nearly straight. Hindwing broad, somewhat rounded; exterior margin
very convex, scalloped ; costal vein extending to the apex, much arched from the
base; precostal vein short, incurved, emitted at some distance above base of
subcostal; the subcostal branch emitted at one-fourth before upper end of cell ;
upper discocellular short, curved outward, lower discocellular long, curved outward
and very slender; radial from their middle; two upper medians from lower end of
cell, lower median from opposite subcostal branch; submedian slightly curved,
internal vein deeply curved at the base. Body moderately stout, palpi porrect,
second joint long, projecting half its length beyond the head, compactly squamose
beneath, Zeca joint slightly pilose at upper and inner end, third joint short,

136 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

pointed ; forelegs of male slender, femur scaly above, hairy beneath, tibia and tarsus
clothed with rather short fine hairs; forelegs of female long, very slender, scaly,
femur with a few fine hairs beneath, tarsus spined at the tip; antennz somewhat
short, with a rather short well-formed cylindrical club ; eyes naked.

Larva.—Cylindrical. Head surmounted with two long erect branched-spines ;
segments armed with a dorsal and four, or five, lateral rows of branched-spines.

Pura.—Stout. Abdomen arched, and with a dorsal and two lateral series of
short, stout, sharp tubercular-points ; thorax arched and obtusely angular; head-
piece obtusely cleft.

Typr.—A. Bolina.

Minicry.—Colonel C. Swinhoe, in his paper on ‘‘ Mimicry in butterflies of the
genus Hypolimnas” (Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1895, p. 339) writes, “The Bolina
group of the Nymphalid genus Hypolimnas contains, according to systematists, a
number of species. When, however, we look at the group from a biological point
of view, we find that all these species can be merged in two distinct species—
H. Misippus, Linn., and H. Bolina, Linn. It is first of all necessary to gain a
conception of the appearance presented by these species before the mimetic form was
assumed. This we find to be still retained by the male of H. Misippus, which is
invariably non-mimetic, and that of H. Bolina, whichis non-mimetic in India, and in
certain other localities. Occasionally the females also revert to the ancestral
pattern, and resemble the black males. The non-mimetic males are very similar in
appearance, while their mimetic females differ widely. The female of H, Misippus,
however, except as a very rare variety which resembles the male in appearance,
always mimics the commonest of all the Danaine, i.e. Danais Chrysippus, Linn.,
which is common all over India, Burma, Ceylon, the Malay Archipelago, Madagascar,
Aden, the West, South, and South-eastern coasts of Africa, but apparently not the
interior: in all these localities H. Misippus also exists, the female being of the
Danais colour and pattern, and where D. Chrysippus does not exist, H, Misippus
is not to be found.” ‘In Africa and at Aden there are several forms of Danais
Chrysippus—some without the white-banded black apical patch to the forewings
(Danais Dorippus, Klug); some possessing this marking, but characterized by white
hindwings (Danais Alcippus, Cram.), and also others with the D. Dorippus pattern
and white hindwings. All these forms are mimicked in their several localities by
the females of Hyp, Misippus.” ‘In India the form of female Hypolimnas which
mimics Danais Dorippus* (without the black and white apical patch) is also found ;
it is not nearly so frequently met with as the mimic of the true Danais Chrysippus,+

* Klugii, Butler—See Lep. Ind. vol. i. plate 9, figs. 1, la.
+ See Lep. Ind. i. plate 8, figs. la—e,

NYMPHALINA, (Group NYMPHALINA.) 137

but it is not uncommon, being occasionally found nearly all over India.” ‘In the
species Hyp. Bolina, as we find it in Asia, the female only is mimetic, the male in all
localities being of the normal form. In India the female universally mimics the
common protected butterfly Huplea Core,* Cramer. The typical #. Core does not
range very far South, one or two have been taken in Mergui, but there is no record
of its more southern extension, its place being taken by other common black
Eupleas of somewhat similar pattern. We find accordingly, that H. Bolina varies
so as to resemble all the common Huplwas of the different islands of the Malay
Archipelago. In Sumatra it is known as Hyp. anomala, and mimics Isamia (Huplea)
singapura.”

APATURA BOLINA.

Papilio Bolina, Linneus, Syst. Nat. x. ed. p. 479 (1758); Mus. Ulr. p. 295 (1764); Syst. Nat. xii.
ed. p. 781 (1767). Clerck, Icones Ins. ii. pl. 21, fig. 2, 9 (1764). Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 507 (1775).

Diadema Bolina, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 278 (part). Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M.
p. 96 (part) (1869).

Hypolimnas Bolina, Kirby Catal. D. Lep. p. 224 (part) (1871). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 165,
pl. 12, fig. 10, 12, g, pl. 15, fig. 12, 9 (1883). Aurivillius, Kongl. S. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1882,
p. 96. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 123 (1886). Leech, Butt. China, etc., i. p. 131
(1892).

Apatura Bolina, Fabricius, Iliger’s Mag. vi. p. 280 (1807). Scudder, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and
Sci. Boston, 1875, p. 115. Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 58, pl. 30, fig. 1, g, 1b, larva and pupa
(1881). Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1886, p. 123.

Papilio Jacintha, Drury, Ilust. Exot. Ent. ii. pl. 21, fig. 1, 2, 9 (1773). Donovan, Ins. China,
pl. 37, fig. 1, 9 (1798).

Apatura Jacintha, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 58, pl. 30, fig. 1, a, 9 (1881).

Papilio Avia, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. i. p. 111, 2 (1798).

Hypolimnas Charybdis, Butier, Cistula Ent. ii. p. 432 (1883).

Wet-season Brood (Plate 329, fig. 1, larva and pupa; la, b, ce, d, gd; le, f, 9).

Imaco.—Male. Upperside rich dark purpurescent blue-black ; cilia alternated
with white. Forewing with an upper-discal outwardly-oblique large elongate
macular white patch, which is margined with pale lilacine-blue, and more broadly
surrounded by dark blue—which latter in some lights changes to brilliant cobalt-
blue, commencing at or above the upper radial, and extending to or below the
middle median veinlet; two or sometimes three small subapical white spots, and
sometimes followed beneath by two or three, or a complete, inner submarginal
series of white dots placed between the veinlets. Hindwing with a large medial-
discal oval white patch irregularly margined with pale lilacine-blue, and in some
lights more broadly surrounded by brilliant cobalt-blue ; followed beyond by an inner

* See Lep, Ind, i, plate 23, figs. 1b, ¢, d.
VOL. IV. T

138 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA,

submarginal series of obsolescent or distinct white dots. In some varieties of the
male the forewing has, also, two more or less obsolescent pale outer marginal
lunular lines, and the hindwing a submarginal series of more or less obsolescent
bidentate marks, and a slender marginal line, or both are more or less distinctly
defined, and in others are very prominent, and bluish-white. Underside of various
shades of dark olivaceous-brown. Forewing with a prominent bluish-white upper-
diseal oblique macular band extending to the costa, subapical spots and continuous
row of inner-submarginal dots, followed by a prominent brownish-white submarginal
row of double-lunules, widening posteriorly, and a marginal single lunular line ; some
bluish-white and black speckles along base of the costa and three small black-
edged white spots along upper border of the cell. Hindwing with a variable broad
prominent bluish-white transverse discal band ending im a costal spot, followed
by an inner submarginal row of round white or brownish-white dots, a more or
less prominent submarginal broad band formed of double conical conjoined-spots,
and then a marginal linear lunular line.

Female. Upperside dark olivaceous-brown ; cilia alternated with white. Fore-
wing with a few basal costal blue-speckled spots, an upper-discal, oblique, more or
less defined bluish-macular fascia—corresponding to the white fascia of the male—
an inner submarginal series of creamy-white or brownish-white spots, the two upper-
most being the largest and contiguous, followed by a submarginal double-lunular
and a marginal single-lunular line. Hindwing with an inner-submarginal row of
creamy-white or brownish-white round spots, followed by a submarginal band formed
of double conical conjoined spots, and then by a marginal single lunular line.
Underside paler olivaceous-brown, or ochreous-brown. Forewing with the inner-
submarginal and outer marginal markings as on upperside, the oblique upper-discal
macular fascia subobsolete and brownish-white ; the basal area sometimes suffused
with reddish-ochreous ; the basal costal and cell-spots as in the male. Hindwing
with a transverse discal creamy-white or brownish-white ill-defined fascia, followed by
an inner submarginal row of round spots, a broad submarginal band formed of
double conical continuous spots, and then a marginal lunular line. Body of male
above dark blue-black, beneath brown ; head and front of thorax above spotted with
white dots; palpi blackish with a white basal tuft above and streak beneath; legs
olivaceous-brown ; femora beneath white streaked; body beneath white spotted;
antenne black; body and palpi of female above dark olivaceous-brown, white
spotted as in male.

Expanse, 3 2;% to 3,4, 2 2;% to 3;% inches.

Dry-season brood (Plate 330, fig. 1, la, b,c, ¢;d,e,f, 9).

Male. Larger than in wet-season brood. Upperside similar, except that the

NYMPHALINZ2. (Group NYMPEALINA.) 139

oblique upper-discal macular band on the forewing and the broad discal band on the
hindwing is more or less, or entirely, pale blue. Underside paler brown, or paler
ochreous-brown than in wet-season brood. Forewing with the oblique upper-discal
macular fascia either less-defined and whitish or brownish-white, or more or less
obsolescent ; the inner submarginal white spots distinct but smaller anteriorly, the
upper two frequently also small, the two lower with black edges; costal base and
cell-spots distinct ; outer marginal lunular lines less defined, either brownish-white
or pale brown, and obsolescent anteriorly. Hindwing with the transverse discal
fascia ill-defined, either brownish-white or pale brown, sometimes with a few blue
scales speckled medially along its inner edge; the broad submarginal band and
marginal line also either brownish-white or pale brown.

Female. Upperside similar to wet-season brood; the basal half darker and
flushed with blue in certain lights; the inner submarginal row of spots sometimes
smaller, the submarginal series of double conical spots sometimes disconnected, ill-
defined, and with the marginal lines obsolescent. Underside paler than the male,
otherwise similar, except that all the markings are more obsolescent.

Expanse, ¢ 3 to 4, 2? 4,49 inches.

Varieties (Plate 331, fig. 1, la, b, c, d, e, f, g

Wet-season brood, Male. Comparatively smaller than ordinary specimens.
Upperside. Both wings with somewhat smaller discal patch, both being almost or
entirely powdered with lilacine-blue scales. Underside with narrower upper-discal
oblique macular band on forewing and discal band on hindwing; in some examples
both bands are speckled with blue seales. Bombay (fig. 1, la). In other male
examples, from Mynpuri (fig. 1, ¢, d), the upperside has the patch on forewing dark
blue speckled, and the patch on hindwing is uniformly black—shot in certain lights
with brilliant dark blue, but showing no trace of a pale centre; and on the
underside the upper-discal macular band is narrow and blue-speckled, the discal
band on hindwing obsolescent and blue-speckled, and the upper costal spot absent
(fig. 1, d). Other examples of male have a similar uniformly-black patch on upper-
side of hindwing, the underside of the hindwing showing an entire absence of the
discal band, though the costal white spot is present (fig. 1, e), Khasias. Again, in
another smaller example of the male (fig. f, g), with patches on upperside as in
fig. 1, d, the upper-discal macular blue-speckled band on forewing is still narrower
and less prominent, and on the hindwing the discal band is entirely absent, the
ground-colour of the wing being quite uniform, the outer marginal markings also
being almost obsolete. Khasias.

Larva.—Head reddish-brown, armed with two long erect black branched-
spines, the segments purple-brown, armed with a dorsal and five lateral longitudinal
rows of reddish-brown branched-spines ; legs reddish-brown,

t 2

140 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Pupa.—Stout; purplish-brown ; head-piece obtusely cleft ; thorax arched and
obtusely angular ; abdomen dorsally arched, and with a dorsal and two lateral rows
of short, stout, sharp tubercular points.

Hasirat.—Throughout India ; Ceylon ; Andaman and Nicobar Islands ; Burma ;
Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula; Siam; Sumatra; Borneo; Hong Kong; W. China.

SrasonaL VaRiATION, ETc.—‘‘ In India, Bolina is represented by several fairly
well-marked forms in the male, but they are neither confined to particular localities
nor constant in their characters, each form being linked to the others by numerous
intermediate gradations. The female is much more constant comparatively, though
it, too, shows variation in the extent of the markings, especially on the upperside.
The typical male, described by Linnzeus under the name Bolina, and figured by
Clerck under the same name, and by Cramer as Auge—having on the underside a
prominent white bar or band on each wing—so far as I am aware, usually appears
during the rainy season. Next, there is a larger form—with paler and more uniform
coloration of the underside, and the absence of pure white markings, these being
irrorated with brown—this form, as far as I am aware, usually appears during the
dry season. Again, each of these forms exhibits, but not commonly, a striking
variety in which the patch on the upperside of the hindwing is uniform black, shot in
certain lights with brilliant deep blue, but showing no trace of pale centring.
These varieties are not casual isolated forms, but linked by numerous gradations in
which the pale centring gets gradually less. In the variety allied to the smaller
typical form there is a striking difference on the underside also, in extreme cases the
white discal band of the hindwing and all the whitish markings of the border of both
wings entirely disappear, except a white dot on the cilia in each interspace, and
there appears a deep violet suffused patch on the disc just beyond the cell; the
ground-colour is darker throughout, and the discal white markings of the forewing
though narrower are prominent. In the variety allied to the larger form, the under-
side is less strikingly different, the markings are even more obscure and suffused as
well as irrorated with brown, and the discal dots on both wings are more prominently
tinted with violet. The female was figured by Donovan and Drury under the name
Jacintha, and later on was described by Fabricius under the name of Avia. The
variations of it, which are casual and inconstant, are mainly confined to the greater
or less prominence of the blue macular fascia on the upperside of the forewing, and
the greater or less prominence of the whitish submarginal band on the hindwing, in
one extreme consisting of small conical spots in pairs between the nervules; in the
other extreme these spots are greatly elongated, entirely filling the spaces between
the veins, and coalescing with the discal spots towards the anal angle. On the
underside, the females in all cases appear to correspond with the larger form, and not
with the typical smaller form in style of markings ” (L. de Nicéville, /.c. 124).

NYMPHALINA. (Group NYMPHALINA,) 141

Rearing oF Larva.— Larva found, in Kanara, during August, September and
October, feeding on the Goretay-Geerah (? Portulaca sp.). Suspends itself in houses
and verandahs. Body cylindrical. Head shield-shape, broad at top, with two erect
horns two-tenths of an inch long, bearing numerous tubercles surmounted by weak
hairs, occiput and neck dull burnt-sienna, face ditto, mottled with black and covered
with hair. Hach segment bears several branched-spines arranged transversely, but
the number varies—on the first segment are only two on the sides and some tubercles
on the top of the second and third, one on each side of back and two on sides, with a
double pair below ; the fourth segment and all behind it to the twelfth, have besides the
back and side spines, a single one on the middle of the back; the fourth and tenth
segments have a lower double pair; the fifth segment has the double pair and a
single one below, and below that some rudiments of others ; the other serments have
the double pair only like the second and third ; the eleventh none below the line but
two black ones, one in front and the other on hinder part of segment; the twelfth
segment only two side ones which project backwards; these spines are all dark
brownish burnt-sienna with dark tips; the colour of the segments is greyish purple-
black above and below with a very dark patch between the upper pair of side spines
and a dorsal black line; a thin line of burnt-sienna runs along bottom of sides
between the lower tier of large spines—double on the three first segments; spiracles
black just above the line; legs dull red” (S. N. Ward, MS. Notes).

Messrs. J. Davidson and E. H. Aitken record rearing the larva in Bombay, as
follows :—“ We have reared this in October, and in Karwar during July and August.
They were generally found on the ground, so the food-plant was not ascertained ;
but they fed readily on a minute weed called by botanists Hlatostemma cuneatum, and
some eat, while others refused Portulaca oleracea. All we reared were of the small
dark form. Thelarge form (Avia or Jacintha) was common enough, but we did not
get it by rearing. Larva cylindrical, armed with nine longitudinal rows of fine
branched-spines ; a single pair of longer and stouter spines on the head; colour
very dark, rich brown; head light brown. Pupa dark earthy-brown, mottled with a
lighter shade ; somewhat angular about the head and thorax; abdominal segments
armed with dorsal rows of short, sharp tubercles” (Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc.
1890, 278).

Disraipution, Hasrrs, rtc.—In India “ this is, in most parts of the country, one
of the commonest as well as one of the most beautiful of the butterflies, In the
drier portions of Western Continental India it is rare, but even there it may
occasionally be found in gardens. In the moister regions, particularly in the warm
valleys and submontane tracts, it abounds, and the flash of the brilliant purple, as it
opens and closes its wings while sunning itself on some flower or spray of foliage,
meets the eye at every turn” (L. de Nicéville, lc. 125). ‘*I saw a specimen of this

142 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

insect at Kotgarh in the clutches of a large green Praying Mantis, subsequently I
took several specimens. For so large an insect, it has not a very powerful flight,
and is easy to capture ”’ (id. Ind. Agriculturist, 1880).

In North-Western India, Col. J. W. Yerbury took it at ‘‘ Campbellpore, in
July, 1886; uncommon, none being taken in 1885, and only one male and two
females up to 1886” (Ann. Nat. Hist. 1888, 142). Mr. W. Doherty obtained it in
the **Kumaon Tarai, 1000 feet elevation, and in the forests of the Kali Valley,
2000 to 4000 ft.” (J. As. Soc. Beng. 1886, 123). The Rev. J. H. Hocking records
Bolina from the “Hot Valleys, Kangra; taken in flower gardens from May to
September,” and Jacintha from the Hills, June to September, settling upon Oak
(Q. incana); never found in company with preceding (Bolina)” (P. Z. 8. 1882,
241). Capt. A. M. Lang found it at ‘Simla, Oudh and Umballa. Frequents woods
and orchards, affecting the shade of the trees” (MS. Notes, 1864). “ This is one of
the most gorgeous of the many living gems this land of India produces. It is a
fairly large butterfly, but there are two seasonal forms—the smaller appearing, in
the Central Provinces, after the hot weather and the beginning of the rains, the
larger form at the end of the rains. The sight of this beautiful creature, as it opens
and closes its wings while basking in the sun, affords a brilliant spectacle, especially,
as is very often the case, when there are several seated within reasonable distance
of one another. The male displays itself to the female in a striking manner. The
latter, while flying from one place of concealment to another—for it is a shy
creature as compared to the male—is usually pursued by one or two males who fly
a foot or so below her, quivering their wings to the full extent of their powers.
This is evidently done with the object of displaying their loveliness to the greatest
advantage” (J. A. Betham, J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1890, 281). Capt. H. B.
Hellard obtained it in the ‘ Ramgurh District, Hazaribagh, in November and
December” (MS, Notes). Colonel C. Swinhoe obtained ‘‘ two specimens at Karachi
in July, 1882. Was not observed throughout 1879-80” (P. Z. 8S. 1884, 505).
“Common everywhere in Bombay and the Dekkan all the year round” (id. P. Z.S.
1885, 129). ‘* The smaller form (Bolina) taken in Mhow, July, Neemuck in November,
Assirghur, October, and the larger form (Avia) in Mhow, September and October,
Neemuck, September to November, in great plenty”’ (id. P. Z. 8. 1886, 425). “ This
is a common enough butterfly in all the moister regions of the Bombay Presidency
but nowhere have we found it in such abundance as in Kanara. It also appears to
vary more here than elsewhere, and the varieties do not depend much upon season.
It is true that at the beginning of the monsoon all the males are very small, not
larger than Misippus, with the spots on the upperside more white than blue, and
with a distinct broad white fascia on the underside; but two months later these
may be found side by side with the most splendid specimens of the Avia form and

NYMPHALINZ. (Group NYMPHALINA.) 143

every grade between. During the dry season this butterfly is not often met with”
(J. Davidson and E. H. Aitken, J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1896, 252). “ When the
first showers of the monsoon have fallen in June, a large number of the females of
this butterfly (Avia) appear, without a single male being visible. Two or three
months later, males appear in great abundance in some places, followed after an
interval by females. J noticed this particularly in 1878 at Uran, where the low
jungle on the hillsides literally swarmed with this species, and I have at other
times, without noting dates so precisely, found one sex abundant without the other.
In Bombay and Poona this species is common about the close of the rainy reason.
It wanders little, and I have watched a fine male in the garden day after day, basking
on the same bush and sucking the same flowers, fiercely chasing all rivals away,
until it was old, faded, and broken, and finally disappeared”? (E. H. Aitken,
J. Bombay N.H. 8. 1886, 134). The late Dr. A. Leith, in his MS. Notes describes
the larva, as found by him, in Bombay, feeding on Urtica interrupta and Sida retusa,
in August and September. Mr. (now Sir) G. F. Hampson records it from the
Nilgiris (J. A. S. Beng. 1888, 354). Mr. H. 8. Ferguson found it “ very common in
the Travancore Hills up to 3000 ft. elevation” (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 191, 8).
Capt. E. Y. Watson took “a few specimens at Nippurin November, and at Gersoppa
Falls, Mysore, in January. Also found it very common in Madras from March to
August” (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1890, pp. 4; 266). Mr. W. C. Taylor records it as
‘common at Khorda in Orissa” (List 1888, 5). Mr. L. de Nicéville states that it is
“common in gardens in Calcutta, except in the cold weather” (J. A. S. Beng,
1885, 44). ‘Numerous specimens were taken at Silchar, Cachar, between April
and August”? (id. 1886, 358). Col. C. Swinhoe records it from the Khasias
(Tr. Ent. Soc. 1893, 281). “ In Sikkim, at low levels, it occurs nearly ali the year
round” (de Niceville, Sikk. Gaz. 1894, 139). Col. C. H. E. Adamson records it as
common throughout Upper and Lower Burma” (List 1897, 22). Signor L. Fea took
it at “* Meetan, Upper Tenasserim, in April” (MS. Note). Dr. F. Manders records
it from the “ Shan States, Burma” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890). It is also recorded from
**Tavoy and Ponsekai” (J. A. 8. Beng. 1887, 422). Dr. J. Anderson took it in
Mergui in December” (J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 35). In Ceylon, Mr. F. M.
Mackwood says it is “‘ very common from the sea-board up to 6000 feet, early in the
year, haunting deep cuttings through fern and brushwood lands. They are to be
found in thousands and in smaller numbers all the year. Males twice as numerous
as females”’ (Lep. Ceylon, i. 58). It is also found in the Andamans, Great Nicobar,
and Tillangschong Island (P. Z. 8. 1877, 585; J. A. S. Beng. 1882, 16).

It also occurs in the Malay Peninsula (W. L. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 165)
It has been taken in Siam, at Chentaboon and Nanconchaisee (H. Druce, P. Z.$
1874, 105). Mr. de Nicéville records it as occurring in Sumatra (J. A. 8. Beng

144 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

1895, 413). Mr. J. J. Walker, R.N., found it in * Hong Kong, but not common in
gardens and elsewhere, in April and May” (Tr, Ent. Soc. 1895, 455),

Mr. C. Bartlett records it as occurring in Borneo (Sarawak Note Book (1896),
p. 87).

APATURA MISIPPUS (Plate 332, fig. 1, la, ¢; 1b,¢,d,¢,f, 9).

Papilio Misippus, Linneus, Mus. Ulr. p. 264, 9 (1764) ; Syst. Nat. xii. ed. p. 767 (1767).

Diadema Misippus, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 280. Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 97
(1869).

Hypolimnas Misippus, Kirby, Catal. D. Lep. p. 225 (1871). Butler, P. Z.S. 1884, p. 481. Aurivillius,
Kongl. 8S. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1882, p. 71. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 167, pl. 12, fig. 9,11, ¢;
pl. 15, fig. 11, 9 (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 126, pl. 20, fig. 85, g 9
(1886).

Apatura Misippus, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 59, pl. 29, fig. 1, la, b, ¢ Q, lie. larva and pupa (1881).
Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1886, p. 123.

Papilio Bolina, Drury, Tlust. Exot. Ent. i. pl. 14, fig. 1,2 g (1770). Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 65,
fig. E, F, ¢ (1775).

Apatura Bolina, Zinken-Sommer, Nova Acta Aead. N. Cur, xv. p. 194 (1831).

Diadema Bolina, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 158 (1857),

Papilio Dioctppus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 28, fig. B, C, 2 (1775),

Eupl a Dioxippe, Hiibner, Verz, Schmett. p. 15 (1816).

Papilio Inaria, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 214, fig. A, B, 9 (1782).

Papilio Chrysippus, Sulzer, Gesch. Ins. p. 144, pl. 16, fig, 3, 9 (1776).

Hypolimnas Alcippoides, Butler, Annals Nat, Hist. 1883, p. 102, ?.

)
tf

Tmaco.—Male. Upperside rich dark purpurescent blue-black ; abdominal margin
brownish ; cilia alternated with white. Forewing with a large bluish-white upper-
discal oblique elongated oval patch, crossed by black veins, and broadly surrounded
with rich dark blue in certain lights; a small similar subapical spot divided by
the two lower subcostals. Hindwing with a large medial-discal irregularly-rounded
bluish-white patch, similarly surrounded by rich dark blue. Outer margin of both
wings with two very slightly-defined slender lunular lines paler than the ground-
colour, those on the hindwing being speckled with pale blue at the anal angle,
Underside. Forewing with the lower discoidal area castaneous-red, the posterior
outer area dusky castaneous-brown, and the apical area browish-ochreous, greyish
brownish-ochreous, or greyish-brown; upper-discal oblique bluish-white patch and
subapical spot as on upperside, the former extending from the costa and more or
less outwardly margined with dark dusky-brown, the latter succeeded by a sub-
marginal row of decreasing white dots, and followed by a blackish-marginal fascia
traversed by two slender bluish-white or bluish-grey partly-broken lunular lines ;
base of costal border black, and dotted with white scales ; four upper white cell-spots

NYMPHALINA. (Group NYMPHALINA.,) 145

broad and irregularly surrounded with black. Hindwing reddish-ochreous, or greyish
brownish-ochreous, brightest posteriorly ; crossed by a broad bluish-white band
extending from costal vein and ending above anal angle, where it is marked by a
slender black sinuous streak, the anterior end is outwardly black-edged, and a
black angled-bar extends across its middle from the costal to subcostal vein ; a
slender black streak edged with white extending along inner base of costal vein from
the precostal; a prominent submarginal row of small white spots, followed by a
marginal black fascia traversed by two prominent bluish-white or greyish-white
lunular lines, similar to but broader than those on forewing. ody and palpi above
black; front of thorax and head white spotted; first and second joints of palpi
white beneath; thorax and abdomen beneath black, spotted with white; legs
blackish, streaked with white ; antennz black.

Female. Trimorphic.—Fist form (fig. 1, b, ¢).—Diocippus, Cramer.—Upper-
side reddish-ochreous; cilia black alternated with white. Forewing with the apical-
half blue-black, commencing from base of costa and gradually widening across apex
of cell and then curving downward to posterior angle, across which is an upper-
discal outwardly-oblique series of five bluish white spots placed between the
veinlets, the upper spot very small and linear, the second and third elongated and
subquadrate, the fourth generally shorter and either subquadrate or ovate, the fifth
shorter and rounded ; this series is preceded on the costa by a slender white streak
and two or three obscure speckled streaks below the subcostal, and followed by a
subapical curved series of four small white spots of which the two lowest are minute ;
beyond are two marginal rows of slender bluish-white disconnected linear spots,
which latter are smallest and less defined anteriorly and posteriorly. Hindwing
with a large medial upper-discal black spot placed beneath the costal vein, and a
marginal black band traversed by an inner row of very small obscure ochreous or
ochreous-white spots, and an outer series of whiter disconnected slender lunules ;
sometimes the discocellular veinlet is slightly speckled on each side by black scales,
and its contiguous black spot of the underside is also slightly apparent. Underside,
Forewing with the lower half paler reddish-ochreous posteriorly and the apical area
beyond the upper-discal spots yellowish-ochreous, the medial area from base of costa
across the disc to posterior angle only being black ; base of costa white-speckled,
subcostal blue-white cell-spots Jarge and prominent, the upper-discal oblique white
spots, the subapical and lower submarginal spots, and marginal lunules, as above,
prominent. Hindwing yellowish-ochreous, the disc more or less slightly smeared
between the veins with chalky-white; a black slender streak at base of costal vein ;
a medial subcostal angled-bar and a large black spot at outer end of cell; a sub-
marginal row of white dots, marginal black band, and its two traversing series of
lunules broader and more prominently white or ochreous-white than on upperside.

vyoL. IV, U

146 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA,

Body and palpi above black ; thorax and abdomen speckled with bluish-white scales ;
head and palpi white spotted ; thorax beneath reddish-ochreous spotted with white ;
abdomen beneath with ochreous-white bands; legs black, femora white beneath.
Expanse, 3 to 3,9 inches. A mimic of Limnas Chrysippus (Lep. Indica, i. pl. 8).

Second form (fig. 1, d).—Alcippoides, Butler.—Differs from the first form of
female, both on the upper and underside, in the hindwing having a distinctly defined
broad chalky-white discal area. Expanse,3,% inches. Nilgiris (Coll. Hampson). A
mimic of Limnas Aleippoides (Lep. Indica, i. pl. 9, fig. 2, a, b, c).

Third form (fig. 1, e, f).—Inaria, Cramer.—Differs from the first and second
form, on the upper and underside of the forewing, in the absence of the black
ground-colour on the middle of the apical area, and the oblique upper-discal white
band, these parts being of the same reddish-ochreous as the other parts of the wing.
Hxpanse, 3 to 3,9 inches. Mhow; Ahmednuggur; Bombay. A mimic of Limnas
Klugit (Lep. Indica, i. pl. 9, fig. 1, 1a).

Larva.—* After first moult ; half inch long. Ground-colour black; dorsal line
dark and faintly marked; segmental incisions dark slate-colour ; back transversely
banded on each segment with glossy pale brown bead-shaped protuberant dots ;
abdomen dark olive-brown ; legs brick-red; head brick-red, furnished with two long
black thick branched-spines, terminating in a very fine silky hair; stigmata black,
ringed with olive; segments armed with ten longitudinal rows of dirty-white trans-
parent branched-spines two lines long—one on either side of dorsal line, one at the
base of legs, and three intermediate; a somewhat indistinct dark wavy line just
below the first and second rows of spines, counting from dorsal line; anal segment
with only two spines. After last moult; length one to one and a half inch ; fat,
cylindrical, attenuated anteriorly; ground-colour and description as above. Feeds
on the garden Purslane (Portulaca oleracea), of which it eats the whole plant. In
habits it is gregarious and voracious ; when disturbed they emit a green fluid from
the mouth. Went into pupa September 2rd.”

Popa.— Pendulous. Short and thick; light brown, without metallic spots,
variegated and streaked with bistre, particularly towards the head and tail.
Imaco.—Emerged September 10th” (Capt. H. L. de la Chaumette, MS. Notes,
Lucknow, 1860).

Hasrrat.—Throughout India up to 6000 feet in the Himalayas; Ceylon ;
Andaman and Nicobar Islands; Burma; Siam; Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula ;
Sumatra; Java; Borneo; Hong Kong; Formosa; ete.

Two FORMS OF FEMALE reared from eggs of one parent.—Mr. J. A. Betham writes,
‘““T have reared from eggs laid by one and the same female—which was, herself, of the
D. Dorippus type—both the common form which mimics D. Chrysippus and the less
common form which mimics D. Dorippus. I watched her as she laid her eggs and

NYMPHALINA. (Group NYMPHALINA,) 147

succeeded in securing four, three of which hatched and produced spiny-looking black
larvee. They fed on Portulaca quadrifida, a common weed, in the Central Provinces,
fond of garden paths. One of the larve received an injury, and just as it should
have emerged, the colours and markings—which were of a female of the common
type—were visible, it succumbed. The other two came out all right and proved to
be also females; but one was of the common D. Chrysippus type, while the other
resembled the D. Dorippus type, and had the white macular band faintly visible ;
examples of a most interesting case in which two different types were produced from
one parent. The eggs were laid on October 16th and were hatched in three or four
days. The larvae turned to pupw on November 7th and 8th, and emerged on
November 19th and 20th”’ (Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, 282).

Hermapuropite.—A hermaphrodite, the right wings of which are male, and the
left wings female (Diocippus form), taken in Kanara, 8. India, by the late Mr. S. N.
Ward, is in the British Museum.

Distrisorion, Hasirs, erc.—*‘ This butterfly appears to be almost as universally
met with in India as is Danais Chrysippus, which is the model of the first form of its
female. This form of the female (Diocippus) is the most widely distributed, probably
occurring everywhere with the male. Jam aware of its occurrence in 8. Africa, Aden,
Karachi, Simla, Oudh, Malda, Calcutta, Bombay, North Kanara, the Nilgiris,
Bangalore, Trichinopoly, Travancore, Ceylon, Katchall in the Nicobars, the Malay
Peninsula, and Batavia. At Aden, and Ootacamund, Nilgiris, and probably else-
where in India, a variety of this form of female occurs with the disc of the hindwing
on the upperside white ; it mimics the variety of Danais Chiysippus named Alcippus
[Alcippoides], which also has white on the hindwing. A second form of female
(Inaria)—differing from the ordinary female in the absence of the black ground-
colour at the apex of the forewing, and of the oblique white band, these parts being
of the same ferruginous colour as the other parts of the wing—occurs less commonly
than the other, examples of it have been taken in 8. Africa, at Aden, Karachi,
Bombay, Rajputana, Oudh, Malda, Calcutta, Bhadrachallum, Madras, Bangalore,
Ceylon, and Java. Its model is an unnamed form of Danais Dorippus {Mugii], in
which the hindwing is entirely red” (L. de Nicéville, Butt. India, 1. 127). In
North-Western India, Col. J. W. Yerbury took it at ‘‘ Campbellpore, in November
and December, Rare, only four taken in all, three males and one female. Flew to
the lights at night during Mess” (P. Z.S. 1886, 359). Capt. H. B. Hellard obtained
it at Allahabad (MS. Notes), Mr. W. Doherty obtained it at Almora, 6000 feet, and
Lower Gori, 2500 feet, Kumaon (J. A. 8. Beng. 1886, 123). The Rev. J. H.
Hocking records it from Kangra (P. Z. 8. 1852, 241). Capt. A. M. Lang found it
* tolerably abundant in Oudh and at Umballah in the rainy season (autumn), and
well into the winter. Larva reared on Portulaca oleracea” (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1864,

148 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA,

133). “The commonest butterfly in Lucknow. The larve TI have reared by
hundreds on Portulaca oleracea” (Capt. Chaumette, MS. Notes). Col. C. Swinhoe
records it as ‘‘fairly common at Karachi in August and September ; the female
mimies DLimnas Dorippus more commonly than L. Chrysippus. Also taken in Mhow,
from September to February ; the females all mimic L. Chrysippus”’ (P. Z. 8. 1884,
505; id. 1886, 425). “In Bombay and the Dekkan, it is common everywhere
throughout the year. Very plentiful in the winter; the female commonly has the
coloration and markings of LZ. Dorippus” (id. P. Z. 8. 1885, 129). “* On the wing,
the male of Misippus is a far more active insect than Bolina ; it is amost pugnacious
butterfly, perching on the tops of bushes and darting forward to attack any other
butterfly that may fly past; but I have found that when crippled and put at liberty
it speedily falls a prey to the first bird that sees it. In consequence of these fighting
propensities the wings often become battered and torn, although apparently without
greatly diminishing the activity of the insect ” (7d. Journ. Linn. Soe. Zool. 1895,
339). Mr. J. A. Betham says “ the male of this butterfly is a pugnacious little insect,
and has a rapid flight. The female not only mimics the common form of Danais
Chrysippus, but also the more uncommon ones which are known as D. Alcippus and
Dovippus. The female mimics these two uncommon forms exactly, but is commoner in
these forms than the type it mimics. Both the common form which mimics D. Chrysip-
pus and the less common form which mimics D. Dovrippus, I have reared from eggs
laid by one and the same female, which was, herself, of the D. Dorippus type. I
watched her as she laid her eggs and succeeded in securing four, three of which
hatched and produced spiny-looking black larva. They fed on Portulaca quadrifida, a
common weed, in the Central Provinces, fond of garden paths. One of the larve
received an injury, and just when it should have emerged—the colours and markings
which were of afemale of the common type, were visible—it succumbed, The other
two came out all right and proved to be also females, but one was was of the common
D. Chrysippus type, while the other resembled the D. Dorippus type, and had the
white macular band faintly visible. The eggs were laid on October 16th and were
hatched in three or four days ; the larvae turned to pupee on November 7th and 8th,
and emerged on November 19th and 20th” (Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890,
282). Messrs. J. Davidson and HE. H. Aitken write, “ Not a specimen of this was
seen in Karwar until September, when it suddenly became very common; but we
got no larvee. In Bombay and the Dekkan we have often found it at the end of the
rains, on Portulaca oleracea, commonly cultivated by the natives as a pot-herb”
(J. Bombay N.H. 8. 1890, 273). ‘This species affects more open countries than
Bolina, and is, perhaps, for that reason, not nearly so common in Kanara. During
the rainy season we have never seen it, but it begins to appear in September or
October and continues till about the end of the year. We have twice met with the

NYMPHALINA. Group NYMPHALINA.) 149

form of female which mimics D. Dorippus. The larva differs little from that of
Bolina. We have never reared it in Kanara” (id. Journ. Bomb. N. H. S. 1896,
253). Mr. G. F, Hampson obtained it in the ‘ Nilgiris, three forms of female
oceurring, mimicking L. Chrysippus, Aleippus, and Dorippus”? (J. A. S. Beng. 1888,
354). Mr. H. 8. Ferguson found it ‘common in Travancore; only one form of
female occurs mimicking L. Chrysippus”’ (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1891, 8). Capt.
HE. Y. Watson took “ numerous males at Kadur and Banavar in November, and at
Gersoppa Falls, Mysore, in January. Also other specimens in Madras, in March,
April, July and August, not so common as Bolina” (id. 1890, pp. 5, 266). Mr.
W. C. Taylor records it from “ Khorda, in Orissa, the form of female mimicking
D. Chrysippus common, the form mimicking D. Klugii very rave” (List 1888, p. 5).
Mr. L. de Nicéville says it is “ much rarer in Calcutta than Bolina. Both forms of
female occur here. The larva feeds on Portulaca meridiana in Calcutta” (J. A. S.
Beng. 1885, 44). “In Sikkim it is very rare. The only females thence that I have
seen have been of the first form, Diocippus” (id. Sikk. Gazetteer, 1894, 139). Col.
C. Swinhoe records it from the Khasias (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1893,281). Col.C.H.E. Adamson
found it ‘‘ not nearly so common in Lower Burma as Bolina; but is very common in
the dry zone of Central Burma” (List 1897, 22). Dr. F. Manders records it from
the “ Shan States, Burma” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890).

In Ceylon, it is “ found at all elevations. In the low country during September
they are particularly numerous; this and the following month appears to be the
chief time of appearance. Larva feeds on Abutilun, Abelimoschos, etc.” (Lep. Ceyl.
1.59). Capt. F. J. Hutchison, in letter from Colombo, dated October 12th, 1869,
writes, “I have caught a male hovering round a female resembling D. Chrysippus, and
have also caught the male in copula with a female of the same fulvous colour, but
without the black tip and white bar on the forewing.” Mr. W. Doherty records it
from the ‘‘ Andamans, a male taken at Mount Harriet, near Port Blair. Also both
sexes from Kar Nicobar, the female being a mimic of D. Chrysippus” (J. A. S. Beng.
1886, 258). It has also been taken on ‘* Nankowri and Katschall, Nicobars”’ (de
Nicéville, id. 1882, 16).

It also occurs in the Malay Peninsula (Distant, Rhop. Malay. 167). ‘* In Sumatra
it is very common, and abounds in open places, on roads, near houses, and especially
in newly-cut tobacco fields. The female is of the form Diocippus ; the form which
mimics D. Klugii, is not found in Sumatra, neither does it mimic the white aberration
of D. Chrysippus (Alcippus), which is found in Sumatra ” (L. de Niceville, J. A. S.
Beng. 1895, 413). Dr. Horsfield obtained many specimens in Java, the female
being a mimic of D, Chrysippus. Messrs. W. B. Pryer and D. Cator record it from
N. Borneo (Brit. N. Borneo Herald, 1894, 260). It also occurs at Sarawak
(E. Bartlett, Note Book, 1896, 87). Mr. H. Druce records it from ‘“ Chentaboon,

150 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Siam” (P. Z. S. 1874, 106). Mr. J. J. Walker, R.N., obtained “ a single male near
Kowloon, Hong Kong”’ (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1895, 455). Mr. Robt. Swinhoe obtained
several specimens in Formosa (P. Z. 8. 1866, 359). We possess four of these
Formosan specimens, the males on the upperside of the forewing, having the lower
base of the cell and a little below the median vein to middle of the disc slightly
coloured with deep reddish-ochreous scales—or the entire lower half of the cell and
broadly to middle of the disc and the submedian is densely covered with red scales,
the two marginal series of lunules on the hindwing are also prominent and bluish-
white. In the female, the upperside of the hindwing has the veins thickly black,
and their discal interspaces speckled with black scales, these scales almost covering
the area posteriorly and merging into the black of the marginal border, the costal
black spot is also large. Mr. H. E. Hobson took similar specimens in North
Formosa (P. Z. 8. 1877, 812).

Inpo-MArnayan Sprciss.—Apatura incommoda (Hypolimnas incommoda, Butler,
Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1877, p. 543. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 167, pl. 17, fig 8, 9,
d ¢ (1883). Habitut. Malay Peninsula.—Apatura Labuana (Hypo. Labuana, Butler,
Cist. Ent. i. p. 482, 2 (1879). Habitat. Labuan, Borneo.—Apatura Kesia (Hypo.
Kesia, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 812, ? ; Syn, Hypo. Priscilla, Butler, id.
p- 812, 2. Habitat. Formosa.—Apatura Philippensis (Hypo. Philippensis, Butler,
Cist. Ent. 1. p. 243 (1874). Semper, Reis. Phil. Lep. p. 130, pl. 28, fig. 7, 8, 3;
pl. 24, fig. 1—8, ¢ (1886). Habitat. Philippines.—Apatura Perimele (Pap. Perimele,
Cram. Pap. Exot. i. pl. 65, fig. C, D; pl. 67, fig. B, ¢ (1775) ; Syn. Pap. Proserpina,
Cram. ii. pl. 218, fig. C, D, ¢ (1779). Habitat. Java—Apatura Auge (Pap. Auge,
Cram, Pap. Exot. ii. p, 141, pl. 190, fig, A, B (1777). Herbst, Nat, Schmett, ix.
pl. 244, fig. 1, 2 (1798). Habitat. Amboina,—Apatura Anomala (Hyp. Anomala,
Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc, 1869, p. 285, ¢ ¢. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 169, pl, 41,
fig. 1, 2,3, 4 (1883), Semper, Reis, Phil. Lep. pl. 23. fig. 1—6, ¢ 2, Habitat. Malay
Peninsula; Sumatra; Java ; Philippines.—<Apatura Discardia (Hypo. Discardia,
Weymer, Stett, Ent. Zeit. 1825, p. 264, pl. 1, fig 6, Habitat, Nias Island,

Genus PENTHEMA.

Penthema, Doubleday, Gen, D. Lep. pl. 39 (1847). Moore, Catal, Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p, 160 (1857).
de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p, 144 (1886). Staudinger and Sehiitz, Exot. Schmett. ii.
p. 135 (1887).
Diadema (sect. 2) Penthema, Westwood, Gen, D, Lep. ii. p. 281 (1850).
Ivaco.—Male. Wings very large, broad ; upperside smoothly-scaled, except at
base of hindwings; underside smoothly-scaled. Forewing elongatedly-triangular ;
costa eyenly arched, apex rounded ; exterior margin yery oblique, uneven, posterior

NYMPHALINZ. (Group NYMPHALINA,) 151

angle rounded ; posterior margin nearly straight; cell large and broad; first sub-
costal branch emitted at one-fifth before end of cell, second at a short distance before
the end, third at nearly half-way beyond the cell and ending on the costa before the
apex, fourth reaching the apex; upper discocellular very short and outwardly-
oblique ; middle discocellular twice as long, inwardly-oblique and slightly curved ;
lower discocellular outwardly-recurved and emitting a short spur at upper end into
the cell; middle median emitted at considerable distance before lower end of cell; sub-
median vein slightly recurved. Hindwing broadly ovate, very convex externally ;
outer margin slightly scalloped; precostal vein slightly incurved; costal vein
curved upward and extending close along the margin; discocellulars outwardly-
oblique ; middle median emitted immediately before lower end of cell; submedian
and internal vein slightly recurved. Body moderately stout, abdomen rather long ;
palpi ascending, second joint reaching to the vertex and densely-clothed with hair-
scales, which are longest at the sides and tip above; apical joint rather long and
cylindrical, smoothly-scaled ; antenne long, with a gradually-formed very slender
club; eyes naked ; forelegs of male slender, clothed with rather short fine silky-
hairs; forelegs of female coarsely-scaled above, more coarsely beneath, tarsus rather
thick, joints laterally spined at the tip.
Typz.—P. Lisarda.

PENTHEMA LISARDA (Plate 333, fig. 1, la, b, f 9).

Diadema Lisarda, Doubleday, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1845, p. 233,

Penthema Lisarda, Doubleday and Westwood, Gen. D. Lep. ii. p. 281, pl. 39, fig. 3 (1847-50).
Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 160 (1857). Wood-Mason, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1881,
p. 86, pl. 8, fig. 1, ¢. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 144 (1886). Staudinger and
Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 135 (1887).

Nymphalis Euphrone, Westwood, Cabinet of Oriental Entom. p. 55, pl. 27, fig. 1 (1848).

Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside purpurescent brownish-black, the fore-
wing being slightly flushed with blue in certain lights; cilia alternated with white.
Forewing with an olivescent-white streak along lower base of the cell, two obliquely-
superposed longitudinal streaks before end of the cell, a discal curved series of
seven streaks longitudinally disposed in the interspaces from the upper subcostal to
the submedian vein, the upper four narrowly-elongated and black-speckled outwardly,
the fourth shortest, the next three broader and increasing in length, the lowest
being the broadest and cleft at its outer end, and somewhat bent below the cell; a
narrower longer streak also bordering the posterior margin below the submedian
vein ; beyond is an outer-discal transverse row of six rounded spots, the upper one
the smallest ; followed by a parallel submarginal row of seven almost-quadrate spots,

152 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

the lowest broken longitudinally across its middle. Hindwing with an olivescent-
white entire cell-area, an elongate discal streak between each interspace from the
costa to abdominal margin, the three lowest very wide; beyond is an outer-discal
series of six oval spots, the upper two being partly, or quite, confluent with its
discal streak, followed by a submarginal row of seven decreasing quadrate spots ;
the setose clothing of the median and submedian interspaces whitish. Underside,
Forewing, ground-colour basally dark purpurescent ochreous-brown, almost black,
brighter and paler ochreous-brown apically ; with markings as on upperside, of a
bluish-white colour. Hindwing rich dark brownish-ochreous, with similar markings
as on upperside, except that the streak in the costal interspace and in the lower
interspaces are more or less obsolescent ; the outer-discal spots smaller, except the
upper which is larger, and the submarginal spots also larger, and all the markings
are of a sullied ochreous-white. Thorax and abdomen above greyish-black, hair-
clothing of thorax and base of abdomen grey; front of thorax and head black and
spotted with white; palpi black, streaked with white at the sides; thorax and
abdomen beneath blackish ; sides of abdomen greyish-white ; legs black, femora
beneath white ; antenna black.

Expanse, d ? 5 to 6 inches.

Hasitat.—Sikkim ; Assam; Silhet ; Cachar; Munipur; Dafla and Naga Hills;
Upper Burma.

Distrisurion.—* Occurs commonly in deep forest in Sikkim in the summer, and
appears to be single-brooded. Mr. 8. EH. Peal has taken it at Sibsagar, and Mr. J. L.
Sherwill at Jorehat,in Assam. It also occurs in Silhet, Munipur, the Dafia and Naga
Hills”’ (de Nicéville, l.c. 145). Mr. J. Wood-Mason obtained ‘numerous specimens
in the forests near Silcuri, Cachar, in July and August, and one at the foot of the
North Cachar Hills in August”? (J. A. 8. Beng, 1886, 558). ‘It is not very rare
in Sikkim in May and June at 2000 to 4000 feet elevation” (H. J. Elwes, Tr, Ent.
Soc. 1888, 351). ‘Major J. F. M. Fawcett has taken it at Singla, Sikkim, at 2000
feet elevation in May, and Mr. G. C. Dudgeon in Daling at 1500 feet in May and
June commonly. It is single-brooded. I possess specimens from Upper Burma”
(de Nicéville, Sikk. Gaz. 1894, 140). ‘It occurs in the Chin Hills very rarely, in
February ” (id. Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1899),

PENTHEMA DARLISA (Plate 334, fig. 1, la, b, ¢ 2).

Penthema Darlisa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 829. Wood-Mason, Journ. As, Soe. Bengal,
1881, p. 87, pl. 3, fig. 2, g. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 145 (1886).

Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside. Differs from P. Lisarda in having the
ground-colour darker, the forewing also more distinctly flushed with glossy-blue in

NYMPHALINA, (Group NYMPHALINA.) 153

certain lights. Forewing with similarly-disposed markings, but all being smaller and
of a distinct violescent bluish-white, those within the cell being very small, short and
oval, the lower broken into two portions, the discal series also very small and short,
except the lower, which is either elongate and slender in the middle or divided into
two portions; the two outer series of spots are somewhat smaller, and the sub-
marginal row cordate in shape; the posterior marginal streak is entire, but its base
is tinged with pale dull straw-yellow. Hindwing with similarly-disposed markings,
but all of a pale sullied straw-yellow; the cell-area divided into either two or three
streaks; the discal streaks shorter and narrower, and in the female are coalescent
with the outer-discal spots; uo streak present above the subcostal; the outer-discal
oval-spots are larger, and the submarginal spots much larger, conical, and deeply
excavated externally ; the setose clothing of the median and submedian interspaces
brown. Underside; ground-colour as in P. Lisarda, Forewing with the markings,
as on upperside, violescent bluish-white. Hindwing with the markings, as on
upperside, those of the female being broader, and sullied ochreous-white,

Expanse, 5 to 5,5 inches.

Hasrrat.—Burma; Upper Tenasserim.

Disrrisution.— Fairly common in high forests throughout Burma” (de Nicé-
ville, Journ. Bombay N. H. 8. 1899). “Capt. C, T. Bingham obtained nume-
rous specimens in the Thoungyeen forests in Upper Tenasserim ”’ (id. Butt, India,
ii. 145). Col. C. H. E. Adamson obtained “a single specimen near the Siamese
frontier in Tenasserim, in March. It had settled on some elephant dung” (List
1897, p. 22). Mr. W. Doherty obtained ‘‘ specimens at the foot of the Karen Hills”
(BO Zy S..1891, 276). .

PENTHEMA BINGHAMI (Plate 335, fig. 1, la, 2).

Penthema Binghami, Wood-Mason, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1881, p. 87, pl. 4, fig. 1, ¢. Butler,
Ann. Nat. Hist. 1882, p. 372. de Nicéville, Butt. of Indi, ete,, ii. p. 146, front plate, fig. 121,
3 (1886).

Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Differs from P. Darlisa, on the forewing, in the
absence of the cell and lower-discal markings, their positions and shape, however,
being apparent by slightly paler spaces than the purpurescent brownish-black
ground-colour ; the oblique upper-discal spots are black-speckled and less prominent,
and the two outer rows of bluish-white spots are less sharply defined. On the
hindwing the cell and discal streaks are also absent; the outer-discal and sub-
marginal spots are of a pale sullied straw-yellow, and are of the same size and shape
as in Darlisa, the outer end of the lower-discal streaks being also present ; the

VOL. IV. x

154 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

setose clothing of the base is more thickly developed and of a dark brown colour ;
the hairy clothing of thorax and base of abdomen being also dark brown.
Underside. Ground-colour somewhat darker than in Darlisa. Markings as on
upperside, those of the forewing deeper bluish-white, those on the hindwing sullied
ochreous-white.

Expanse, d 5 inches.

Hasirat.—Upper and Middle Tenasserim.

DistrisuTion.—The type was taken by Capt. C. T. Bingham in the Thoungyeen
forest, Upper Tenasserim. ‘ Mr. T. A. Hauxwell obtained a male in the Daunat
Range and another in the Thoungyeen Valley, both in April. I have a single male
taken in the Yunzalin Valley, Middle Tenasserim, in April” (de Nicéville, J.
Bombay N. H. 8. 1899).

Curnuseé Species.—Penthema Michallati, Janet, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1894,
p. 225. Habitat. Tonkin.—Penthema Gallorum, Obérthur, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr.
1897, p. 175, fig. 2. Habitat. Tonkin.—Penthema formosana (Isodema formosana,
Rothschild, Noy. Zool. v. p. 603, figure (1898). Habitat, China.

Genus DOLESCHALLIA.

Doleschallia, Felder, Neues Lep. p. 14 (1861). Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 38 (1881). Distant, Rhop.
Malay. p. 87 (1883). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 267 (1886). Staudinger and Schatz,
Exot. Schmett, ii. p. 129 (1887).

Imaco.—Male. Wings short, broad. Forewing triangular ; costa very convex,
its base slightly excavated, apex pointed; exterior margin slightly sinuated,
broadly and obtusely angulated outward below the apex, the middle concave and
posterior angle rounded ; posterior margin slightly recurved ; costal vein extending
to two-thirds the margin; first subcostal branch emitted at one-fifth before end of
the cell, second branch at a short distance before the end, third at fully one-third
beyond and ending at the apex ; upper discocellular very short, middle discocellular
rather short and concave ; cell open, very broad; median veinlets widely separated,
upper much arched from the base; submedian vein nearly straight. Hindwing
triangular; base of anterior margin broadly lobate, apex obtuse; exterior margin
obliquely convex, slightly sinuated and produced hindward at end of submedian
into an elongated tail ; abdominal margin convex basally and concavely divergent
to anal angle; precostal vein bent outward towards the end; costal vein much
arched and extending to apex ; radial emitted at some distance from base of sub-
costal branch ; cell open ; lower median emitted from opposite base of radial; base
of wing thickly clothed with longish hairs, which, along the submedian and lower

NYMPHALINA!. (Group NYMPHALINA.) 155

abdominal area are more dense and longer, and enclose a broad bare scaled-space on
the middle of abdominal margin. Body short, stout, thorax and base of abdomen
clothed with woolly hairs; palpi large, porrect, flattened beneath and clothed with
appressed scales, hairy above, apex pointed ; fore tarsus of male slender, compactly
hairy ; fore tarsus of female slender, smoothly-scaled, femur fringed beneath with
very fine silky hairs, tarsal joints with lateral spines at tip; antenne with a well-
developed club ; eyes naked.

Larva.—Hlongated, somewhat slender; head armed with two erect branched-
spines ; segments armed with a dorsal, a subdorsal, and lateral rows of branched-
spines.

Pupa.—Stout ; dorsum arched, thorax elevated and rounded posteriorly, oblique
in front ; head-piece produced into two pointed processes.

Typr.—D. Bisaltide.

DOLESCHALLIA INDICA (Plate 336, fig. 1, la, b, ¢, ¢ ¢ ; fig. 2, 2a, b, J, larva and pupa).

Doleschallia Bisaltide, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 38, pl. 19, fig. 1, la, 9; 1b, larva and pupa
(1881), nec Cramer.

Doleschallia Polibete, de Nieéville, Butt. of India, etc., 1. p. 268 (1886), nee Cramer. Davidson
and Aitken, Journ. Bombay N. H. 8. 1896, p. 257, pl. 3, fig. 2, 2a, larva and pupa.

Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside olivescent brownish-ochreous ; cilia alter-
nately edged with white. Forewing with the apical half black, its lower edge curving
from the subcostal irregularly across upper end of cell and the disc, thence decreasing
in intensity to base of exterior margin, and sometimes enclosing a small ochreous spot
between the upper and middle medians; an oblique subapical sinuous-edged broad
yellowish-ochreous band extending from the costa, this band having a large somewhat
quadrate outer lower end, which is either slightly connected or entirely separated from
the inner portion in both sexes, or in some males from Kanara and Tenasserim, the
lower end is almost obsolete, being present only as an obscure speckle or a similar
slender lunule, and in some Tenasserim females the band is entire; the upper discal
area from the black band is broadly yellowish-ochreous merging posteriorly into the
darker ground-colour. Hindwing with the anterior margin broadly dusky olivescent-
brown, a more or less distinct black upper and a lower outer-discal dot, and two
wavy marginal lines, the inner line diffusedly-speckled, the outer linear. Underside.
Male. Ground-colour either dark rich reddish-ochreous, ochreous-brown, olive-
brown, or purpurescent brownish-ochreous (presumably wet-season brood), obliquely
fasciated with grey or chalybeate lilacine-grey. Both wings crossed by a discal

x 2

156 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

slender black line, which is sinuously bent inward to the costa of the forewing, the
line being outwardly edged by dusky grey scales, which widen out and are whitish
at the costal end, and inwardly edged by a pale grey line; the inner-discal area
speckled with grey and black scales. Forewing also with two prominent black-
edged silvery-white sinuous bars, or two similar-shaped obsolescent bars, crossing
middle of the cell, and a small white spot below the cell; a broad sinuous patch
of the dark ground-colour outwardly bordering the discocellulars; beyond is a
submarginal row of more or less distinct, or obsolescent, blackish-edged white dots,
the two lower ocellated, the lowest being bipupilled, the upper spot ending on the
costa in a larger white dentate spot; followed by a marginal indistinct slender
grey-speckled brown sinuous line. Hindwing also with a small similar prominent
silvery-white dentate spot, or an obsolescent spot, near lower end of cell and one
also above the cell; beyond is a submarginal series of two upper-discal ocelli
placed in the subcostal and radial interspaces, and a lower-discal ocellus in the
middle and lower median space, the two intervening interspaces sometimes obscurely
showing each a smaller pale spot and central dot; outer border with a marginal
indistinct slender sinuous brown line, which is more defined and outwardly broadly
grey-speckied posteriorly and terminates in a black speckled patch at caudal
end. Female. Ground-colour duller purpurescent brownish-ochreous, or of various
shades of dark olivescent purplish-brown or olive-brown (presumably wet-season), with
markings as in male, but less defined, the cell marks being obsolescently-white or
yellowish-white, or the ground-colour is uniformly brownish-ochreous with the basal
marks of the ground-colour (presumably dry-season brood). Body and palpi above
olivescent-brownish ochreous ; palpi beneath and pectus white ; body beneath and
legs brown.

Expanse, ¢ 2,8, to 3, ¢ 3)’ inches.

Larya.—Elongated, somewhat slender; head armed with two erect branched-
spines; segments armed with a dorsal, a sublateral, and lateral rows of branched-
spines. Colour of segments and spines purplish-black, with a lateral series of white
quadrate spots.

Pupa.—Stout ; dorsum arched ; thorax elevated and rounded posteriorly, oblique
in front ; head-piece produced with two pointed processes. Colour pale reddish or
reddish-purple, marked with black dots and strigz.

Hasitat.—N.E. and South India; Ceylon; Burma; Tenasserim.

Distripution, Hapits, Etc.—This “is a common species at low elevations in
Sikkim, and occurs also in Assam and Silhet”’ (de Nicéville, l.c. 269). In Sikkim
it is “a common species up to 4000 feet elevation, from April to December. It
settles on rocks and banks of earth with wings closed, when it is hard to see, but is
not shy” (H. J. Elwes, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 366). ‘The larva is said by Mr. G. C.

NYMPHALINZ. (Group NYMPHALINA.) 157

Dudgeon to feed on various species of Nettles, and is very conspicuous and common
on the Tuckvar Spur at 3500 feet elevation” (de Nicéville, Sikkim Gaz. 1894, 147).
Specimens are recorded from “ Silcuri, Cachar, taken in June” (J. A. S. Beng. 1886,
362). Col. C. Swinhoe records it from the Khasias” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1893, 289).
Messrs. Davidson and Aitken record it from the North Kanara District as
occurring “from August onwards, when the males may be found basking on the
Hill tops, but we very rarely saw a female, and all our specimens of that sex were
bred. We have found eggs and larva in September and October, on a species of
Evranthemum, which belongs to the same natural order as the food-plants of all the
Junonias and Kallima. The eggs are laid in batches, and the larva are gregarious ”’
(Journ. Bombay N. H. 8. 1896, p. 257). A male from Kanara, 8. India, is in Col.
Swinhoe’s and our own collection. Mr. H. 8. Ferguson took it in Travancore,
where he found it ‘‘rare, two only being taken, one on the Hills, and one near
Trevandrum ” (7d, 1891,10). In Ceylon, according to Mr. F. M. Mackwood’s Notes,
“Tt is scarce; found only from about 2000 to 4000 feet range.” Capt. Hutchison
took it in “‘ February and August in the edges of the low country forest paths
in the Eastern Province” (Lep. Ceylon, i. 38). Col. J. W. Yerbury obtained
specimens at Kandy, which are now in the British Museum. In Burma, Lieut. D.
Thompson took it in “Chin-Lushai Country during the Expedition from the Chitta-
gong side, in the cold weather of 1889-90” (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1890, 2). Dr. N.
Manders records it as ‘“‘ an uncommon species, in the Shan States at 3000 to 5000
feet elevation” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 525). Col. C. H. E. Adamson says “this
insect was common about the villages on the banks of the Houngdraw River in
October, 1880, where it settled on the mud under and near the native houses. I
have also taken it near Bhamo” (List 1897, 26). Mr. Otto Limborg took it at
* Hatseiga” (P. Z. 8. 1878, 828). Signor L. Fea found it in the ‘Karen Hills in
November.” Mr. H. J. Elwes records “ many examples from Tavoy and the Hills”
(J. A. S. Beng. 1887, 421).

Of our illustrations on Plate 336, figs. 1, la, b, c, are from male and female
Sikkim specimens ; fig. 2, the larva and pupa from Kanara, copied from Messrs.
Davidson and Aitken’s published figures, and fig. 2, a, b, from a Kanara male.

DOLESCHALLIA ANDAMANICA (Plate 335, fig. 2, 2a, b,c, ¢ 2).

Doleschallia Pratipa, Moore, P. Z.S. 1877, p. 584, nee Felder.
Doleschallia Polibete, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. pl. 23, fig. 103, g, nee Cramer.

Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside rich deep brownish-ochreous, Forewing

158 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

with the oblique subapical band pale ochreous, and the upper-discal area narrowly
very slightly paler than the ground-colour. The subapical band is entire in both
sexes, its outer lower portion not being disconnected, but extends above and below
the lower radial, its lower end being quadrate and excavated on both its inner and
outer sides; the black oblique band is comparatively broader than in Sikkim or
Burmese specimen of D. indica. Underside. Male. Ground-colour rich pur-
purescent reddish-ochreous, clouded with rich dark yellowish, purpurescent, and
greyish-ochreous, or the ground-colour is dark olive clouded with deeper olive, the
normal markings being very prominent, the basal marks on both wings larger and
broader than in D. indica, being either pure white or pale yellow, and on the
hindwing there are only two submarginal prominent larger ocelli, the ordinary upper
one being obsolescent. Underside of female. Ground-colour dark olive (presumably
wet season) or uniformly brownish-ochreous (presumably dry season), the markings
more or less indistinct, the basal marks the same as the ground-colour. Two large
ocelli only, on the hindwing.

Expanse, d 3 to 3;, % 3 to 3, inches.

Hasrtar.— Andamans ; Kar Nicobar.

Distripution.—Numerous specimens were taken by the late Mr. F. de Roépstorff
at Port Blair, S. Andamans. Mr. W. Doherty records it as “not common on Kar
Nicobar, being probably an immigrant from the Andamans” (J. A. S. Beng. 1886,
258).

Inpo-Matayan Sprctes.—Doleschallia Pratipa, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats, iv.
p. 399 (1860); Reise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 406 (1866). Butler, Trans. Linn. Soe. Zool.
1877, p. 5389, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 88, pl. 11, fig 8, ¢; pl. 9, fig. 6, ? (1883).
de Nicéville, J. A. S, Beng, 1895, p. 488. Hagen, Iris, 1896, p. 181, pl. 1, fig. 1, 2,
larva and pupa, Habitat, Malay Peninsula; Sumatra.—Doleschallia Niasica,
Butler, Annals of Nat, Hist. 1884, p. 59, 9. Habitat. Nias Island.—Doleschallia
Borneensis. Male. Upperside differs from typical Malay and Sumatran Pratipa, on
the forewing, in the subapical fulvous band having a partly disconnected broad
quadrate lower end, the black band beneath it also being broader, In the female the
subapical band and the black band are also broad, the latter being entire, the bordering
upper-diseal pale area hardly extending to the lower median, Hxpanse, 2;% to 2;
inches, Habitat. Borneo.—Doleschallia Bisaltide (Pap. Bisaltide, Cramer, Pap.
Exot. ii. pl. 102, fig, C, D (1779). Habitat. Java—Doleschallia Polibete (Pap.
Polibete, Cramer, id. iii, pl. 234, fig, D, E), Distant, Ent. Mo, Mag. 1885, p. 41.
Habitat. Amboina; Waigiou; Batchian.—Doleschallia Semperi (D. Polibete,
Semper, Reis. Phil, Lep. p. 115, pl. 22, figs. 1 to 10, ¢ %. D. Bisaltide,
Semper, Verh. Z. B. Ges, Wien, 1867, p. 698, larva, Habitat. Mindanao;

Luzon,

NYMPHALINZ. (Group NYMPHALINA.) 159
Genus KALLIMA.

Kallima, Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. plate 52 (1849); Westwood, id. p. 324 (1850). Felder, Neues
Lep. p. 14 (1861). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 36 (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 429 (1886).
de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 257 (1886). Staudinger and Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii.
p- 128 (1887). Kirby, Allens Nat. Hist. Butt, i. p. 105 (1894).

Callima, Herr. Scheffer, Lep. Exot. ii. p. 54 (1858),

Imaco.—Wings large, very broad and short; apex of forewing in male acutely
pointed, in female produced to a lengthened point. Male. Forewing triangular ; costa
much arched and slightly excavated at the base ; apex produced to an acute point ;
exterior margin long and convexly-angulated hindward, almost even; posterior
margin long, slightly recurved, the angle obtuse; costal vein extending to three-
fifths of the margin ; first and second subcostal branches emitted before end of the
cell, third branch at about one-fourth beyond the cell and extending to apex, fourth
and fifth at three-fourths and ending below the apex; cell short, very broad; upper
discocellular extremely short and outwardly oblique; middle discocellular rather
short, inwardly-oblique and slightly concave; lower discocellular also inwardly-
oblique and slightly curved, the radials from their angles ; median veinlets very wide
apart, upper median arched from its base, middle median emitted immediately before
lower end of cell ; submedian recurved. Hindwing triangular, lengthened hindward
and produced into a narrow tail at end of submedian vein; anterior margin broadly
lobate at the base, apex obtuse; exterior margin obliquely-convex, almost even ;
abdominal margin very long and excavated hindward from end of internal vein to
tip of tail; precostal vein straight and strongly bifid near its end; costal vein well
arched and extending to the apex; upper and lower discocellular outwardly-oblique
and curved; cell closed; middle median veinlet emitted immediately before lower
end of cell; abdominal area densely hairy. Body very robust; head and thorax
densely clothed with lax scaly hairs; base of abdomen clothed with long woolly
hairs; tip of abdomen compactly scaled; palpi large, porrect, pointed at apex,
flattened beneath, densely scaly ; forelegs of male slender, tibiz and tarsi densely
but compactly clothed with moderately short hairs; forelegs of female long, slender,
scaly, dilated at the tip, the inside of which is rounded off and armed beneath with
four pairs of short spines indicating the joints at the extremity, the terminal joint
being minute and simple; antenne with a gradually-formed slender club; eyes
naked, large.

Eec.—[Inachus.] ‘ Not particularly large; round; ribbed vertically.”

Larva.—Adult. “Head armed with two long branched-spines. Segments
covered with rather long hairs ; armed with eleven rows of branched-spines.”

Pura.—* Simple. Thorax slightly keeled; abdomen with small dorsal conical
points.” (From G. C. Dudgeon’s Note.)

160 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA,

Typz.—K. Paralekta.

DisrriputTion Or Genus.—The species of this genus occur in India, where they
are met with all along the Himalayas, from Kashmir on the West to Bhotan on the
East, in Assam, Naga and Khasia Hills, Silhet, Cachar, Orissa, Hills of Central
India, the Eastern Ghits as far South as the Godavery, the Western Ghats, and
South India; also Ceylon, the Andamans, and in Burma; Tenasserim; Malay
Peninsula; Sumatra; Java; Borneo; S. and W. China.

SeasonaL Forms.—In our descriptions and figures of the species of this genus
we have assigned, as seasonal forms, several which have hitherto been considered
distinct,

According to the observations of Messrs. J. Davidson and H. H. Aitken (Journ.
Bombay N. H. Soc. 1896, 256) “the wet and dry season forms of K., Horsfieldi, are as
different as Junonia Asterie and Almana. ‘he wet-season form is small, dark green
above, and faintly ocellated on the underside, with the apex of forewing scarcely
produced at all; the dry-season form is large, pale on the upperside, very variable
on the underside, but without a trace of ocellation, and has the apex produced into
a point which is sometimes quite a quarter of an inch in length; the hyaline marks
may be present in either form.”

Hasits, aND Protective Mimicry.—*‘ They are not as a rule found at any great
elevation, and seem confined to the lower valleys in the different mountain and hill
ranges ; they frequent rocky nullahs where there is shade, and are strong on the
wing and rapid in their movements. When at rest they are extremely difficult to
detect—owing to their wings being usually closed over the back when in repose, not
expanded, and each fore and hindwing together form the exact representation of a
leaf, of which the point at the apex of the forewing forms the tip, and a
long tail at the anal angle of the hindwing represents the stalk ; the latter when the
butterfly is in repose frequently rests against the stem on which the butterfly has
settled, and produces the impression that the leaf is actually growing out of it;
from the tail to the apex a more or less prominent rib-like mark extends, answering
to the mid-rib of a leaf, and on either side branching veins extend more or less
distinctly marked—and the first indication of their presence is generally the flash of
brilliant blue and yellow as they rise with a rapid dart, startled by any movement
near their resting-place, and exposing the brightly-coloured upper surface of the
wings. They do not asa rule fly far, but the rapidity with which they alight again
and the concealment with which their colours provide them with when settled,
render them rather difficult to capture. In Sikkim K. Jnachis is an extremely
common butterfly, often settling on the banks of streams to suck up the moisture,
also on the trunks of certain trees, which, I presume, furnish them with a juice of
which they are fond” (L, de Nicéville, Jc. 258). “ When frightened, it invariably

NYMPHALINZ. (Group NYMPHALINA.) 161

settles, as far as I have noticed, with closed wings on a twig or branch. It some-
times, as Mr. Elwes points out (P. Z. S. 1888, 866), settles with open wings, but on
these occasions it has, I feel sure, no thought of enemies. It is particularly fond of
the juice from the bark of certain trees, and eagerly sips up the ‘ sugar’ of moth
collectors. Stale beer, also old beer casks, are an irresistible attraction to these
butterflies ” (id. Sikkim Gaz. 1894, 146). Capt. A. M. Lang says K. Hiigelii “has a
very rapid, irregular pitching flight, now high over the tree tops, then low. It is
fond of the shelter of large trees, near the roots of which it suddenly pitches, and
when settled you may hunt long to see it, however carefully you have watched it
settle, so perfectly does it resemble a dead leaf”? (Ent, Monthly Mag. 1864, 181).
Mr. A. R. Wallace writes:—‘* By far the most singular and most perfect
disguise I have ever met with in a Lepidopterous insect is that of a common Indian
butterfly, Kallima Inachis, and its Malayan ally (K. Buxton). 1 had the satisfaction
of observing the habits of the latter in Sumatra, where it is rather plentiful at the
end of the dry season. It is a large and showy insect when on the wing, the upper
surface being glossed with blue and purple, and the forewings crossed obliquely by
a broad band of rich orange. The under surface of the wings is totally different,
and is seen at a glance to resemble a dead leaf. The hindwings terminate in a little
tail, which forms the stalk of the leaf, and from this to the apex is a slightly curved
dark brown line representing the midrib. The transverse strive which cross the
discoidal cell in many butterflies are here continued so as to form lateral veins, and
the usual submarginal strix on the hindwings, slightly modified, represent others
towards the base of the wing. But it is only when the habits of the insect are
observed that the disguise becomes manifest in all its perfection. This butterfly,
like many others, has the habit of resting upon a nearly vertical twig or branch,
with the wings closed together so as completely to conceal the upper surface. In
this position, the little tail of the hindwings exactly touches the branch, and we now
see why it is always curved inwards a little; for if it were quite straight, it would
hang clear of the branch, and thus fail to represent an attached leaf. There is a
little scallop or hollow on the margin of the forewings at the base, which serves to
conceal the head of the butterfly, which is very small for its size, and the long
antenne are carried back and hidden between the folded wings. When sitting on a
twig in the manner described, the insect is to all appearance a perfectly dry leaf,—
yet it is evident that its chances of escape would be much increased if it were
surrounded by real dry leaves instead of by green ones; for if, when pursued, it
took shelter in a growing bush, it could hardly fail to be still a conspicuous object.
Marvellous to relate, it does possess the habit of almost invariably entering a bush
loaded with dead leaves, and is so instantly lost to sight, owing to its close resem-
blance to all the surrounding objects, that I doubt if the most vigilant fly-catcher
VOL. IY. x

162 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

could detect it. I have myself often been utterly puzzled. I have watched it settle,
apparently in a very conspicuous situation, a few yards off, but on crawling carefully
up to the spot have been quite unable to detect any living thing. Sometimes, while
gazing intently, a butterfly would start out from just before my eyes, and again
enter another dead bush a few yards off, again to be lost in the same manner. Once
or twice only was I able to detect it sitting, and admire the wonderful disguise which
a most strange combination of colour, form, and habits enabled it instantaneously to
assume. But there is yet another peculiarity which adds to the concealment of this
species. Scarcely two of the specimens are alike in colour on the underside, but
vary through all the shades of pale buff, yellow, brown, and deep rusty-orange
which dried leaves assume; others are speckled over with little black dots like
mildewed leaves, or have clusters of spots or irregular blotches, like the minute
fungi that attack dead leaves; so that a dozen of these insects might settle on a
perfectly bare spray, and clothe it at once with withered foliage not distinguishable
from that of the surrounding branches” (Science Gossip, 1867, p. 195).

KALLIMA HUGELII.

Dry-season form (Plate 337, fig. 1, la, g; lb, ¢, ?).
Paphia Hiigelii, Kollar, in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. pt. 2, p. 482, pl. 9, fig. d 2 (1844).
Kallima Hiigeli, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. (1879), p. 12. de Nieéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 261
(1886).
Paphia Paralekta, Westwood, in Royle’s Himalayan Botany, pl. 10, fig. 3, a, b, ¢ (1839).
Callima Inachis, Herr. Scheffer, Exot. Schmett. p. 77, fig. 7, 8, g (1852).

Tvaco.—Male and female. Apex of forewing prolonged, longest in the female.
Male. Upperside. Basal areas pale greyish-blue, the outer border of wing pos-
teriorly, and of the hindwing broadly fulvescent bluish-grey, or olivescent-grey ;
submarginal sinuous line black, prominent. Forewing with the apex violet-black
and bearing a small opaque-white dentate subapical spot; costal border broadly
black-speckled ; crossed by a broad outwardly-oblique discal fulvous band, extending
from the costa to outer margin, where it is sullied and more or less minutely
speckled with minute dark brown strigz ; outer edge of the band waved, inner edge
sinuous and broadly black bordered from the subcostal to below the middle median,
where it joins a black-bordered small hyaline oval spot. Hindwing with the apex
and outer border more or less speckled with minute dark brown strigz, and traversed
by an outer-discal series of three or four black-speckled somewhat ocellate obscure
patches. Underside. Ground-colour either greyish-ochreous, of uniform tint
throughout or with slightly darker olivescent-ochreous ordinary inner oblique

NYMPHALINZ (Group NY MPHALINA.) 162

upper and outwardly-oblique lower fasciz#, and more or less distinct olive-brown
rib-line, and sometimes blotched with fungoid patches of black and olive-brown
scales, or the ground-colour is pale olivescent ochreous-brown, blotched with pale
ochreous patches speckled with black scales. Body and palpi above pale greyish-
blue, beneath and legs pale greyish-ochreous ; antennz black above, tip reddish-
ochreous, shaft beneath whitish-ochreous.

Female. Upperside as in male, the basal areas and outer borders paler.
Underside as in male; the ground-colour either paler greyish-ochreous or pale
olivescent-ochreous, with or without fungoid patches.

Expanse, d 4, ?4,;4 mches.

Wet-scason form (Plate 337, fig. 1, d,e, ¢).
Kallima Boisduvali, Moore, Trans. Ent, Soc. (1879), p. 12.

Male and female, Smaller than in dry-season form. Apex of forewing blunt-
pointed. Male. Upperside with the fulvous band narrower, its inner-edge more
broadly black bordered and the hyaline spot somewhat smaller and narrower, the
subapical white spot also smaller ; the basal areas of both wings much darker blue ;
the outer borders also darker and of a dusky fulvescent-brown. Underside
ochreous-brown or violescent ochreous-brown, numerously covered with dark brown
speckles and strige; rib-line prominent, dark olive-brown with pale inner edge ;
ordinary inwardly-oblique basal and the outer fascize and submarginal sinuous line
more or less prominent ; the discal obscurely-defined ocelli on hindwing with black
central dot.

Female. Upper and underside as in the male, but somewhat paler.

Expanse, ¢ 3,, ? 3,% inches.

Hasitat.— Western Himalayas; Kashmir,

DistrisutTioN aND Hasirs.—‘‘ This is the common form of the genus occurring
in the Western Himalayas, and distinguished from the Eastern form (A. Inachis)
by its much paler blue coloration on the upperside” (de Nicéville, l.c. 261). Capt.
A. M. Lang says “it appears only on the plainswards spurs of the Himalaya, I
have taken this butterfly at Kasauli and Subhatoo, two military stations between
Simla and the Plains, but no further into the mountains” (MS. Notes). “It has a
very rapid, irregular pitching flight, now high over the tree tops—then low. It is
fond of the shelter of large trees, near the roots of which it suddenly pitches, and
when settled you may hunt long to see it, however carefully you have watched it
settle, so perfectly does it resemble a dead leaf” (id. Ent. Mo, Mag. 1864, 181).
The Rev. J. H. Hocking, in his “ Butterflies of the Kangra District,” states that it
is “single brooded in July. Flies about till the cold weather in November, and then
hibernates, and comes out again in April. Taken at sugar in April” (P. Z. 8. 1882,

2 a

164 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

939). Major H. B. Hellard obtained it in “ Kashmir and Masuri, September and
October” (MS. Notes). Mr. W. Doherty took it in the “ River Valleys, Kumaon,
2000 to 5000 feet’? (J. As. S. Beng. 1886, 121). ‘ Very common in the low valleys
of the Western Himalayas, and in the Dehra Dhun, in August and September ”’
(P. W. Machinnon, J. As. S. Beng. 1898, 377). We possess specimens of the dry
and wet season form from the Western Himalayas, Kashmir, and Kasauli. Mr.
P. Crowley has a dry-season female from Raneket, Kumaon.

KALLIMA BUCKLEYI.
Dry-season form (Plate 338, fig. 1, la, g; 1b, ¢, ¢).
Kallima Buckleyi, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. (1879), p. 11.

Ivaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing with a somewhat shorter, broader, and
darker fulyous band than in K. Hiigelii or Inachus, its inner sinuous-edge slenderly
black-bordered, the discal black spot small and blind, or, if the hyaline centre is
present, it is only visible as a minute white dot; subapical spot also small; basal
area uniformly dark greyish steel-blue; submarginal sinuous line very obscure.
Hindwing uniformly dark greyish steel-blue, minutely black speckled ; submarginal
sinuous line slender, not prominent. Underside. Ground-colour more or less pale
or dusky purpurescent-brown, the ordinary inner and outer fascie darker; very
sparsely, or numerously, speckled with black scales; the discal ocelli on hindwing
more or less obsolescent.

Female. Upperside. With similar broad fulvous band as in male, its inner
sinuous-edge slenderly black-bordered, and the discal white spot small and very
slender; the subapical spot larger; the basal area and the hindwing paler greyish-
blue. Underside with the ground-colour either bright reddish-brown, darker
ordinary fascia, or pale greyish-ochreous with pale olivescent-brown fascie, the
ocelli more or less obsolescent.

Expanse, ¢ 4;%, % 4% to 4; inches.

Wet-season form (Plate 339, fig. 1, la, g; 1b, c,d, >).

Kallima Huttoni, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. (1879), p. 12.
Kallima Atkinsoni, Moore, id. p. 10, Q.

Male and female. Smaller than dry-season form. Apex of forewing bluntly-
pointed ; fulvous band comparatively broader than in wet-season form of Higeli,
the discal black spot small, either blind, or with a minute slender white dot;
subapical white spot small ; basal area and hindwing dusky vinous-blue. Underside.
Ground-colour deep reddish-brown, with purplish-grey ordinary fasci#, obscure

NYMPHALINA, (Group NYMPHALINA.) 165

ocelli, and prominent pale edged rib-line, or deep brownish-ochreous with darker
fascia, and obscure greyish ocelli.

Expanse, 3 3,% to 3,8, ¢ 3,% to 4 inches.

Hasrtat.— Western Himalayas.

Distripution.—We possess the type specimens of both sexes of the dry-season
form (Buckleyi), from the Himalayas, taken by the late Col. F. Buckley and Capt.
T. Hutton, and also of the wet-season form (Huttoni), from Masuri, from the same
collections.

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 338, figs. 1, la, b, c, are from the
male and female types of Buckleyi—the dry-season form; and those on Plate 339,
figs. 1, la, b, c, from the male and female types of Huttoni—the wet-season form ;
and fig. 1, d, from the type of Atkinsont.

KALLIMA INACHUS.
Dry-season form (Plate 340, fig. 1, la, g; 1b, c, ?).

Paphia Inachus, Boisduval, in Crochard’s Edit. Cuv. Rég. Anim. Ins. ii. pl. 139, fig. 3, ¢ (1836).
Kallima Inachis, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1879, p. 11. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii p. 261
(1886).

Imaco.—Male. Upperside ; basal areas dark bright glossy violet-blue; apex of
forewing acutely pointed. Forewing with the apical area violet-blue-black; a broad
outwardly-oblique discal fulvous band extending from the costa to outer margin,
where it is thickly speckled with dark brown short strigz, its outer-edge somewhat
waved, its inner-edge sinuous and black bordered from the subcostal to below the
middle median, where it is contiguous to a black-bordered large oval hyaline white
spot; outer margin traversed by a submarginal sinuous black line; a small white
dentate subapical spot. Hindwing with the outer area somewhat fulvescent and
thickly speckled with minute dark violet-brown strigz, traversed by a submarginal
sinuous black line, and an outer-discal curved series of more or less indistinct darker
ocelloid patches centred with a black dot, placed in the interspaces from the subcostal
to lower median veinlet. Underside. Ground-colour various shades of violescent
ochreous-brown, brownish-ochreous, or violescent greyish-brown, more or less
sparsely speckled with black scales; a transverse discal pale edged olive-brown
rib-line extending from apex of forewing to the tail on hindwing; hyaline spot, and
the discal normal ocelloid spots on hindwing partly ringed with yellowish-ochreous
and black scales; submarginal line olive-brown, less sinuous on the hindwing ;
basal and outer oblique normal diffused-fasciz, or lines, olive-brown. Body and
palpi above violescent-blue, beneath and legs pale ochreous-brown,

166 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Female. Apex of forewing prolonged. Upperside similar to male, except that
the basal areas are paler violet-blue. Forewing with the discal hyaline spot larger ;
the inner edge of fulvous band less black bordered. Hiindwing with the discal series
of patches more distinct. Underside. Ground-colour paler shades of ochreous-
brown, violescent or olivescent greyish-brown than in male, similarly speckled,
markings also similar; sometimes both wings are blotched with olive-brown and
black-scaled fungoid patches.

Expanse, ¢ 4 to 4,9, ? 4;% inches,

Wet-season form (Plate 341, fig. 1, la, ¢;1b, c, 2).
Kallima Ramsayi, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1879, p. 12.

Male and female. Smaller than dry-season form; forewing in both sexes
sharp pointed. Male, Upperside with very dark and prominent markings; the
sinuous inner edge of fulvous band deeply black bordered, the hyaline spot large,
the submarginal sinuous line very prominent. Female somewhat paler blue, the
outer border of hindwing also paler. Underside. Various shades of chestnut-
brown, brownish-ochreous, or greyish brownish-ochreous, sparsely black speckled ;
the rib-line prominent, and sometimes with ochreous blotches or blackish fungoid
patches.

Expanse, ¢ 3,4) to 3,%, ? 3,% to 4 inches.

Larva.—Adult. “ Velvety-black covered with rather long yellowish hair.
Head armed with two long branched-spines; segments armed with eleven rows of
branched-spines. All the spines reddish.”

Pura. Simple. Thorax slightly keeled; abdomen with small dorsal conical
points. Colour pale brownish-buff variegated with slaty irrorations,” (From G,. C.
Dudgeon’s Note.)

Hasirar.—Hastern Himalayas; Nepal; Sikkim, Bhotan ; Upper Assam; Naga
and Khasia Hills; Orissa; Hastern Ghats; Pachmarhi Hills.

Distrisurion, Hasirs, nrc.—This species is restricted to the Eastern Himalayas
and other localities as above given. We have verified specimens from each—
excepting those recorded from Assam, Orissa, and the E. Ghats. Mr. H. J. Elwes
states that ‘‘ it is common in Sikkim up to about 5000 feet elevation, from March to
November,” and says “‘ this insect has been specially noticed by Wallace and later
writers as an instance of protective resemblance to dead leaves, and this is, no doubt,
very striking when settled with the wings closed ; but this is not the universal habit
of the butterfly, which I have sometimes seen settled on a branch with the wings
open, when it is a very conspicuous object” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 366). Mr. L, de
Nicéville also records it as ‘‘common in Sikkim at low elevations,” and states that

NYMPHALINA, (Group N¥YMPHALINA.) 167

“when frightened it invariably settles, as far as I have noticed, with closed wings
on a twig or branch. It sometimes, as Elwes points out, settles with open wings,
but on these occasions it has, I feel sure, no thought of enemies. It is particularly
fond of the juice from the bark of certain trees, and eagerly sips up the sugar of
moth collectors. Stale beer, also old beer casks, are an irresistible attraction to
these butterflies. Mr. G. C. Dudgeon has bred the larva, in Bhotan, on a common
blue-flowered plant named Strobilanthes capitatus” (Sikkim Gaz. 1894, 146). Col.
C. Swinhoe has received numerous specimens from the Khasias, and refers to them
as being “identical with the Burmese form, K. Limborgii” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1893,
289). In Orissa, according to Mr. W. C. Taylor, “it is common in the Mals at
Khurda” (List, p. 6, 1888). A female is in Col. Swinhoe’s collection from
Pachmarhi, Central Provinces, taken in August by Mr. J. A. Betham, who states
that it is “found fairly common down in the Khuds and ravines about this
Sanatorium ” (Journ. Bombay N. H. S. 1890, 284). Mr. de Nicéville records it as
having been taken by Mr. W. Doherty on the Eastern Ghats north of the Godavery ”
(Butt. India, ii. 261).

Lire History.—* August 22nd, 1894:—Saw seven ova laid, in the Bhutan
Hills at 1800 feet elevation, on the leaves of different plants of Giradinia heterophylla,
Polygonum orientalis, and Strobilanthes capitatus. Eggs not particularly large for so
large a butterfly; colour dark green, round, ribbed vertically with creamy-yellow.
August 27th to 29th.—Larve emerged. Head black and shining ; body dark brown,
shiny, with two dorsal and two lateral rows of warts, each wart bearing a stiff black
hair, the anterior warts bearing three hairs. These are real hairs, not spines, as
appears clearly under a microscope; head not hairy. Larve grow very fast at
this stage, and feed on the Strobilanthes capitatus. August 31st.—First moult.
Verticillate spines now appear instead of hairs ; also two long spines on the head,
which did not exist in the first stage. Colour shiny-black. Larva almost exactly
resembles that of Pareba vesta, for which doubtless they have been taken, thereby
remaining undiscovered until now. September 3rd.—Second moult. Spines on
second segment very short and small; both subdorsal series of spines yellowish-
buff at the base; a dorsal row of spines from the fifth segment, shorter than the
subdorsal ones, not yellowish-buff at the base ; two last segments with a transparent
appearance. September 8th.—Third moult. Same as second. Spines long, and
eleven in number; bases of subdorsal spines orange-yellow ; the second out of
line; dorsal and two lateral rows of spines long, two small spines just above the
legs on each side. When the skin is just shed, the spines are very short, and
the larva combs them out with its mandibles and anterior legs. The long spines
on the head are truncated, and grow in much the same way as do a butterfly’s
wings when just emerged from the pupa. At first they are hardly apparent, but

168 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA,

gradually they become first bumps, then short thick protuberances, until they are
finally fully developed. September 138th.—Fourth and last moult. Larva velvety-
black (the orange spots haying disappeared), covered with rather long yellowish
hair. All the spines reddish. General appearance that of a Lasiocampa or
Gastropacha larva. September 22nd.—Three larve hung up for pupal change.
Four pupated on the 23rd. Pupal stage lasts about ten days” (G. C. Dudgeon,
Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. ix. 342 (1895).

Of our illustrations of this species, Plate 340, figs. 1, la, b, c, represent the
male and female dy-season form, from Sikkim examples, and Plate 341, figs. 1,
la, b, c, the types of Ramsayi, the wet-season form, from Nepal.

KALLIMA LIMBORGII.

Kallima Limborgit, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 828; Trans. Ent. Soc. 1879, p. 10. de Nicéville,
Butt. of India, etc., il, p. 262 (1886).

Wet-season form (Plate 342, fig. 1, la, g @).

Male and female. Upperside of a deeper and more uniform steel-blue than in
Inachus, violescent tinted in some lights. Forewing with the fulvous band brighter,
its inner sinuous edge more diffusedly black-bordered ; the discal hyaline spot small
and almost circular. Underside either pale brownish-ochreous, fulvescent or
purpurescent-ochreous, with darker olivescent-brown or brown ordinary fascie ;
sparsely black speckled, and sometimes blotched with black and grey scaled fungoid
patches, or the ground-colour is more uniformly olivescent-grey or pale reddish-
ochreous, with shghtly darker fasciz ; and more or less distinct rib-line.

Expanse, ¢ 4, ? 4; inches.

Dry-season form (Plate 342, fig. 1, b,c, 2).

Male. Upperside paler blue, and more violescent-tinted than in wet-season,
the fulvous band paler. Female. Upperside paler than in male, the basal areas of
a greyer blue tint, and sometimes with a violescent flush, the fulvous band also paler,
and the hyaline spot larger, Underside. Various shades of yellowish or pale
ochreous-brown, with darker brown fasciew, sparsely speckled with darker scales,
and a prominent rib-line; or more uniformly pale purpurescent-ochreous, with
pale olivescent-brown fasciz, darker rib-line, and sometimes blotched with fungoid
patches.

Expanse, ¢ 3,%, 2 3, to 4;% inches.

NYMPHALIN ZA. (Group NYMPHALINA.) 169

Hasitat.—Burma ; Upper Tenasserim.

Disrrisution.—Col. C. H. E. Adamson records it as being found frequent in
forests throughout Burma. He possesses examples from Akyab, taken in April;
Chindwin Valley, July; Bhamo, February; and Shweegoon, near Moulmein,
August. Mr. P. Crowley, from Looshai and Tenasserim. We have type
specimens from Meetan and Taoo, Upper Tenasserim. Capt. C. T. Bingham
took it in the Thoungyeen Valley in February and October. Mr. F. C. Godman has
it from E. Pegu, taken in March and April by Mr. W. Doherty, and from
Bankasoon, taken by Mr. A. O. Hume. Mr. Leonardo Fea took it on Mount
Karen, 1000 feet, in April, on the Karen Hills in November, and at Palone in
August. Mr. W. Doherty records it from the ‘ Karen Hills and Ruby-mines
Districts” (P. Z. 8. 1891, 283). Capt. E. Y. Watson obtained ‘‘a single male in
the Chin Hills 3500 feet, in the rainy season” (J. Bombay N.H.S. 1897, 656) ;
**Poungadaw, Upper Burma; Beeling, Upper Tenasserim ” (id. 1886, 6); ‘* Pauk,
October; Tilin, November” (jd. 1891, 41). Dr. N. Manders records it as “a
common species in the Shan States, in the later rainy months” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890,
525).

KALLIMA PHILARCHUS.
Dry-season form (Plate 343, fig. 1, la, J; 1b, ¢,9).
Amathusia Philarchus, Westwood, Cabinet of Oriental Entom. p. 56, pl. 27, fig. 4, ¢ (1848).
Kallima Philarchus, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1879, p. 15; Lep, of Ceylon, i. p. 37, pl. 20, fig. 1, 2
(1881). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 265 (1886).

Imaco.—Male. Upperside indigo-blue, sometimes changing to a greenish tint ;
cilia grey. Forewing with the apical area blue-black, containing a small opaque-
white subapical spot ; an oblique transverse discal broad pale blue somewhat curved
band, its outer edge sinuous and posteriorly crossed by a submarginal sinuous
blackish line, its inner edge marked by a black discocellular streak and an outer
lower broken streak extending to or beyond the lower median ; sometimes a minute
hyaline discal spot is present between the middle and lower median veinlets; two
ill-defined dark streaks are also visible within the upper end of the cell. Hindwiny
with the apical area tinged with dusky-brown; a submarginal bluish-black sinuous
line and a less-defined lower marginal line; a series of two or three outer-discal
obscurely-defined ocellate spots also apparent. Underside either purpurescent
ochreous-brown or brownish-ochreous, with darker fasciz# and speckles, prominent
rib-line, and obscure discal ocelli, or the ground-colour is vinaceous-grey with pale
olive-brown fascie, outer-discal obscure ocelli, and less defined rib-line, or some-
times the ground-colour is more uniformly olivescent-grey.

Female. Upperside similar to but paler than in male, the basal areas of a
greenish tint, the band on forewing whitish. Underside pale olivescent-ochreous,

VOL. Iv. September 23rd, 1899. Z

170 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA,

with obscure darker olivescent-brown fasciz, dark rib-line, discal spots and speckles,
and sometimes with blackish-speckled fungoid basal patches. Body and palpi above
blue, beneath and legs pale ochreous; antennz black above, tip and beneath reddish-
ochreous.

Expanse, ¢ 3. to 4, 2 4,%, inches.

Wet-season form (Plate 344, fig. 1, la, $; 1b, c¢, 9).

Kallima Mackwoodi, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1879, p. 14; Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 37, pl. 20, fig. 2, 2a
o 2 (1881). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 266 (1886).

Male. Upperside similar to the dry-season form. Forewing with a prominent
large oval hyaline spot between the lower medians, and a smaller spot also in the
upper median interspace. Underside. Ground-colour either olivescent-ochreous,
black-speckled, and with indistinctly-defined darker oblique purpurescent fasciz and
prominent brown rib-line, or violaceous-grey with olivescent-fascie, or uniformly
reddish-ochreous, black speckled, and very prominent olive-brown rib-line. ore-
wing with the two hyaline spots as on the upperside. Hindwing with outer-discal
more or less obscure ocelli.

Female. Upperside similar to the male, but paler; the basal areas of a greenish
tint ; the band on forewing whitish; hyaline spots the same. Underside pale
reddish-ochreous with darker fasciz, black speckles, and pale-edged olive-brown
rib-line. Forewing with hyaline spots as above. Hindwing with obscure pale
ochreous ocelli.

Expanse, 3 3,4) to 3,%, 9 3,8 to 4,% inches.

Hasrrar.—Ceylon.

Disrrigut1lon.—Occurs in the “ medium range principally and upwards. Always
found in the jungle. Most plentiful in the Ambigamoa District” (F. M. Mackwood,
MS. Notes). ‘A very rare butterfly; taken at Kandy” (Capt. Wade). Col.
J. W. Yerbury obtained numerous specimens at Peripacherakullum, on the Kandy
road to 'Trincomalie, in October, 1890.

KALLIMA HORSFIELDII.

Dry-season form (Plate 345, fig. 1, la, d; 1b, ¢, 2).

Paphia Horsfieldti, Kollar, in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. pt. 2, p. 434, pl. 10, 9 (1844).

Kallima Horsfieldii, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1879, p. 13. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 265
(1886). Davidson and Aitken, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soe. 1890, p. 227; id. 1896, p. 256,
pl. 2, fig. 5, 5a, larva and pupa.

Imaco.—Upperside similar to K. Philarchus. Distinguished by -having the
blue-band on forewing comparatively narrower posteriorly, its inner black streaks

NYMPHALINA. (Group NYMPHALINA.) vp}

being more linearly disposed, its outer edge less irregularly-curved across the wing,
thus somewhat widening the black outer-border more broadly hindward towards
the posterior angle, and consequently giving the blue band a straighter appear-
ance; the blue colour of the band is also somewhat darker; the hyaline spots
either absent, or when present, very small. Underside. Ground-colour either
pale purpurescent-ochreous with slightly darker fasciz, pale edged olive rib-line,
basal black-speckled fungoid patches, and discal ocelloid spots, or the ground-colour
is uniformly pale purpurescent-grey, with slightly-defined pale olivescent fascia,
prominent olive-brown rib-line, and obscure discal ocelloid spots.

Female. Upperside much paler than in male; the band on forewing as in
male, but also much paler, and its inner black streaks similarly linearly disposed,
thus giving it a straighter appearance than in K. Mackwoodi. Underside pale
yellowish-ochreous, with slightly darker olivescent yellowish-ochreous fascie, olive
brown rib-line, and obscure discal ocelloid spots, or the ground-colour is more
uniformly dull pale greyish-ochreous, with prominent olive-brown rib-line,

Expanse, ¢ 3 to 3;4, 2 3, to 4;% inches.

Wet-season form (Plate 346, fig. 1, la, darva and pupa; 1b, c¢, 5 2).
Kallima Wardi, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1879, p. 14, d. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 266,
pl. 23, fig. 104, 9 (1886).
Kallima Doubledayi, Moore, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1879, p. 14, @ 2.

Male. Upperside similar to the dry-season form; the blue band on forewing of
the same shape and dark tint of blue, the two oval hyaline spots distinct. Underside
rich purpurescent reddish-brown or dark ochreous-brown, black-speckled, with
greyish-bordered darker fasciw, prominent pale-edged rib-line, and obscurely-defined
discal ocelli, the upper centred by the hyaline spots.

Female. Upperside similar to male; the blue band paler, its inner black
streaks more prominent and continued to the subcostal ; hyaline spots prominent.
Underside rich brownish-ochreous, with grey-bordered darker fasciew, prominent
grey-edged olive-brown rib-line, grey points to submarginal sinuous line, and distinct
grey-ringed discal ocelloid spots.

Expanse, ¢ 8 to 3,4, ? 3, to 4 inches.

Larva.— Cylindrical, finely pubescent; segments golden-brown, armed with
nine longitudinal rows of red branched-spines; head black, surmounted with two
long straight black horns set with minute spines; legs blackish. Feeds on Karvi
(Strobilanthes) ” (Davidson and Aitken, l.c. 1890, 277).

Pupa.—Large ; golden-brown; dorsum arched, with a dorsal and lateral series
of broad segmental points ; thorax arched and broadly angulate posteriorly ; head-
piece cleft, and pointed in front.

172 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Hasitat.—Western Ghats ; Bombay ; S. India.

Disrripution, Hasrrs, pto.—Kollar states that Hugel’s specimens of Horsfieldit
were from the Himalayas. This is, doubtless, an erroneous locality; ‘‘ Scind Hills,”’
given as the locality of K. Doubledayi, is also very doubtful. All the specimens we
have examined are from the Southern Hills. It has been taken on the Matheran
Hill, near Bombay, by Mr. Newton, and by Dr. J. D. Smith. Col. C. Swinhoe
obtained it at “Poona in August, and on the Khandalla Ghats in August, being a
very difficult insect to capture, as it keeps to the tops of the trees on the slopes of
the Hills” (P. Z. 8. 1885, 129). Dr. A. Leith took it at Belgaum. Mr. P. Crowley
has a male of the dry-season form from Karwar, another from Khandalla taken in
October, and a female of wet-season form also from Karwar, also a male from
N. Kanara, taken by Mr. Wise in July. We possess dry-season male and female
from Koonoor, Nilgiris, and Travancore, and wet-season male also from the Nilgiris.
Mr. E. H. Aitken says, “I believe this butterfly is fairly common in every well-
wooded part of the N. Kanara District. It appears chiefly in March, April, and
May, when dead leaves are about, and haunts dry nullahs and ravines, flashing into
sight suddenly and as rapidly disappearing into a tree, where, after long and cautious
peering you (fail to) discover it sitting motionless on the trunk, inaccessible to your
net. When you do catch one it is broken. I suppose their habit of settling in the
interior of a tree, upon the trunk or lower branches, tends to break their wings.
According to the Rev. A. B. Watson, of Poona, this, and several other butterflies,
which most successfully defy the net, may be captured wholesale at ‘sugar.’ He had
sugared some trees for moths without success, but passing afterwards by daylight,
he found that they had become the rendezvous for half a dozen species of butterflies,
of which he took as many as he pleased, the present species, in particular, being so
infatuated or so drunk that it allowed itself to be taken with the fingers”? (Journ.
Bombay N. H. 8. 1886, 132). ‘We found one larva of this butterfly in July on
Karvi (Strobilanthes), and after careful examination, discovering nothing except its
colour to distinguish it from Hypolimnas bolina, decided that it must be a larva of
the large form of that butterfly. The likeness of the pupa to that of bolina was still
more exact, and the emergence of a beautiful Kallima took us completely by
surprise’? (J. Davidson and E, H. Aitken, id. l.c. 1890, 277). “ We have only one
species of Kallima in the N. Kanara District. It is a very variable butterfly, and
the wet and diy-season forms are as different as Junonia Asterie and Almana. The
wet form is small, dark green tinted above and fairly ocellated on the underside,
with the apex of forewing scarcely produced at all. The dry form is large, pale on
the upperside, very variable on the underside, but without a trace of ocellation, and
has the apex produced into a point which is sometimes quite a quarter of an inch in
length ; the hyaline marks may be present in either form. The butterfly is very

NYMPHALINZ. (Group NYMPHALINA.) 173

common, specially during July and August, among Karvi (Strobilanthes), on which
the larva feeds, but is more difficult to catch than most butterflies, owing to the
swiftness of its flight and its habits of always resting on the trunk of a tree, head
downwards, in situations in which a net is not easily manceuvred. No butterfly,
however, is more easily seduced with liquor. It flies in the day, but keeps out of
the sun” (id. l.c. 1896, 256).

Mr. G. F. Hampson obtained it in the “ Nilgiris, from 2000 to 4000 feet elevation,
being rare on the Northern, not uncommon on the Southern Slopes. Comes freely
to sugar” (J. As. Soc. Beng. 1888, 356). Mr. H. S. Ferguson records it as “ not
uncommon in Travancore” (Journ. Bombay N. H. 8. 1891, 9),

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 345, fig. 1, la, b, c, represent the
male and female dry-season form (Horsfieldii), and on Plate 346, figs. 1, la, the larvae
and pupe, fig. 1 being copied from Davidson and Aitken’s published figure, and
fig. la from an original drawing received from the same authors.

KALLIMA ALOMPRA.

Kallima Alompra, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1879, p. 14, ¢ 2. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii.
p. 265 (1886).

Male. Similar to dry-season form of K. Horsfieldii. Upperside. Forewing
with the blue band of somewhat darker tint; discal spots minute. Underside
greenish-brown, or pale purpurescent-grey, with slightly darker olivescent fascie,
prominent olive rib-line, and obscure ochreous-ringed discal ocelli.

Female. Upperside paler than in male; the band on forewing also paler and
bluish-white ; discal spots minute. Underside ochreous, black speckled, with grey-
bordered darker olivescent-ochreous oblique fasciz, pale-edged olive rib-line and
obscure discal ocelli.

Expanse, ¢ 3,5, 2 4 inches.

Hasrrat.—Burma.

Nove.—The only examples of this species known to us are the type specimen
in our own possession, and the male and female in the Hewitsonian collection.
Each is labelled “ Burma,” but from what district, we, as yet, know not. From
the description above, it will be seen that it is totally distinct from A. Anyvetti.

KALLIMA KNYVETTI (Plate 347, fig. 1, la, 3).

Kallima Knyvetti, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 267 (1886). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soe, 1891,
p. 283. Smith and Kirby, Rhop. Exot. pt. 22, Kall. pl. 1, fig. 3, 4, ¢ (1892).

Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing with the apical half deep indigo-blue,

174 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

black, the basal area dark obscure bluish-green ; the oblique discal band broad and
violaceous bluish-white, its course straight—not curved as in other species,—its
edges uneven and with diffused darker blue; a moderate-sized oval hyaline spot
between the middle and lower medians; the discocellular veinlet defined by a
slender line of the basal ground-colour, but there are no dark linear markings in
front of it, as are preseut in the other species ; a submarginal acutely-sinuous black
line extending from the middle median to posterior margin; a small opaque-white
subapical spot. Hindwing dark bluish-green, the apical area ochraceous and brown
speckled ; a submarginal sinuous black line, and the outer-discal ordinary series of
ocelloid spots obscure ; the cell area and broadly below it towards the tail, including
the abdominal margin, thickly clothed with fine hairs. Underside. Ground-colour
dark purpurescent or olivescent ochreous-brown, with darker olive-brown speckles,
rib-line, oblique fascize, and submarginal line, or the ground-colour is reddish-ochreous
with darker fasciz and other markings.

Expanse, 3 3,% to 4,% inches.

Hasitat.—Bhotan ; Naga Hills; Burma.

Disrrisution.—The type specimens were “ obtained by Mr. A. V. Knyvett in
the forest beyond Buxa, Bhotan, in August’? (de Nicéville, lc. 267). We have
examined males from Bhotan in the collection of Mr. F. Godman and of Mr. H.
Grose-Smith ; males from the Naga Hills taken in August by Mr. W. Doherty in
Mr. P. Crowley’s collection, and a male from the Daunat Range, Burma, taken in
March, in Mr. Grose-Smith’s possession. Mr. W. Doherty found it in the ‘‘ Naga
Hills, 5600 to 7000 feet, from June to September.” Mr. L. de Nicéville records a
“single male obtained in the Daunat Range, Upper Tenasserim, in March, 1895, by
Mr. T. A. Hauxwell” (J. Bombay N. H. S. 1899, p. 334),

KALLIMA ALBOFASCIATA (Plate 347, fig. 2, 2a, ?).

Yallima albofasciata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 584; Trans. Ent. Soc. 1879, p. 18. de Nicé-
ville, Butt. ot India, ete., ii. p. 263 (1886).

Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside glossy greyish indigo-blue ; cilia grey.
Forewing with the apical area blue-black and with a small opaque bluish-white
subapical spot, which in the female is somewhat larger and divided by the fourth
subcostal veinlet and has a white dot below it; an oblique medial-discal cream-white
band, its outer edge waved, its inner edge sinuous and black bordered ; a discal oval
hyaline black-bordered spot; outer border traversed by a blue-black sinuous sub-
marginal line. Hindwing with the anterior margin pale lilacine-ochreous and brown
speckled; a submarginal blue-black sinuous line. Underside. Male. Ground-colour

NYMPHALINZ. (Group ARGYNNINA.) 175

either pale purpurescent greyish-ochreous, olivescent-ochreous, or purpurescent
brownish-ochreous, with slightly darker ordinary fascia, more or less prominent
pale-edged olive rib-line, obscure discal ocelloid spots, and sometimes mottled with
blackish speckles or with basal blackish-speckled fungoid patches. Female more
or less olivescent yellowish-ochreous, sparsely black-speckled, slightly darker
fasciz, obscure discal ocelloid spots, and pale-edged olive-grey or brown rib-line.

Expanse, ¢ 3,4, to 3;, % 3; to 3,% inches.

Hasirat.—South Andamans.

Disrrisution.—Numerous examples of this species were taken by the late Mr.
F. de Roepstorff at Port Blair, S. Andamans.

Typo-Matayan Sprcres.—Kallima Buxtoni, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soe. 1879, p. 10.
Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 429, pl. 37, fig. 2, d (1886). de Nicéville, Journ. As.
Soc. Beng. 1895, p. 482. Syn. K. amphrufa, Fruhstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1898,
p. 192. Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; Nias ; Borneo.—Kallima Spiridiva,
Grose-Smith, in Forbes’ Nat. Wanderings, p. 274 (1885). de Nicéville, J. As. Soe.
Beng. 1895, p. 432. Syn. K. Spiridion, Grose-Smith and Kirby, Rhop. Exot. Kal/.
pl. 1, fig. 1, 2, ¢ (1892). Habitat. Sumatra.—Kallima Paralekta (Paphia Paralekta,
Horsfield, Catal. Lep. Mus. HE. I. Company, pl. 6, fig. 4, d (1828). Doubleday and
Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep. pl. 52, fig. 3, % (1849). Moore, Tr. Ent, Soc. 1879,
p- 9, 6 %. Syn. K. Hewitsoni, Moore, lc. p. 9, %. Habitat. Java.—Kallima
Chinensis, Swinhoe, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1893, p. 255, Habitat. W. China.—Kalliina
Eucerca, Fruhstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1898, p, 191. Habitat, Liukiu, Island of
Okinawa.

Group VI. ARGYNNINA.

Dryades, Hiibner, Tentamen Lep. p. 1. (1806); Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 29 (1816).

Argynnites, Blanchard, Hist. Nat. des Ins. il. p. 331 (1845).

Argynnide (part), Duponchel, Catal. Méth. Lep. Eur. p. 2 (1844). Guénee, Faun. Lep. EB. et L. p. 17
(1867).

Argynnidi, Stephens, Catal. Brit. Lep. B. M. p. 13 (1850). Stainton, Manual Brit. Lep. i. p. 21
(1857). Scudder, Butt, U. S. i. p. 502 (1889), Tutt, Brit. Butt. p. 271 (1896)

Argynnides (part), Kirby, Eur. Butt. p. 21 (1862), Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. 6. M. p. 100 (1869),

Argynnide, Newman, Brit. Butt. p. 21 (1871).

Argynnine, Doherty, Journ. As. Soe. Bengal, 1886, p. 109.

Argynnina, Moore, Lep. Indica, ii. p. 227 (1895).

Nymphalina (part), Herr. Scheff. Prod. Syst. Lep. p. 17 (1864). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 83
(1882).

Nymphalide (part), Lang, Rhop. Eur. p. 159 (1884).

Nymphaling (part), de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 1 (1886).

Nymphalideé (Argynnis Group), Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 112 (1887).

Cynthine, Doherty, Journ, As. Soe. Bengal, 1816, p. 109.

176 LEPIDOPTERA INDIOA.

CHARACTERS OF THE Group ARGYNNINA.

Imaco.—Forewings elongately triangular, or triangular ; apex obtuse or rounded ;
exterior margin more or less slightly scalloped, or even. Hindwings short, broad,
obovate, in some subquadrate ; exterior margin more or less slightly or prominently
scalloped, in some with a more or less prominent broad caudate angle at end of the
upper median veinlet.

Larva.—Head hairy, either armed with two vertical branched-spines, or, not
armed. Body armed with from six to nine longitudinal rows of branched-spines.

Pupa.—More or less constricted at the waist ; thorax arched ; wing-cases ample
and prominent; either with dorsal conical tubercles, which, in some are slender, in
others the anterior and the posterior dorsal pair are abnormally long, enlarged and
broadly expanded at the base; head very obtusely or more or less acutely bifid.

Ecc.— Sugar-loaf shaped’? (Scudder). ‘‘ As high as wide or higher; ribs
rather numerous, heavy, blunt, anastomosing, projecting at apex, with numerous
distinct cross lines”? (Doherty).

Genus CETHOSIA.

Cethosia, Fabricius, Tliger’s Mag. vi. p. 280 (1807). Latreille, Consid. Gen. p. 440 (1810).
Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. i. p. 150 (1848). Crotch, Cist. Ent. i. p. 65 (1872). Moore, Lep. of
Ceylon, i. p. 51 (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 170 (1882). Semper, Reisen Phil, Lep.
p- 100 (1881). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 31 (1886). ;

Alazonia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 46 (1816),

Eugramma, Billberg, Enum, Ins. p. 78 (1820).

Imaco.—Male. Forewing subtriangular; costa arched, apex convex, exterior
margin oblique, sinuous; costal vein extending to two-thirds the margin; first
subcostal branch emitted immediately before end of the cell, second branch at one-
fourth beyond the end, third branch at one-half, fourth and fifth at nearly two-thirds
beyond the cell; upper discocellular extremely short, bent inward contiguous to
subcostal, second discocellular deeply concave and inwardly-oblique, lower disco-
cellular long and slightly concave ; cell broad, truncate at the end ; two upper median
yeinlets from lower end of the cell, the upper being much arched from the base,
lower median at more than one-third before its end ; submedian vein recurved.
Hindwing short and broad; exterior margin convex, deeply sinuous; costal vein
extending to the apex ; precostal spur curved outward and emitted at some distance
beyond base of subcostal; first subcostal branch emitted at one-fourth before end
of the cell; discocellulars curved obliquely outward, lower very slender, radial from
their middle ; two upper median branches from lower end of cell, lower median
from opposite base of second subcostal; submedian vein straight, internal vein
recurved at its base. Body moderately stout ; palpi ascending, finely pilose, second

NYMPHALINZ. (Group ARGYNNINA.) 177

joint projecting one-third above the head; third joint short, pointed ; forelegs of
male slender, nearly cylindric; femur and tibia of about equal length, scaly above,
very slightly hairy beneath ; forelegs of female smoothly-scaled, femur slightly hairy
beneath, tarsus dilated beneath and rounded at tip, apical spines slender and acute.

Type.—C. Cydippe.

Larva.—{ Mahratta.] ‘* Cylindrical ; constricted between each pair of segments,
and tapering towards the head. Segments armed with six longitudinal rows of fine,
pointed spines ; on the head with one pair of longer, blunt spines.”

Pupa.—‘‘ Suspended vertically ; slender, with two large foliaceous processes
springing from middle of the back, and many less prominent processes and tubercles
on the head, thorax, and abdomen.”

Foop-pitant aNd Hapits or Larva.— Feeds on the wild Passion flower (Modecca
palmata), and is gregarious all through its lfe” (Davidson and Aitken, Journ.
Bombay N. H. Soc. 1890, 270).

Notr.—Mr. de Nicéville remarks, ‘‘ Where these butterflies occur they are
usually numerous in individuals, and very conspicuous from their bright coloration.
Owing to the strong scent with which their bodies are impregnated, they are
probably distasteful to insectivorous animals” (Butt. India, 11, 33).

CETHOSIA CYANE (Plate 348, fig. 1, la, f; 1b, c,d, e, 9).

Papilio Cyane, Drury, Ilust. Exot. Ent. i. pl. 4, fig. 1, 2 (1770). Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 503 (1775).
Donovan, Ins. Ind. pl. 35, fig. 2 (1800).

Cethosia Cyane, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschmir, pt. 4, p. 443 (1844). Doubleday and Hewits. Gen. D. Lep.
p- 150 (1850). Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 100 (1869). de Nicéville, Butt. of India
ete., ii. p. 33 (1886).

Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing with the basal area from lower half-
length of cell and across the disc obliquely to near posterior angle, rich fulvous-red ;
the outer area of the wing from base of costa to posterior angle, bluish-black ;
crossed by an upper-discal outwardly-oblique irregular-edged, bluish-white band,
bearing two black spots in the lower medial and upper median interspaces ; above
the band are two superpesed subapical more or less ill-defined slender incomplete
lanceolate white marks, pointing inwards, the lower one being slightly coalescent
with that portion of the discal band ; followed by a submarginal series of more or
less distinct small white spots, the upper two or three rounded the others lunate
and longer, the two medial being coalescent or merged into that portion of the
discal band, the two lowest slender and fulvous-red ; beyond is a marginal series of
well-defined slender deeply-angled marks, one in each interspace except the lowest,

vou. Iv. April 10th, 1900. Aa

178 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

where there are two forming a YW-shaped mark ; medially within the lower-discal
area are three superposed small black spots, and within the upper area of the cell the
black and fulvous colour is divided into more or less distinct and irregular cross-bars.
Hindwing rich fulvous-red, with a broad outer-marginal black band, two inwardly-
oblique subcostal angular black bars, three black discal spots outside the cell, an
outer-discal series of round black spots, and a submarginal diffused series of con-
tinuous black lunules partly coalescing with the marginal band, above which is a
slender fulvous-white costal lunule, and on the marginal black band is a series of
well-defined slender inwardly-pointed deeply-angled white marks; cilia white.
Underside. Both wings with the ground-colour of basal area rich deep red, the
medial discal area traversed by a fulvous sinuous band, but which, on the forewing
is present only from the lower median to posterior margin, and a similar coloured
narrow fascia inwardly bordering a broad black outer marginal band, on which
latter is a series of sharply-defined slender inwardly-pointed deeply-angled white
marks, each of which latter is centred by a white streak extending inward from the
ciha. Forewing also with the upper-discal oblique white band, the area above and
below being black, as above, with the two upper and also three similar lower slightly-
defined slender lanceolate marks, followed by a submarginal series of sinuous slender
marks; base of costa with two black dots; cell area crossed by black bars,
interspaced with red, and violaceous bars; the lower basal area with an inner black
spot, four superposed medial discal spots and a similar row of less-defined outer
contiguous smaller spots, the interspace between the two series being violaceous-
white; sometimes a small black loop-mark is present between the basal spot and
lower discal pair. Hindwing also with the basal area crossed by five interrupted
series of black bars, followed by a dentate spot near end of cell; the extreme basal
and the medial interspaces being violaceous-white, and the subbasal and outer space
deep red ; bordering the red area is a similar discal series of black marks, the upper
one of which is an angular bar and the lower irregular-shaped spots ; followed by a
broad discal whitish band outwardly-edged by a series of very small black spots,
and beyond by an outer-discal whitish band traversed by an inner row of black
spots, and an outer row of small lunular spots in pairs between each interspace.
Thorax blackish, clothed with olivescent-fulvous hairs; abdomen above fulvous,
beneath black spotted; front of head black, streaked with white; palpi above olive-
brown, tip black, sides and beneath white; femora black, sides white streaked ;
tibee and tarsi fulvous-brown; antennz black.

Female. Upperside either similar to male, the basal areas being paler fulvous,
palest on the hindwing, with the lower-discal spots on forewing mostly obsolete,
and those on the hindwing less prominent, or the forewing is black with an olivescent
tinge, the veins basally and their borders sometimes ferruginous ; the lower basal

NYMPHALINZ. (Group ARGYNNINA.) 179

area greyish-white, powdered with dusky olive scales, the interspaces of black cell-
bars darker olive, bluish-white upper-discal oblique band, submarginal lunular spots
and marginal angled-marks as in male, but more prominent, the lower-discal black
spots larger, two inner smaller spots also present before the lower pair. Hindwing
greyish white, the costal border and outer margin black, the latter with angled-
marks as in male, and an inner row of greenish-white lunules ; the two inner-discal
black spots and the outer-discal row of spots are larger, and between them is a
parallel medial-discal row of smaller less-defined spots ; sometimes also the inner-
discal series is composed of five spots, one in each interspace, and also with an
additional spot within the cell. Underside with the ground-colour and marginal
markings greenish-white, the interspaces of cell-bars, in forewing, and of those of
hindwing, darker bluish-green; oblique white band and black markings as on
upperside ; base of forewing and subbasal streak on hindwing more or less red.

Expanse,¢ 3,8, to 4, ? 3 to 4,% inches.

Larva.—Cylindrical; purplish-black, segments with alternate yellow and
crimson bands. Head armed with two long spines, segments with dorsal and lateral
rows of fine spines. Feeds on Passiflora, July. (Described from drawing by Major
C. H. E. Adamson. )

Hasitat.—Masuri; Oudh; Eastern Himalayas; Assam; Cachar; Silhet;
Khasias ; Calcutta; Orissa; Burma; Upper Tenasserim.

Disrripution.—It is recorded from Masuri by Kollar (Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv.
2, p. 443). Capt. A. M. Lang obtained ‘a single specimen in a wild jungle spot on
the Gogra, in Oudh” (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1864, 131). “It is a common species in
Sikkim, Assam, and the Khasia Hills. I have taken a single female in Calcutta in
the cold weather. Mr. Wood-Mason took it in Cachar. It has also been taken in
Sibsagar, Upper Assam; it also occurs in Silhet, Manipur, Arakan, Pegu, and Upper
Tenasserim” (de Nicéville, l.c. 34). Mr. W. C. Taylor found it “very rare in
Khorda, Orissa, in October”? (List p. 4). Capt. M. J. Slater found the larva feeding
on the Passion flower, the larva being yellow, black, and crimson, in alternate bars,
and covered with stinging spines. Pupa hung by tail, and in leaf-like appendages,
resembled that of Pap. Pammon”’ (MS. Notes, 302). Mr. L. de Nicéville records it
as common in Sikkim from April to December, at 5000 feet elevation and below.
The larva of this species and those of C. Biblis and Cynthia Erota feed in such
numbers on the common white Passion flower as to become a veritable nuisance ”
(Sikkim Gazetteer, 1895, 133). Col. C. H. E. Adamson records it as “ common
in Burma up to about 1000 feet elevation during the rainy season. I have
bred it from larva feeding on the Passion flower, in Moulmein, in July, the
perfect insect emerging in August” (List 1897, p. 17). Signor L. Fea obtained
it at Bhamo.

Aa 2

180 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

CETHOSIA NIKOBARICA (Plate 349, fig. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 2).

Cethosia Nikobarica, Felder, Verh. Z. B. Gesells. Wien. xii. p. 484 (1862); id. Reisen Novara,
Lep. iii. p. 884, pl. 48, fig. 7, 8, g (1867). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1877, p. 583. de
Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., ii. p. 37 (1886).

Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing with the basal area rich deep fulvous-
red, the streaks crossing the cell, and the apical half fulvescent-black, the latter
bearing a slight bluish flush ; beyond the cell is a series of bluish-white streaks from
the subcostal to upper median, the two lowest being very small, less defined, and
inwardly disposed, followed by a medial upper-discal series of bluish-white marks,
the upper three being very slender and acutely angled, with the point inward, the
fourth placed between upper and middle medians, large, and obliquely quadrate, the
lowest small and curved or sometimes ringed ; beyond is a submarginal row of very
small white spots, the lower three being lunular and the last red, followed by a
marginal row of very ill-defined slender pale dentate lunules ; below the cell is a
subbasal black excurved streak, and two discal similar streaks. Hindwing rich deep
fulvous-red ; with a broad fulvescent-black outer marginal band, inwardly bearing a
row of red lunules, which are either entirely enclosed within the band or are partly
broken up by the black edge, and then the inner edge of the band is bordered by a
series of black lunules; a marginal row of very ill-defined slender pale dentate
lunules is also sometimes apparent; a subbasal upper series of slightly-defined
slender black sinuous marks, a more prominent black discal upper dentate mark,
below which is a round spot and a slightly-defined broken sinuous line extending to
above anal angle, and near the outer band is a row of more or less distinct black
spots. Underside deep red ; marginal borders black, bearing slender white dentate
marks and central streak. Forewing also with black cell-bars interspaced with red
and grey ; a subbasal black lunule and a transverse inner-discal row of black lunular
marks, which are outwardly broadly bordered by fulvous-white, followed by the
outer-discal complete row of black-bordered white dentate marks and outer bordering
small spots, the inner series being also black centred. Hindwing also with a basal,
two subbasal, and a medial black sinuous line, the two former bordered and
interspaced with fulvous-white, the latter bordered by a similar-coloured broader
fascia, followed by an outer-discal row of black dentate spots, and a contiguous
parallel row of spots in pairs between the veins, all encompassed by a white band.
Body fulvous-red; thorax clothed with olivescent hairs; head black, and white
spotted; palpi olive-brown above, white beneath ; thorax beneath banded with
black, abdomen slightly spotted with black; legs whitish, femora black streaked ;
antennee black.

Female. Upperside olivescent-black. Forewing with the lower discal area and

NYMPHALINZA, (Group ARGYNNINA.) 181

interspaces of cell-bars olive-grey; markings as in male, but broader, Hindwing
olivescent-grey, darkest basally ; markings as in male. Underside. Ground-colour
of forewing dull sullied brownish-red, of hindwing dull pale olivescent-brown ; black
markings and white bands as in male.

Expanse, ¢ 3 to 3;%, ¢ 3,45 to 4 inches.

Hasirat.—Andaman and Nicobar Isles.

Distrisution.—This species occurs commonly at Port Blair, Andamans; and
has been taken at Nankowri, Kondul, and Great Nicobars in the Nicobar group of
Islands.

CETHOSIA MAHRATTA (Plate 350, fig. 1, la, Jarva and pupa; 1, b,¢, 3).

Cethosia Mahratta, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1872, p. 556. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc.,
ii. p. 34, pl. 22, fig. 98, 9 (1886). Davidson and Aitken, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890,
p- 270, pl. B, fig. 1, la, larva and pupa.

Papilio Cyane, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 295, fig. C, D, ¢ (1780). Herbst, Pap. pl. 248, fig. 3, 4
(1798). Duncan, Nat. Libr. Exot. Lep. pl. 14.

Cethosia Cyane, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 247. Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. pl. 5, fig. 8, 8a,
larva and pupa (1857).

Alazonia Symbiblis (part), Hitbner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 46 (1816).

Iuaco. Male. Upperside fulvous-red; cilia white. Forewing with the apical
half, transverse wavy streaks in the cell, and discal spots between the lower veins
fulvescent-black ; a subapical broad oblique white band crossed on its lower part by
two black spots which form the middle pair of a transverse discal series, the two
upper and lower of which are conical and slenderly edged inwardly with white ;
beyond these is a submarginal upper row of small white spots, and then a marginal
series of slender white angled-marks. Hindwing with the anterior and outer margin
fulvescent-black, the latter with a series of slender white angled-marks; two
subbasal irregular series of small black spots, a similar inner-discal series, a medial
transverse row of larger conical spots, and an outer-discal row of large oval spots,
the latter series each slightly ringed with white and bordered outwardly by a black
lunule. Underside deep fulvous-red basally, fulvous-yellow externally ; outer
margins black bordered, with clearly-defined slender white angled-marks having a
central white streak pointed inward. Forewing also with a black cell and discocel-
lular streaks interspaced with bluish-grey; a subapical oblique white band, inner
and outer-discal series of black spots, as on upperside, the inner series interspaced
with white, and the outer series edged with white and black. Hindwing also with
a basal and two subbasal transverse rows of black streaks, two inner-discal rows and
two outer-discal rows of black spots; the two subbasal and the two discal series
each interspaced by a white band. Body fulyous-red; head blackish, and white

182 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA,

streaked ; palpi above olive-brown, tip black, beneath white ; body beneath fulvous-
white, black streaked ; legs fulvous, femora black streaked ; antenne black.

Female. Upperside somewhat paler fulvous, with markings as in male, but
blacker and more prominent, those on the hindwing having the discal series of spots
larger, the inner and medial series more or less partly confluent ; the outer-discal
series of oval spots more distinctly white-ringed, and the submarginal black lunules
also whitish edged externally. Underside with the ground-colour paler than in

male; markings similar.
‘os

Expanse, ¢ 2,8, to 3,§,, ° 3,8 to 4,% inches.

Larva.— Cylindrical, but much constricted between each pair of segments,
and tapering towards the head. Colour dark brown, with bright red bands
encircling all the segments except the Ist, 2nd, 6th and 8th. On the 6th and
8th the red is replaced by a broader lemon-yellow band ; segments armed with six
longitudinal rows of fine, pointed black spines.” Head armed with two longer
blunt black spines.

Pura.—‘ Suspended vertically. Slender. With two large, foliaceous processes
springing from middle of the back, and many less prominent processes and tubercles
on the head, thorax, and abdomen. Colour purplish-brown, much mottled with
lighter and darker shades; six dorsal spots of bright gold” (Davidson and Aitken,
ties).

Hapitat.—South India.

Distxisution AND Hapits.— Common along the Malabar Coast at the foot of
the Ghats. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, possesses specimens from Karwar,
Bombay, Calicut, Kanara, the Wynaad, and Trevandrum” (de Nicéviile, l.c. 34).
‘‘ Fairly common everywhere in wooded country, especially during the latter half of
the rains” (Davidson and Aitken, l.c. 1896, 248). ‘* We got the larve first in
June and July, and then very plentifully in October, on the wild Passion flower
(Modecca palmata) ; it is gregarious all through its life. The pupa, when touched,
vibrates in a manner well calculated to deter the hungriest enemy ’’ (Ditto, l.c.
1890, 270). The late S. N. Ward, in his MS. notes, says it is ‘‘ not common, in
fact rather rare on the Western Coast, and seldom to be seen on the Hastern. Larva
found at Sirey, in September, feeding on the Passion flower; it is gregarious in its
habits, twenty or thirty being found on one branch.” Mr. G. F. Hampson records
it as being found in the “ Nilgiris, 3000 to 3500 feet ; common on the Western slopes,
and a rare straggler throughout the rest of the District’ (Journ. As. Soc. Bengal,
1888, 352).

Of our illustrations on Plate 350, fig. 1 is copied from Messrs. Davidson and
Aitken’s published figures of the larva and pupa, and fig. 1, a, from the late Mr.
S. N. Ward’s original drawings; fig. 1, b, c, is from a male and female.

NYMPHALINZE. (Group ARGYNVINA.) 183

CETHOSIA NIETNERI (Plate 35], fig. 1, Jarva and pupa, la, b, ce, 5 ¢).

Cethosia Nietneri, Felder, Reisen Novara, Lep. iii p. 380, pl. 48, fig. 5, 6, ¢ (1867). Moore, Lep. of
Ceylon, i. p. 51, pl. 27, fig. 83, g, 8a, 2, 3b, larva and pupa (1880). de Nicéville, Butt. of India,
etc., ii. p. 35 (1886).

Ivaco.—Male. Upperside blue-black. Cilia white. Forewing with the lower
basal area ochreous merging to bluish-white discally and along posterior border ;
the black cell-bars slightly interspaced with bluish-white scales; beyond the cell is
a bluish-white upper-discal outwardly-oblique series of irregular-shaped streaks,
followed by a discal transverse row of slender conically-lunate marks pointing
inwards, a contiguous submarginal row of small lunate spots, the lower one
elongated and the last angulate, followed by a marginal series of slender angled-
marks, the lowest one of which is double; below the cell is a subbasal black bar ;
two discal bars of which the upper one is short, the lower elongate and disposed
obliquely-inward ; beyond the latter is a contiguous larger diffused quadrate spot,
their intervening spaces, from the base, being more or less thickly speckled with
black scales. Hindwing with the discal area bluish-white, the costal and outer
border being broa lly black ; cell area suffused with ochreous ; some ill-defined black
cell-streaks ; an inner-discal series of distinct small spots, a middle row of large
narrow spots, and a contiguous outer-discal row of still larger oval spots, the two
latter series sometimes longitudinally coalescent ; beyond is a submarginal row of
narrow lunules. Underside olive-grey, merging outwardly to bluish-grey ; bordered
by a submarginal narrow ochreous band, and a marginal sinuous black band with
prominent slender white angled-marks and central streaks. Forewing also with
black cell-bars, lower discal spots, a transverse discal series of large conical white-
ringed spots, and a contiguous outer row of white-bordered lunate spots. Hindwing
also with prominent black basal and subbasal transverse streaks, and smaller discal
and outer rows of spots, as on upperside. Thorax above blackish, clothed with
olive-brown hairs; abdomen above ochreous; head black, spotted with white; palpi
above olive-brown, tip black, beneath whitish; body beneath whitish, and black
streaked ; legs ochreous-white, femora black streaked ; antenna black.

Female. Upperside duller blue-black; markings as in male, but of a deeper
bluish-white; basal areas not ochreous. Underside as in male.

Expanse, d 2 3, to 4 inches.

Larva.—Cylindrical ; purplish-black, with red transverse bands, the sixth and
eighth segments with a yellow band. Head armed with two long branched-spines ;
the segments with two dorsal and two lateral rows of long slender finely-branched
spines. Feeds on Modecca.

Pupa.—Brown, mottled with ochreous-white. Abdominal segments tuber-

184 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA,

cular; wing-cases dilated and exfoliated beneath; head-piece with two pointed
processes.

Hasrrat.—Ceylon.

Distripution.—“ Occurs in the lower lands, but more numerous in the Hilly
Districts. Commoner some years than others” (F. M. Mackwood). ‘Taken at
Galle and Kandy ” (Capt. Wade). ‘* Very common in the low hill country round
Kandy, rarely met with at Colombo in June and July” (Dr. N. Manders, J. A.
Soc. Bengal, 1899, 191).

CETHOSIA BIBLIS (Plate 352, fig. 1, la, ¢; 1b, ¢, d,?).

Papilio Biblis, Drury, Must. Exot. Ent. i. pl. fig. 4, ¢(1770). Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 175, fig.
A, B, 2(1777). Herbst, Pap. pl. 248, fig. 1, 2, ¢ (1798).

Cethosia Biblis, Fabricius, Iliger’s Mag. vi. p. 280 (1807). Westwood’s Edit. Drury, Ins. i. p. 9.
de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 86 (1886). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 446, pl. 38, fig. 3,
3 (1886).

Papilio Populi, Miller, Natursystem, i. p. 608, pl. 19, fig. 4 (1774).

Cethosia Penthesilea, Fabricius, Spec. Ins. ii. p. 38 (nee Cramer).

Alazonia Symbiblis (part), Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 46 (1816).

Cethosia Biblina, Godart, Encyc. Méth. ix. p. 248 (1819).

Cethosia Thebava, Grose-Smith, Annals Nat. Hist. 1887, p. 296; Rhop. Exot. i. Ceth. pl. fig. 3, 4, g
(1889)—Aberration.

Tmaco.—Male. Upperside. Ground-colour of both wings rich fulvous-red ; the
apical half of forewing and the outer margin of hindwing fulvescent-white. Cilia
white. Forewing also with the cell crossed by two pairs of slender black wavy bars
and a similar pair bordering the black discocellular ; a lower medial-discal series of
ill-defined slender black linear marks, and a similar subbasal curved mark; three
slender small white subcostal oblique streaks beyond the cell, and sometimes two
smaller lower spots are also present ; a transverse outer-discal series of five white
slender angled-marks pointing inwards, followed by a parallel row of white some-
what reniform spots, and a marginal series of white slender angled-marks.
Hindwing also with the basal bars of the underside slightly visible ; two ill-defined
costal waved blackish streaks, an inner-discal spot and sinuous line; beyond is an
outer-discal row of more distinct small black spots, and then a submarginal row of
lunules, which latter are each sometimes broken in two; a marginal series of slender
white angled-marks. Underside. Ground-colour deep fulvous-red basally, fulvous-
yellow externally ; outer margin with slender black-edged white angled-marks and
central streak. Forewing also with prominent black cell-bars, two transverse inner-
discal series of slender spots, outer-discal slender oval spots and contiguous pairs of
small spots; the cell-bars being interspaced and narrowly edged with bluish-grey,

NYMPHALINA:. (Group ARGYNNINA.) 193

ochreous sinuous line, followed by an outer-discal dusky fascia, and two ocellate
spots, the upper one placed between the subcostal and discoidal veinlet, the lower
one between the middle and lower medians, a much smaller ocellus is slightly
apparent above the anal angle; beyond are two black sinuous marginal lines.
Underside paler ochreous-yellow, basal areas more or less reddish; markings
narrower than in the upperside, the apical spots on forewing white; the outer area
of hindwing partly suffused with violaceous-grey ; the ocelli distinct.

Female. Upperside rich dark bluish-grey, brightest and paler on the hindwing ;
outer borders ochreous-brown. Forewing with black cell-streaks 3 a bluish-white
transverse discal sinuous band formed by broad black-edged lunules traversed
exteriorly by a black sinuous line, beyond which is an outer-discal row of black
diffused spots, and then two submarginal sinuous lines. Hindwing with a short
dull bluish-white upper discal black-edged sinuous band confined to the costal and
subcostal interspaces, its inner black line obsolescent hindward; two ocelli, as in
male, larger and prominent, their inner ring being olive; a much smaller similar
ocellus also near anal angle; submarginal sinuous lines black. Underside.
Ground-colour pale dull olivescent yellowish-ochreous; markings as in male; the
discal area sullied white; ocelli prominent.

Expanse, ¢ 3; to 3,%, $4 to 4;% inches.

Larva.—Pale yellow, reddish-brown beneath; segments brown streaked ;
spiracles black ; head spinous, armed with two long hindward-curved thick spinous
processes ; segments armed with two dorsal and two lateral rows of long slightly-
branched spines, the dorsal and upper lateral row arising from a red round tumid
spot.

Pura.—Pale reddish-brown; truncated at both ends; head-piece short and
thick, with two short points; thorax conically pointed at top; anterior abdominal
segments subdorsally produced on each side into a broad alary expanded appendage,
which is pointed hindward into a short process, and forward into a lengthened
slender process; middle segments with a short subdorsal tubercle, the two anal
segments with longer basally-thickened processes.

Hasitat.—Ceylon.

Disrrisution.—* Found everywhere in Ceylon, both in the plains and up to
6000 feet, in forest lands, all the year; most plentiful from May to October.
Flight low, very tame ; a dozen at a time will alight on the ground close to you”
(Capt. Hutchison). ‘It is locally common in the low country and the middle
hill districts. It is generally found in thick jungle near water. The female is
much less commonly seen than the male” (Dr. N. Manders, J. A. Soc. Bengal, 1899,
(9i1.);

Inpo-Matayan Specins.— Cynthia Evotella, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soe. Lond.

VOL. IV. ce

194 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA,

Zool. 1877, p. 544. Syn. C. Cantori, Distant, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1882, p. 406; Rhop.
Malay. p. 185, pl. 10, fig. 5, ¢ (1883). C. Hrotoides, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc.
Bengal, 1896, p. 403. EH. Deione, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 184, pl. 10, fig. 1, 2,
3 %. Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; Borneo; Java.—Cynthia Battaka,
Martin, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 1894, p. 338. de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal,
1895, p. 403. Habitat. N.E. Sumatra.—Cynthia Orahilia, Kheil, Rhop. Nias,
p- 21, pl. 2, fig. 9, ¢ (1884). Weymer, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1885, p. 262, id. 1887, p. 5,
pl. 2, fig. 3, 9. Habitat. Nias Island.—Cynthia votundata, Obérthur, Etudes
Entom. 1893, p. 10. Habitat. Tonkin.—-Cyntiia Hainana, Holland, Trans. Amer.
Entom. Soc. 1887, p. 116. Habitat. Hainan.—Cynthia Deione, Erichson, Nova
Acta Acad. Nat. Cur. xvi. Suppl. i. p. 279, pl. 50, fig. 2, 2a (1833). Semper,
Reis. Phil. Lep. p. 105, pl. A, fig. 5, larva; pl. 19, fig. 7, 8, 3. Habitat. Philip-
pines.

Genus TERINOS.

Terinos, Boisduval, Spée. Gen. Lep. pl. 9, fig. 4 (1836). Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. i. p. 159 (1848),
Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1869, p. 340. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 181 (1882).
Semper, Reis. Phil. Lep. p. 103 (1888). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 37 (1886).

Imaco.—Male. Forewing triangular; costa much arched, apex somewhat
truncate, exterior margin rounded below the apex, thence concave and _ slightly
emarginate, posterior angle very obtuse, posterior margin slightly recurved ; costal
vein extending to nearly half the margin; cell short, broad, closed ; first subcostal
branch emitted at a short distance before end of the cell, second branch at its end,
third at about two-fifths beyond, fourth at half and ending at the apex; disco-
cellulars inwardly-oblique, upper extremely short, almost obsolete, middle disco-
cellular incurved, lower discocellular long and very obliquely incurved; two upper
median veinlets emitted beyond lower end of the cell. On the upperside is a
prominent velvety patch of raised scales occupying the lower discal area broadly from
above the lower radial to the posterior and outer margins. Hindwing almost
quadrate ; costal margin very slightly curved; exterior margin convex anteriorly,
slightly sinuous, and produced into a broad angle at end of upper median veinlet ;
precostal vein slightly bent outward ; cell closed; radial starting from lower sub-
costal at some distance beyond its base; discocellular incurved, slender ; two upper
medians emitted at some distance beyond lower end of cell. On the upperside is a
prominent broad apical velvety patch of raised scales, extending to below the second
subeostal branch. Body moderately stout; thorax hairy ; palpi porrect, ascending,
first and second joints laxly scaled, slightly hairy above and at the side, second
joint long, subcylindric, apical joint slender, fusiform, pointed; forelegs of male

NYMPHALINAS, (Group ARG YNNINA.) 195

slender, hairy; forelegs of female scaly, femur hairy beneath, tarsus slender,
spines slender ; antennex slender, with a short obtuse club ; eyes hairy.

Typr.—T’. Clarissa.

Larva and Pupa.—Unknown.

TERINOS CLARISSA (Plate 359, fig. 1, la, J).

Terinos Clarissa, Boisduval, Spéc. Gen. Lep. i. pl. 9, fig. 4 (1836). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii.
p. 39, pl. 23, fig. 101, ¢ (1886).

Iaco.—Male. Upperside rich dark purplish violaceous-brown. Forewing with
a broad darker brown velvety patch of raised scales occupying the lower discal area
obliquely from the second discoidal veinlet to posterior margin. Hindwing with a
similar but smaller apical velvety patch of raised scales, the lower outer margin of
the wing being broadly ochreous and bearing two series of dark purple-brown
lunules, the outer series being slender and more or less obsolescent. Underside
dull ferruginous-brown, marked with seven or eight rather indistinct glossy violet-
blue transverse irregular sinuous lines. Forewing also with the outer-discal line
lunularly bordered with dull ochreous, and having a prominent subapical pale violet
oval spot. Hindwing also with outer blue lines lunularly bordered with ochreous,
and having a medial discal series of five round rich brown spots bordered with
ochreous, the false end of the cell marked by a bluish-white bar.

Female. Upperside paler purplish violaceous-brown. Forewing crossed by
four darker violaceous diffused sinuous discal fascie, each being angulated near
upper end, the submarginal fascia slightly bordered posteriorly by pale obscure
ochreous lunules. Hindwing with the lower outer margin broadly ochreous,
traversed by a broader inner series of dark brown lunules than in male, and slender
outer lunular line. Underside brighter ferruginous than in male, with similar
transverse irregular sinuous pale violet-blue lines. Hindwing with similar medial
discal series of dark spots.

Expanse, ¢ 3,%, ? 3; inches.

Hasitrar.—Upper Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula; Singapore; Borneo; Java.

Disrripution.—* A single male, as described and figured by Mr. de Nicéville
(l.c.), was taken by Capt. C. T. Bingham at Popee, Thoungyeen, Upper Tenasserim,
in September. Mr. A. R. Wallace records it from Singapore. A male, labelled
Siam, and a female from Java, is in the British Museum Collection. The type was
described from a Java specimen.

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 359, figs. 1, la, are from a Bornean
example of the male.

Txpo-Marayan Species.—Terinos Ludmilla, Staudinger, MS. Coll. Brit. Mus.

oc 2

196 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Habitat. Great Sangir Island.—Terinos Lucilla, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.
1870, p. 489 ;. Lep. Exotica, p. 152, pl. 54, fig. 3 (1873). Semper, Reis. Phil. Lep.
p. 104, pl. 19, fig. 5,6, ¢ ? (1888). Habitat. Philippines.—Terinos Lucia, Staud-
inger, Deuts. Ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 45. Habitat. Luzon.—Terinos fulminans, Butler,
Cistula Entom. i. p. 9 (1869); Lep. Exotica, p. 151, pl. 54, fig. 2 (1873). Syn.
T. Phalaris, Weymer, Stell. Ent. Zeit. 1887, p. 3, plis2,figsl, ¢. Habiae
Sarawak, Borneo.—Terinos Terpander, Hewitson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1862,
p. 90. Syn. 'T. Clarissa, Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. pl. 21, fig. 8. Syn. T. Nympha.
Wallace, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1869, p. 342. Habitat. Sumatra—Terinos Atlita
(Pap. Atlita, Fabr. Mant. Ins. ii, p. 87 (1787). T. Atlita, Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep,
B.M. p. 117, pl. 1, fig. 3 (1870). Habitat. Sumatra.—Terinos Teuthras, Hewitson,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1862, p. 89. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p: 183, ‘pl. 10; fe. Gaz
(1882). Syn. Terios Viola, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1869, p. 348.
Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Penang; Singapore.—Tviinos Teos, de Nicéville, Journ.
Bombay Nat. Hist. 1893, p. 41, pl. K, fig. 5, 6. Habitat. Sumatra.—Terinos
Militum, Obérthur, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1897, p- 175. Habitat. Tonkin.—
Terinos Robertsi, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 399, pl... 8:; fig; -2.) 33nee
Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 182, pl. 10, fig. 7, ¢ (1882). Habitat. Malay Peninsula;
Penang.

Genus ATELLA.

Atella, Doubleday, Gen. Diurnal Lep. i. p. 165 (1848). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 61 (1881).
Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 173 (1882). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 28 (1886). Leech,
Butt. of China, i. p. 207.

Phalanta, Horsneld, Desc. Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. pl. 7, fig. 5 (1829).

Argyronome (part), Hiibner, Verz. p. 32 (1816).

Imaco.—Male. Forewing subtriangular; costa arched, apex rounded, exterior
margin oblique and slightly waved; costal vein short, stout, extending to beyond
half the margin; first subcostal branch emitted immediately before end of the cell,
second branch at some distance beyond the end, third branch at fully one-third
beyond, fourth and fifth at about two-thirds beyond; upper discocellular very short,
middle discocellular inwardly-oblique and deeply concave, lower discocellular out-
wardly-oblique and slightly concave, radials from their angles; middle median
branch emitted immediately before lower end of the cell, lower median at nearly
one-half before the end ; cell broad, truncate at the end. Hindwing short, broad,
somewhat quadrate; anterior margin almost straight, exterior margin convex,
waved, slightly angular below the middle; costal vein extending to the apex; pre-
costal vein curved outward and emitted at some distance above the base of sub-
costal; first subcostal emitted at one-third from upper end of the cell ; discocellulars

NY. MPHALINA. (Group ARGYNNIN4.) 197

of equal length, very oblique and slightly concave, radial from their middle; two
upper median branches from lower end of the cell, lower median from opposite
second subcostal; submedian vein straight, internal vein recurved. Body
moderately stout; palpi ascending; second joint long, projecting above the
head, tumid, scaly and hairy; third joint very slender, and finely pointed, scaly ;
forelegs slender, of male hairy; forelegs of female scaly and slightly hairy, tarsal
joints apical, spined ; antennee with a spatular club; eyes naked.

Type.—A. Phalantha.

Larva.—‘‘ Cylindrical; moderately thick, very smooth, with an oily gloss;
segments armed with six longitudinal rows of sharp branched-spines; head un-
armed.

Pora.—‘* Suspended by the tail,-but in a horizontal position ; with a subdorsal
series of five acutely-pointed tubercles, between each pair another pair of very
small blunt tubercles”? (Davidson and Aitken, /.c.).

ATELLA PHALANTHA (Plate 360, fig. 1, larva and pupa; fig. 1, a, b, ce, d 2 ( Wet-season) ;
fig. 1, d,e, f, ¢ 2 (Dry-season).

Papilio Phalantha, Drury, Ilust. Exot. Ent. i. pl. 21, fig. 1, 2 (1770). Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. i.
p. 149 (1793).

Argynnis Phalantu, Godart, Encyce. Méth. ix. p. 259 (1819).

Atella Phalanta, Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. p. 167 (1851). Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 151,
pl. 5, fig. 7, 7a, larva and pupa (1857) ; id. Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 62, pl. 31, fig. 1, g, la, larva
and pupa (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 173, pl. 9, fig. 4, ¢ (1882). de Nicéville, Butt. of
India, ii. p. 30, pl. 20, fig. 88, J (1886). Davidson and Aitken, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soe.
1890, p. 269, /arva and pupa.

Papilio Columbina, Cramer, Pap. ili. pl. 238, fig. A, B, 2 (1779); iv. pl. 337, fig. D, E, ¢
(1781).

Argyronome Columbina, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Sehmett. p. 32 (1816).

Phalanta Columbinu, Horsfield, Desc. Catal. Lep. E. I. C. pl. 7, fig. 5 (1829).

Papilio Laudonius, Jablonsky and Herbst, ix. p. 186, pl. 256, fig. 3, 4 (1798).

Papilio Phalantus, id. pl. 256, fig. 5, 6 $; pl. 257, fig. 1, 2, Q.

Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside bright yellowish-ochreous. Forewing
with two black short slender sinuous bars across middle of the cell, a similar darker
pair at its end, followed beyond by a short broad sinuous streak from the costa to
the lower radial, and is then succeeded below the cell by an inwardly-oblique series of
four irregular-shaped spots, and beyond by a medial-discal transverse row of similarly-
disposed narrow spots, an outer-discal row of round spots, then an inner submarginal
sinuous line, confluent with an outer straight line, and a marginal row of triangular
spots. Hindwing with a slightly-defined slender black lunule within the cell, two
before its end, and two also above it; a transverse inner-discal irregular series of

198 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA,

slender lunules which are slightly pale bordered externally ; a medial-discal row of four
larger black oval spots, two submarginal sinuous slightly confluent lines, and marginal
triangular spots. Underside paler, and with all the markings, as on upperside much
less defined ; the interspaces of cell-bars and outer markings suffused with violet-grey,
and the inner-discal series outwardly bordered with greyish lunules. In some speci-
mens, presumably dry-season, all the markings on the upper and underside are less
prominent. ody and palpi above yellowish-ochreous; beneath and also femora
beneath greyish-white ; tibia and tarsi pale ochreous ; antennz ochreous-brown.

Expanse, ¢ 1,8 to 2,3,, ?2,% to 2,8 inches.

Larva.—‘‘ Cylindrical, moderately thick, very smooth, with an oily gloss, and
bears six longitudinal rows of sharp branched-spines. Head unarmed. Colour
varying from dark brown to pale yellowish-green, with a white or yellowish spot at

base of each spine”’ (Davidson and Aitken, /.c.).

Pura.—Suspended by the tail, but in a horizontal position. ‘ Green, with a
subdorsal series of five acutely pointed tubercles, marked with red, between each
pair another pair of very small blunt tubercles, the upper edge of wing-covers and a
spot on each side of head also marked with red”’ (de N. /.c.).

Haxsirat.—India; Ceylon; Burma; Siam; Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; Java;
Hong Kong; Hainan; Japan.

Distripution aNd Hapirs.—‘‘ This is one of the commonest Indian butterflies,
occurring throughout the year in the Plains and in suitable seasons in the Outer Hima-
layas up to 8000 feet ” (de Nicéville, /.c. 31). We possess examples from Kashmir
(Bayne Reed) ; Kasauli; Nepaul ; Bombay ; Malabar; Shevaroys; Ceylon ; Burma;
Penang; Java; and Hainan. Col. J. W. Yerbury obtained it at ‘*‘ Campbellpore in
July, and at Abbottabad in October ”’ (Ann. N. H. 1888, 139). Major H. B. Hellard
obtained it at “ Simla and Masuri, from June to October ”’ (MS. Notes). Examples
trom Dugi, 12,000 feet elevation, taken in August and September by Capt.
Thompson, are in Mr. J. H. Leech’s Collection. Mr. W. Doherty took it in the
** Kumaon Terai and Hills up to 6000 feet” (J. A. S. Bengal, 1886, 121). Capt.
H. Chaumette found it ‘plentiful at Saugor and in Oudh. Larva reared at
Lucknow on the esculent Flacourtia sapida in September, changing to pupa on the
5th, the imago emerging on the 11th. It isswift on the wing, now and then keeping
them motionless like an Argynnis. It is fond of thickets, and settles on the flowers
of Jasivinum sanbac. 1t is common on the wing in July and August”’ (MS. Notes).
Capt. A. M. Lang found it ‘‘tolerably common in Oudh, at Umballa, and in the
Himalayas up to 8000 feet. Larva reared on Flacourtia. The pupe are perfect
little gems, of various colours, brilliant reflections of gold, silver, blue, green, ard
pink” (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1864, 131), Col. C. Swinhoe records “two specimens taken
in Kurachi in July, 1882; was not observed throughout 1879-80” (P. Z. S. 1884,

NYMPHALINZ. (Group 4RGYNNINA.) 199

505). ‘ Took it at Poona in every month except July, August, and September, and
in Bombay from July to December ” (Ditto, P. Z. S. 1885, 128). ‘* We have reared
this butterfly in Guzerat, Mahableshwar, and Karwar, in March, May, June, and
November. It feeds on one or more species of Flacourtia. The beautiful pupa is
very variable, some specimens being almost white, and some bright green; the
markings are usually silver-edged or tipt with red. It hangs by the tail, but ina
horizontal position. It is not rare in Bombay, and is one of the commonest species
on the Hills in March. The larva feeds on the young shoots, of Flacourtia montana,
which come up from the roots. The butterfly is one of the most sprightly and
characteristic species of our Hill Stations, flitting everywhere from bush to bush,
and even when it settles moving its wings for ever in the restless way peculiar to it”
(Aitken and Davidson, Journ. Bombay N. H. 8. 1886, 130, id. 1890, 269). ‘Nota
common species in the Sikkim Hills. It is found throughout the warm months from
the level of the Terai to about 5000 feet elevation. In Sikkim, the pupa is dichroic,
one form is green, red, and golden, the other is white, black, and golden, the latter
is very beautiful” (de Nicéville, Sikk. Gaz. 1894, 132), ‘*In the neighbourhood of
Calcutta it is a very common insect at all seasons” (id. J. A. S. Bengal, 1885, 44).
Mr. A. Grote reared the larva on Flacourtia sapida, at Allipur, near Calcutta, and
from whose drawing, by native artist, our figure on Plate 360 is copied. In Ceylon
it is “ generally common, but chiefly in low country. At Colombo, it is plentiful in
gardens during the 8.W. Monsoon, and again towards the end of the year. It flies
quickly and alights on bushes” (Lep. Ceylon, i. 62). In Burma it is ‘common all
the year round, about the edge of streams. I have rearel the insect from larva
feeding on Willow” (Major C. H. E. Adamson, List 1897, 17). Dr. N. Manders
found it ‘very common, in the Shan States, throughout the year” (Tr. Ent. Soe.
1890, 520).

ATELLA ALCIPPOIDES.

Atella Alcippe, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 151, fig. g (1882). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii.
p. 31 (1886), zee Cramer.

Wet-season form (Plate 361, fig. 1, la, b, ¢ 2).

Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside bright ochreous. Forewing with two
pairs of slender black wavy bars across the cell and a similar pair at end of cell; a
black broad inner-discal irreguiar streak extending obliquely outward beyond the
cell from the costa to upper median, followed below the cell by four short narrow
streaks, the two upper placed between the medians, and the two lower in the sub-
median interspace, with an outer medial streak also beyond the latter; beyond is a
medial discal row of black spots, the two upper of which are either lunate and

200 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

confluent, or separate, the lower four rounded, the lowest being more or less
diffused ; between the inner-discal costal streak and the latter row of spots is a
short black sinuous streak decreasing from the costa to near upper median; a
submarginal sinuous line and the outer border black, enclosing a row of ochreous
lunules, of which latter the three upper are small and obsolescent, the next more or
less dentate, and the lower decreasingly linear. Hindwing with two slender blackish
cell-bars, two at its end, an inner-discal transverse irregular sinuous line, a similar
medial-discal line, followed by an outer-discal row of black rounded spots, a sub-
marginal sinuous line, a narrower more eyen outer line, and black narrow outer
border. Underside paler yellowish-ochreous ; all the transverse markings ill-defined,
except the lower discal black spots on forewing, the outer discal and marginal lines
on both wings being shghtly lunularly bordered by pale violaceous-grey.
Expanse, 3d 1,5, % 2, inches.

Dry-season form (Plate 361, fig. 1, c, d, 3).

Male and female. Upperside paler ochreous than in wet-season; the basal and
discal markings all very slender and more or less obsolescent, the outer discal and
marginal markings distinct. Underside paler, but similar to wet-season.

Expanse, 1 ,§, to 2 inches.

Hasirat.—Sikkim; Silhet; Khasias; 8. India; Burma; Tenasserim; Andamans;
Malay Peninsula; Borneo.

Distrisution.—* Appears to occur in Sikkim only in the outer valleys
debouching on to the Plains, such as Sivoke, from whence the natives bring it in
considerable numbers. JI have never seen it alive in Sikkim. It occurs almost
throughout the year except in winter” (de Nicéville, Sikk. Gazetteer, 1894, 133).
Col. C. Swinhoe has examples from the Khasias, and from Karwar, Bombay.
“This is a very local species, in the North Kanara District, Bombay. We have met
with it only at three places on the ascent of the Ghauts, from January to April. In
April we found the larva on a tree, which we believe to be a local species of
Hydnocarpus. The larva is like that of Cirrochroa, cylindrical, with six rows of fine
branched-spines ; head unarmed; colour green, with longitudinal interrupted lines
of brown and claret colour on the back only; head pale yellowish with two black
bars. In habits it resembles the restless and active larva of Cirrochroa. The pupa
is almost a smaller copy of that of A. Phalantha” (Davidson and Aitken, Journ.
Bombay N. H. Soc. 1896, 248). Col. C. H. E. Adamson records it as ‘common at
Tavoy, Tenasserim, and also taken at Phapoon in the autumn. It is a local insect”
(List Burma Lep. 1897, 17). Dr. J. Anderson obtained it at Thaing, King Island,
Mergui, in the cold weather’ (Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 34). In the British
Museum Collection are specimens of the wet-season form from Sikkim, taken in

NYMPHALINA. (Group ARGYNNINA.,) 185

the inner-discal spots interspaced by an olive-crey band, and both outer-discal
series bordered by violescent-white ; a small blackish lunule with whitish outer edge
and contiguous speckles below the cell. Hindwing also with prominent black basal
transverse slender interrupted lines, and a more irregularly-broken inner-discal line,
followed by a medial-discal row of very small spots, an outer-diseal row of conical
spots, each being contiguously bordered inwardly by small black dashes, and
outwardly by a row of small spots in pairs; the basal, subbasal, and discal series
each interspaced by a pale olive-grey band, and the outer-discal series by a white
band. Body fulvous; thorax clothed with olive hairs; head black, spotted with
white ; palpi above olive, tip black, beneath white ; body beneath and legs olivescent-
grey; thorax black streaked; femora black streaked; antenne black.

Female. Upperside. Ground-colour of the forewing either rich olivescent
fulvous-brown, and of the hindwing dark fulvous-red, very similar to the male, and
both wings with markings, also as in male, or the forewing is much more dusky
fulvous-brown with greyish lower-discal longitudinal streaks, and the hindwing paler
and entirely greyish—or sometimes with a fulvescent basal discal flush, and both
wings with more prominent black markings. Occasionally the female has the whole
basal areas of both wings uniformly dark fuliginous-grey. Underside similar to
male, except that the basal ground-colour is duller and paler red, and the outer area
dull olivescent-ochreous ; all the markings as in male.

Expanse, ¢ 2,8 to 3,%, % 3 to 4,;% inches.

Hasitat.—Nepal; Sikkim; Bhotan; Assam; Cachar; Silhet; Khasias;
Burma; Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula; Hong Kong ; Hainan.

ABERRATIONS.—(Plate 353, fig. 1, la, b, c, ¢.)

A. (C. Thebava, fig. 1, 1a.) Male. Upperside. Basal ground-colour of both
wings rich fulvous-red, as in normal male, the ordinary black markings being
absent. Forewing with two broad black cell-bars, the black apical area crossed by a
medial-discal row of five white spots, the three upper being linear in shape, the
two lower broader and with a black central streak; marginal white angled-marks
prominent. Hindwing with ordinary black outer margin aud white angled-marks.
Underside. Ground-colour as in normal male. Forewing with broader white
borders to the cell-bars ; inner transverse discal marks obsolescent; the medial-
discal row of white spots, as on upperside, but broader; outer marginal] angular
lines well-defined. Hindwing with the ordinary subbasal, medial and outer discal
markings obsolescent ; outer marginal angular lines well-defined.

Expanse, 3 inches. (Yendaw, Burma. Coll. Grose-Smith.)

B. (Fig. 1, b, ¢.) Male. Upperside. Basal ground-colour of both wings
bright fulyous-red. Forewing with prominent black broad cell-bars, and less-defined

YOu. LY. Bb

186 LEPIDOPTERA INVICA.

blackish blotches below the cell; a prominent outer-discal series of five white spots,
aud outer marginal angled-marks. Hindwing with a broad blackish subbasal band,
medial-discal series of decreasing angular spots, outer-discal row of rounded spots,
and less-defined submarginal lunules before the black outer band ; marginal slender
white angled-marks. Underside. Ground-colour normal and bright ; the markings
of both wings as in ordinary male, except, that on the forewing the cell-bars and
inner-discal transverse spots are broadly black, and on the hindwing, the basal, and
subbasal band, and the inner-discal spots are also broadly black.

Expanse, 3,% inches. (Burma. Coll. Swinhoe.)

Disrripution.—We possess examples of both sexes from Nepal, Sikkim, Bhotan,
Silhet, Khasias, Burma, and Hainan, It is ‘*very common in Sikkim at all
elevations up to 7000 feet ; also in Assam and the Khasia Hills. Mr. Wood-Mason
took it in Cachar ; the Indian Museum, Calcutta, has specimens from Silhet, Upper
Assam, and Shillong. Capt. C. T. Bingham took it in the Thoungyeen forests in
March and April, and in the Donat Range in July. It occurs also in Upper Burma,
Mergui, Perak, and Hainan” (de Nicéville, J.c. ii. p. 86). “In Sikkim, it is found
almost throughout the year, occurring commonly up to 7000 feet elevation. The
larva, feeding in great numbers, on the common white and blue Passion flower”
(Ditto, Sikk. Gaz. 1894, 183). ‘*In the north of Upper Burma and in the Hills of
Lower Burma, this species replaces C. Cyane’’ (Capt. C. H. E. Adamson, List
1897, 18). Signor L. Fea took it in Burma at Peupoli in June and July, at Meteleo
in August, and at Bhamoin November. Mr. J. J. Walker obtained it in Hong Kong.
It is recorded from Tonkin (Oberthiir, Etudes Ent. 1593, 9). Mr. J. H. Leech has
examples from W. and C. China.

Inpo-Matrayan Sprecies.—Cethosia Hurymena, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 384
(1867). Semper, Reisen Arch. Phil. Lep. p. 102, pl. 18, fig. 1, 2,3, ¢ ? (1888).
Habitat. Philippines. —Ccethosia Sandakana, Fruhstorfer, Soc. Ent. Jahr. No. 21
(1899). Habitat. N. Borneo.—Cethosia Javana, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 384
(1867). Habitat. Java.—Cethosia Logani, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 170, pl. 8,
fig. 5, d (1883). de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 401. Habitat.
Malay Peninsula; Sumatra.—Cethosia Penthesilea (Pap. Penthesilea, Cramer, Pap.
Exot. ii. pl. 45, fig. A, B (1779). Snellen, Tijd. v. Ned. 1895, p. 7, pl. 1, fig. 2.
Habitat. Java; Sumatra.—Cethosia Methypsea, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool.
1877, p. 543. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 171, pl. 8, fig. 9, d (1888). Habitat.
Malay Peninsula.—Cethosia Carolina, Forbes, Wanderings in Eastern Archipelago,
p. 274 (1885). Habitat. Sumatra.—Cethosia Hypsina, Felder, Reise Novy. Lep. in.
p- 385 (1867). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 172, pl. 8, fig. 6, 7, 8, d ? (1888).
Habitat. Malay Peninsula; Sumatra.—Cethosia Hypsea, Doubleday and Hewitson,
Gen, D. Lep. pl. 20, fig. 4 (1847). Habitat. Labuan, Sarawak, Borneo.—Cethosia

NYMPHALINZE. (Group 4RGYNNINA.) 187

Mole, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. KE. I. Company, i.sp. 154 (1857). Habitat. Sumatra ;
Java; Borneo.—Cethosia Gabina, Weymer, Putb. Nachr. 1883, p. 191. Kheil, Rhop.
Nias, p. 20, pl. 2, fig. 6, do, pl. 5, fig. 26, ? (1884). Habitat. Nias Island.—
Cethosia Mindanensis, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. vii. p. 106, ¢ % (1863). Semper,
Reisen Phil. Lep. p. 100, pl. 18, fig. 4, 5, ¢ 9 (1888). Habitat. Mindanao.—
Cethosia Luzonica, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. vii. p. 107 (1863). Semper, /.c. p. 101,
pl. 18, fig. 6, 7,8, ¢ ? (1888). Habitat. Luzon.—Cethosia Magindanica, Semper,
Reisen Phil. Lep. p. 102 (1888). Habitat. Mindanao.—Cethosia Pariana, Semper,
lc. p. 101 (1888). Habitat. Philippines.—Cethosia Boholica, Semper, l.c. p. 101,
pl. 18, fig. 9, ¢ (1888). Habitat. Bohol, Philippines.—Cethosia Leschenaultii,
Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. Suppl. p. 816 (1823). Lucas, Lep. Exot. pl. 54, fig. 3 (1835).
Habitat. Java.

Genus CYNTHIA.

Cynthia, Fabricius, Mliger’s Mag. iv. p. 281 (1807). Doubleday, Gen. Diurnal Lep. i. p. 212 (1849).
Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 52 (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 183 (1882). de Nicéville,
Butt. of India, 1i. p. 40 (1886). Semper, Reis. Phil. Lep. p. 104 (1888).

Anartia (part), Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 33 (1816).

Imaco.—Wings large, broad. Male. Forewing triangular ; costa much curved
towards the end, apex rounded and somewhat faleated ; exterior margin oblique,
concave in the middle, slightly sinuous; posterior margin short and recurved;
costal vein extending to two-thirds the margin; first subcostal branch emitted
immediately before end of the cell, second branch at a very short distance beyond its
end, third branch at one-half beyond the cell, fourth and fifth from close to base of
the third; cell long, narrow, its upper end extending to half the wing; upper
discocellular extremely short, bent outward; middle discocellular bent inward,
curved ; lower discocellular long, curving very obliquely outward; radials from their
angles ; middle median branch emitted before lower end of the cell ; upper median
much arched; lower median emitted at one-half of lower length of the cell; sub-
median much recurved, Hindwing short, very broad, somewhat quadrate; exterior
margin scalloped, angled and produced to a point at end of upper median branch ;
costal vein much arched, extending to the apex ; precostal vein bifid; first subcostal
emitted at half length of upper part of the cell, the radial curving from below second
subcostal; cell open, narrow ; two upper median branches emitted at more than half
distance beyond upper end of cell; submedian vein slightly recurved; internal vein
short, recurved. Body stout ; abdomen short ; palpi ascending, densely clothed, set
in front and sides with long seta, second joint long, extending to the level of vertex,
third joint short, pointed ; forelegs of male slender, rather long, scaly above, finely
hairy beneath, tarsus thickly hairy; forelegs of female very slender, smoothly scaled,

Bb 2

188 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

femur hairy beneath, tarsus much dilated beneath and abruptly rounded to the tip,
spines stout; antenne long, with a short club ; eyes naked.

Larva.—|Saloma.] ‘‘Cylindrical. Head armed with two, large, curved spiny
horns; the segments armed with six rows of well-branched-spines.”’

Pupa.—Suspended. ‘‘ Very grotesque; with two extraordinary expansions,
like bats’ wings, springing from the basal abdominal segment, a smaller pair on the
penultimate segment, and a large angular dorsal prominence above the head ”
(Davidson and Aitken, l.c.).

Typz.—C. Arsinoé.

Foop-Prant anp Hapsirs oF Larva.—‘‘ Found on the wild Passion flower
(Modecca palmata). Itis a night feeder, returning to some distance, often to another
plant, during the day ”’ (Ditto).

CYNTHIA EROTA.

Wet season form (Plate 354, fig. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 2).

Papilio Erota, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. i. p. 76, 9 (1793).

Cynthia Erota, Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 115 (1869). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1877,
p. 584. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 41, pl. 21, fig. 97, g @ (1886). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent.
Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 277. Manders, Ent. Monthly Mag. 1888, p. 37, larva and pupa.

Iuaco.—Male. Upperside bright olivescent ferruginous-ochreous, the discal
area across both wings slightly paler. Cilia grey. Forewing with two black waved
lines crossing middle of the cell, another near the end, and two very fine lines
enclosing the discocellulars; a black transverse inner-discal somewhat lunulated
interrupted line, a paler blackish or brownish-ochreous medial-discal sinuous line,
followed by a curved series of six small black dentate spots, the middle pair being
indistinct or obsolete, the upper pair the largest and with a pale central dot ; beyond
is a black submarginal waved line enclosing a pale ochreous spot at the apex, and
then a marginal sinuous line. Hindwing crossed by a black narrow inner-discal
almost straight line, beyond which the ground-colour is broadly and distinctly paler
towards the costa and is defined outwardly by a medial discal transverse slightly
blackish or brownish-ochreous ill-defined wavy line evanescently decreasing hind-
ward, beyond which the outer-discal area is traversed by a dusky fascia bearing two
prominent ocelli, the upper ocellus placed in the upper discoidal interspace, the
lower one in the lower median interspace, these ocelli being composed of a black
centre, a violet pupil, and slender black outer ring ; a smaller obsolescent ocellus is
also slightly apparent above the anal angle, and one also is sometimes present in the
subcostal interspace ; followed by a black submarginal and a marginal sinuous line,
enclosing a small violet patch at anal angle. Underside paler ochreous, the basal

NYMPHALINZA. (Group ARGYNNINA.,) 189

areas tinged with red ; markings somewhat similar to upperside, but more slender and
red-edged, the basal lines distinct. Forewing also with a slender black subbasal line
below the cell, the inner-discal transverse line almost straight, the outer-discal lower
black spots being obsolete, the three upper prominent and lilacine-white ; the sub-
marginal line almost straight, the marginal line indistinct. Hindwing also with a
distinct slender black subbasal line and discocellular angular mark; the outer
margin broadly glossy violaceous, the dusky fascia more distinet, the ocelli olive with
smaller black centre and larger white pupil, a bipupilled blackish speckled patch at
the anal angle; marginal sinuous line indistinct. Body above olivescent-ochreous ;
palpi ochreous ; body and palpi beneath, and legs pale ochreous; antenne above
black, beneath reddish-ochreous.

Female. Upperside. Basal areas olive-brown or olivescent-brownish-grey,
the outer borders olivescent ochreous-brown ; markings similar to male; the inter-
space between the transverse inner and medial-discal sinuous line, and the borders of
the outer-discal marks on forewing being olivescent greyish-white ; ocelli of hindwing
prominent and with ochreous inner ring. Underside paler than in male, and
greyish-ochreous ; markings similar but ochreous-brown.

Expanse, ¢ 3,% to 4;%, % 4 to 4,;% inches.

Dry-season form (Plate 355, fig. 1, la, b,c, d 92).

Cynthia Pura, Swinhoe, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1894, p. 429, gd ?.

Cynthia Circe, Fawcett, Annals of Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 111, g 9.

Male and female. Smaller than wet-season form. Male. Upperside. Both
wings paler ferruginous-ochreous, markings similar but much less defined and more
slender ; the inner-discal transverse line less sinuous, being almost straight ; the
medial-diseal zigzag line obsolescent or absent, the outer-discal spots on forewing
small; the ocelli on hindwing smaller and narrower; the outer angle at end of
upper median veinlet short and obtuse. Underside brightly coloured, the basal
areas tinged with crimson; the basal sinuous lines darker crimson; ocelli on
hindwing small and narrow.

Female. Upperside. Both wings with a broad ochreous-white discal band ;
the basal areas ochreous-grey, much the palest on the hindwing. Forewing with
blackish cell-bars, obsolescent discal markings; the outer border ochreous-brown,
the two black sinuous marginal lines prominent. Hindwing with the outer-discal
area pale ochreous, the outer margin being rich brownish-ochreous with prominent
sinuous submarginal lines, the two ocelli small, as in male. Underside paler and
more yellowish than in male, the discal area on hindwings being pale yellow.

Expanse, ¢ 3,7, to 3,4, ? 3,4, to 3,4 inches.

Larva.— Full fed, 14 inch in length. Pale olive-green, considerably darker

190 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

between the segments ; six short spines on each segment, the two upper much the
longest, all with yellow bases; spiracles marked as a black dot, pale whitish on
either side; legs dark brown. Head dark brown, with two upright horns, half an
inch in length, curving backwards.”

Poura.— Suspended by tail. Colour, varying shades of brown. A prominent
ridge over thorax; two ale anteriorly narrowly pointed on either side of outer
margin of wing cover; two smaller ale on either side of the 12th segment; between
the ale and on either side of dorsum two pairs of diamond-shaped spots, pale green,
one pair behind posterior ale; two silver spots on either side of thoracic ridge
anteriorly, and three splashes of silver posteriorly; a dark line extends from’
the outer margin of the wing-cover to tail. Fifteen days in pupa” (Dr. N.
Manders, l.c.).

Haxirat.—North East India; Burma; Upper Tenasserim.

Distrinution.—* Males of this species are very common in Sikkim, also in
Assam and the Khasia Hills. They are very powerful on the wing, and frequent
damp spots, where they suck up the moisture. The females are less frequently
seen ’”’ (de Nicéville, lc. p. 42). ‘‘Common in Sikkim from the Terai to 6000 feet
elevation almost all the year round, I have bred this species from larve taken in

great numbers on the Passion flower, in October, The specimens which emerge in
the early spring from larve fed up in the late autumn are much smaller, and the
females much lighter coloured, than the later broods of the year” (Ditto, Sikkim
Gaz. 1894, 133). “It is generally spread throughout the hilly parts of Burma, I
found males very common on one occasion near Phapoon, in November, and again
near Bhamo, where I caught one female in October. Females are very uncommon ”’
(Capt. C. H. E. Adamson, List 1897, 181). Signor L. Fea obtained it at Yado, in
June, at Cheba, 900 to 1000 feet elevation, in July, at Meteleo in August, and also
in the Karen Hills, Capt. C. T. Bingham took it in the 'Thoungyeen forests, Upper
Tenasserim, in September. Major Fawcett obtained it in Tounghoo from March to
June, and at Beeling, Upper Tenasserim. Mr, B, Tucker took it in Tavoy in
December. Dr. N. Manders obtained it and reared the larve at Lasho, Shan States,
Burma (Ent, Mo. Mag, 1888, 37).

CYNTHIA PALLIDA.

Cynthia Pallida, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 89 (1885),

Imaco.—Male. Upperside paler than in N.H. Indian and Burmese Erota, the
transverse medial area paler than in dry-season form of Asela, the medial-discal
sinuous markings on the forewing being also less defined, and the outer-discal spots
—especially the upper—smaller. On the hindwing the outer-discal dusky fascia is

NYMPHALINZ. (Group ARGYNNINA.) 191

broader and more diffused, the two ocelli being also comparatively smaller. Under-
side paler throughout than in Hrota, the basal area being of the same tint of colour
as the outer area.

Female. Upperside. Basal and outer areas paler and more olivescent-grey
than in Erota, paler still in the dry-season form; the outer borders also paler and
olivescent, being still more diffusedly paler olivescent-grey on the outer-discal area
of the hindwing. Underside much paler throughout than in Erota, the medial discal
fascia whitish.

Expanse, ¢ 3,6, ? 3,5 to 4,% inches.

Hasitat.—South Andamans.

CYNTHIA SALOMA (Plate 356, fig. 1, larva and pupa, fig. la, b, ¢ 9, Wet-season. Plate 357, fig. 1,
la, b,c, ¢ 2, Dry-season).

Cynthia Saloma, Swinhoe, de Nicéville’s Butt. of India, ii. p. 43 (1886); Proc. Zool. Soc. 1889,
p. 396. Davidson and Aitken, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soe. 1890, p. 270, pl. B, fig. 2, 2a,
larva and pupa.

Imaco, Male. Upperside with the basal and external areas in both the wet
and dry-season forms darker ferruginous-ochreous than in typical Hrota, most con-
spicuously so in the dry-season, in which latter form the discal transverse area is
also distinctly much paler, and the two medial sinuous lines are very slightly defined
or obsolete. In both forms the inner-discal black line on the forewing is much
straighter, the two outer marginal lines on forewing also somewhat less sinuous ;
the inner line on hindwing more sinuous and its two ocelli less prominent; the
violaceous anal patch absent. Underside paler, the discal area still paler ; markings
as above ; on the hindwing the violaceous washing is duller and more restricted, or
in some specimens barely traceable.

Female. Upperside. Basal areas much deeper and richer olive than in Erota,
much the darkest in wet-season form, the outer borders also much darker. Forewing
with the transverse discal white band broader anteriorly, the medial-discal traversing
sinuous line less defined or diffused, the outer-discal black-pointed patches more
prominent, the lower patch being bordered with olive-grey. Hindwing with the
discal white band restricted to the costal and subcostal interspace, the discal area
below it being broadly dark olive-grey or bluish-grey ; ocelli larger and the pupil
central. Underside paler than in Hrota, the ground-colour pale olivescent yellowish-
ochreous; markings similar; ocelli on hindwing larger.

Expanse, Wet, d 4, ? 4 to 4;% inches.

Dry, 3 3%, ¢% 3,§ inches.
Larva.— Larva cylindrical ; head armed with two large, curved, spiny horns,

192 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

the body with six rows of well-branched-spines ; colour pale yellow; lightly marbled
with dark brown; head black, with an inverted Y of yellow; under parts black.”

Pura.— Very grotesque; two extraordinary expansions, like bats’ wings,
springing from the basal abdominal segment, a smaller pair on the penultimate
segment, and a large, angular, dorsal prominence above the head; colour light or
dark brown, with two rows of subdorsal silver spots on thorax and three pairs of
green spots on the abdomnial segments ” (Davidson and Aitken, l.c.).

Hasirat.—South India.

Distrigution.—“ Pretty common, in the North Kanara District of Bombay,
everywhere in forest, from August to September onwards. Males congregate on the
peaks of hills to bask in the sun. Monsoon specimens are conspicuously darker
than those found in the dry season. The female is often difficult to tell from
Parenthos virens, on the wing, its flight being similar, though less powerful”
(Davidson and Aitken, J.c. 1896, 248). ‘‘Mr. R. Morgan has taken both sexes in
the Wynaad, as also has Mr. H. 8. Ferguson in Travancore. Mr. F. W. Bourdillon
says of this species, “* Occurs in Trevandrum at about 2000 feet elevation, is un-
common and difficult to secure owing to its strong flight and habit of settling twenty
or thirty feet from the ground” (de Nicéville, l.c. 48). ‘ Both sexes common on
the Western slopes of the Nilgiris, rare throughout the rest of the District”
(Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, 352). Capt. E. Y. Watson records a single
male taken at Gersoppa Falls, Mysore, in January” (Journ. Bombay N. H. 8.
1890, 4).

Foop-Piant and Hasrrs or Larva.—Messrs. Davidson and Aitken “‘ found the
larva feeding on the wild Passion-flower (Modecca palmata) about the end of
September. It must have ben plentiful earlier, as the butterfly came out about the
beginning of July, and was common enough all through the rains. It is a night-
feeder, returning to some distance, often to another plant, during the day” (lc.
1890, 270).

CYNTHIA ASELA (Plate 358, fig. 1, Jarva and pupa, fig. 1, a,b, ¢ 2).

Cynthia Asela, Mcore, Proc, Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 558; Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 53, pl. 26, fig. 1, la,
3 2, 1b, ¢, larva and pupa (1881). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 43 (1886).

Imaco.—Male. Upperside bright olivescent ochreous-yellow, darkest on the
basal areas. Jorewing with black cell and discocellular streaks, a streak below the
cell, a transverse inner-discal interrupted sinuous line, an outer-discal row of more
or less obsolete dentate spots, the upper one being pale-centred, two marginal
sinuous lines, and a medial-discal indistinct darker ochreous sinuous line. Hind-
wing with a black inner-discal transverse straight line, a medial-discal darker

NYMPHALINZZ. (Group ARGYNNINA.) 201

March and May, also from the Khasias and Perak, and of the dry-season form from
the Karen Hills, December, Beeling, Upper Tenasserim, and Hast Pegu.

Of our illustrations of this species on Plate 361, figs. 1, la, b, are from a male
and female wet-season form, and figs. 1, c, d, from a male of the diy-season form.

ATELLA FRATERNA (Plate 361, fig. 2, 2a,b, ¢ 2).

Male and female. Upperside somewhat paler than in A. Aleippoides, Markings
similar, except that on the forewing the inner-discal oblique costal streak is very
broad anteriorly and decreasingly attenuated hindward ; and there is a medial-discal
sinuous series of marks; the outer-discal lower spots are smaller, narrower, and are
disposed obliquely outward; the marginal ochreous lunules are more dentate in
shape. On the hindwing, the medial-discal black line is more regular in its course
and less simuous. Underside paler yellowish-ochreous than in Alcippoides ; outer
markings more distinctly bordered by pale violaceous-grey.

Expanse, ¢ ? 1,% to 2,%, inches.

Hasitat.—Nicobar Islands.

Distrisution.—Occurs on Little Nicobar, Nankauri, Teressa, and Kutschall,
Nicobar Islands.

Inpo-Matayan Species.—Atella Luzonica (A. Phalanta, Semper, Reis. Phil. Lep.
p. 126, pl. A, fig. 6, larva and pupa). Habitat, Luzon; Mindoro; Philippines.—
Atella Semperi (A. Alcippe, Semper, l.c. p. 127, pl. 20, fig. 8, 9, d ? (1888).
Habitat. Luzon; Philippines.—Atella pallidior, Staudinger, Deuts. Ent. Zeit. 1889,
p. 48. Habitat. Palawan.—Atella Alcippe (Pap. Alcippe, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv.
pl. 389, fig. G, H (1782). Herbst, Nat. Ins. ix. pl. 257, fig. 5, 6. A distinct species.
Underside with the outer-discal and the two submarginal sinuous lines black and
prominently white bordered ; the outer-discal row of spots on both wings are also
prominently black. Habitat. Amboina; Ke Island; Moluccas.

Genus ISSORIA.

Issoria, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 31 (1816); id. Zutriige, iv. p. 32, fig. 735-6 (1832). Semper,
Reis. Phil. Lep. p. 110 (1888).
Atella (sect. 2), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 9 (1864).

Imaco.—Male. Forewing triangular; costa arched, apex obtusely rounded,
exterior margin very oblique, even, posterior angle obtusely pointed; costal vein
extending to fully half the margin; first subcostal branch emitted before end of
the cell, second at some distance beyond the end, third at one-third beyond and

ending before the apex, fourth and fifth at two-thirds ; cell rather narrow ; upper

vol. IV. Dd

202 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

discocellular very short, inwardly-oblique, middle discocellular inwardly-oblique and
concave, lower discocellular inwardly recurved ; middle median branch emitted
immediately before lower end of the cell, lower median at about half way ; sub-
median vein recurved. Hindwing short, broad, somewhat quadrate; apex convex,
exterior margin slightly oblique, scalloped and produced outward at end of upper
median veinlet into a broad caudate angle ; precostal vein slightly curved outward ;
cell closed by a very slender outwardly recurved discocellular ; two upper median
branches from immediately beyond lower end of the cell. Thorav rather stout;
head broad and hairy ; palpi projecting above the head, second joint tumid, pilose,
apical joint very slender, naked; forelegs of male laxly hairy; forelegs of female
slender, tibia and tarsus very sparsely hairy laterally, tarsal joints wide apart,
spined; antennz with a rather stout club; eyes naked.

Tyre.—lI. Egista.

Larva.—Unknown.

ISSORIA SINHA (Plate 359, fig. 2, 2a,b, g ?).

Terinos Sinha, Kollar, Hiigel’s Reise Kaschmir, iv. pt. 2, p. 488 (1844).

Atella Sinha, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soe. Zool. 1877, p. 544. Moore, P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 828. Distant,
Rhop. Malayana, p. 175, pl. 10, fig. 8, ¢ (1882). de Nicéville, Butt of India, ii. p. 29, pl. 20,
fig. 87, 9 (1886); ¢d. Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 400. Snellen, Tijd. voor. Ent. 1892,
p. 5.

Tssoria Sinha, Semper, Reisen Phil. Lep. p. 110 (1888).

Atella Creaghana, Pryer and Cator, Brit. N. Borneo Herald, 1894, p. 260.

Issoria Egista, Wiibner, Zutriige, iv. p. 32, fig. 735-6 (1832).

Tuaco.—Male and female. Upperside. Forewing with the anterior half, from
base of costa to about one-third from the base of posterior margin below the cell, to
upper median, and then narrowly down the outer margin, rich olivescent ochreous-
brown, the apical interspaces between the markings and the marginal border being
ochreous-black, the lower-discal area bright rich deep yellowish-ochreous ; two black
slender wavy lines across middle of cell, two at its end, a black sinuous edge to the
dark portion below the cell, and two outer-discal small lunate spots placed between
the median veinlets; a broad, yellowish-ochreous oblique streak from the costa,
beyond the cell, divided by the subcostals; a similar subapical streak beyond, ex-
tending to the upper median, its middle portion cut with a central black dentate
mark, and the lower portion outwardly filled up with black and occasionally having
a central ochreous dot; outer border traversed by a slender ochreous lunular line.
Hindwing rich deep yellowish-ochreous basally, merging to darker olivescent-
ochreous discally, the outer border being ochreous-black; an outer-discal row of five

NYMPHALINA. (Group ARGYNNINA.) 203

small black spots, followed by a submarginal ochreous lunular line, and a less
apparent slender similar marginalline. Underside. Markings similar to upperside.
Forewing with the basal and apical dark portions various shades of chestnut-brown
washed with violet; base of cell and space between the two pairs of cell-bars,
the oblique costal streak, subcostal streak and its lower-discal series of lunules, all
violet-white ; lower-discal area and outer margin pale ochreous. Hindwing with the
costal base and outer border pale ochreous; discal area violaceous ; interspace
of cell-bars, edge of an inner-discal sinuous line, and a medial-discal series of decreas-
ing lunules violet-white; an outer-discal row of black spots more or less diffusedly
surrounded with reddish-ochreous; marginal lunular line dusky-brown. Body and
palpi above olivescent-brown ; beneath, and femora beneath whitish; legs pale
ochreous ; antennz black above, tip and shaft beneath reddish-ochreous.

Expanse, 3 2,%, to 2,8, ¢ 2,8 to 3 inches.

Hasirat.—West and Eastern Himalayas; Assam; Khasias; Silhet; Cachar,
Orissa ; Burma; Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; Java; Borneo; Philip-
pines.

Distripution.—In the Western Himalayas, Mr. P. W. Mackinnon records it as
*‘ occurring in the Valleys to the north of Masuriin April and August, and in the Dun
from August to December. Rare. We have it also from the Bhilung District
of Tehri Garwhal, taken in September” (Journ. Bombay N. H. 8.1898, 368). Mr.
W. Doherty found it “common in the Kali Valley, Kumaon, at 2000 to 3000
feet elevation” (Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, 121). We possess examples from
Nepal, Sikkim, Bhotan, the Khasias; Chindwin, Burma, taken in December by
Colonel C. H. E. Adamson; Malacca; Sumatra, and Java. It is ‘‘ not very common
in Sikkim, but is found from 2000 to 3000 feet elevation, from May to October.
I have never seen a female of this species, though hundreds have passed through my
hands. Mr. Dudgeon reports it as occurring more commonly East of the Tista River,
at the same elevations. He has observed the female in June, depositing eggs,
at 2500 feet elevation” (de Nicéville, Sikk. Gazetteer, 1894, 132). ‘In Burma,
this insect is not uncommon on the gravelly beds of streams in the cold weather. Its
flight is very strong and rapid. It invariably rests with the wings crossed over its
back, and is in all its habits quite different from Afella Phalauta and Aleippe” (Col.
Adamson List, p. 17). Dr. J. Anderson took it in ‘‘ Mergui, in the cold weather’”’
(J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 34). Dr. N Manders found it “not a common
species in the Shan States. Taken at Yatsouk and Fort Stedman” (Tr. Ent. Soc.
1890, 520).

Matay Sprcies.—Issoria Egista (Pap. Egista, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 281,
fig. C, D (1782). Semper, Reis. Phil. Lep. p. 110, fig. (1888). Atella Hgista,
Kirby Catal. D. Lep. p. 154 (1871). Habitat. Moluccas.

pd 2

204 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Genus CUPHA.
Cupha, Billberg, Enum. Ins. p. 79 (1820). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 64 (1881). Distant, Rhop.
Malayana, p. 176 (1882). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 21 (1886).
Messaras, Doubleday, Gen. Diurnal Lep. i. p. 163 (1848).

Imaco.—Male. Wings short, broad. Forewing subtriangular ; costa much
arched from the base, apex very obtuse; exterior margin very slightiy oblique and
waved in the middle; costal vein extending to half the margin; first and second
subcostal branches very short; first subcostal emitted at end of the cell, second at
one-sixth beyond end of the cell, third branch at two-sixths from its end, fourth and
fifth at two-thirds beyond ; upper discocellular extremely short, almost obsolete,
middle discocellular starting from close to the subcostal and deeply concave below,
lower discocellular very slender and slightly concave, radials from angle and end of
the upper; cell very short and broad ; two upper median branches emitted at end of
the cell, lower median at one-third before its end; sub-median vein nearly straight.
Hindwing broadly oval; exterior margin very convex, waved; costal vein extending
to the apex ; precostal vein curved outward ; first subcostal branch emitted at one-
third before end of the cell; cell open; median branches wide apart ; submedian and
internal vein straight. Body short, somewhat slender ; palpi ascending, finely pilose,
second joint long, extending half its length beyond the head, third joint short,
slender, pointed ; forelegs slender, of male finely hairy ; forelegs of female scaly,
tarsal joints spined; antennz with a gradually formed club; eyes naked.

Typs.—C. Erymanthis.

Larva.—Cylindrical; armed with longitudinal rows of blackish branched-spines.
Colour brown or pale green.

Pura.—Brown or pale green ; with a double row of long slender red filaments.

CUPHA ERYMANTHIS (Plate 362, fig. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 2).

Papilio Erymanthis, Drury, Illust. Exot, Ent. i. pl. 15, fig. 3, 4, 9 (1770). Cramer, Pap. Exot, iii.
pl. 283, fig. F, G, ¢ (1779). Donovan, Ins. of China, pl. 35, fig. 1, ¢ (1798).

Argynnis Erymanthis, Westwood, 2nd Edit. Donov. Ins. China, p. 64, pl. 35, fig. 1, ¢ (1842).

Messaras Erymanthis, Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. i. p. 163 (1848).

Cupha Erymanthis, Billberg, Enum. Ins. p. 79 (1820). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 176, pl. 8, fig. 4,
& (1882). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 22 (1886).

Papilio Lotis, Sulzer, Gesch. Ins. p. 144, pl. 16, fig. 6 (1776).

Messaras Nicobarica, Felder, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesells. Wien. xii. p. 486 (1862).

Messaras disjuncta, Weymer, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1885, p. 263.

Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside olivescent brownish-ochreous. Fore-
wing with a slightly-defined black very slender broken ringlet-mark across middle
of the cell, and two waved sinuous lines at its end; a broad transverse discal pale

NYMPHALINZ (Group ARGYNNINA.) 205

yellowish-ochreous irregular margined band extending from the costa to submedian
veinlet, its inner-edge sinuously black bordered and its outer-edge more waved ;
the apical area beyond being ochreous-black and containing two small outwardly-
oblique subapical ochreous spots, the lowest being most distinct and palest, the
upper one smallest and more or less obsolescent ; within the lower-discal area of the
yellowish band are two small rounded black inwardly-oblique spots placed in the
median interspaces, and then a larger somewhat quadrate black lower spot
outwardly-disposed above the submedian and which is joined to a narrow sinuous
black submarginal line ascending to the upper median veinlet. Hindwing crossed
by a very slender black inner-discal broken sinuous line, a medial-discal straighter
lunular line outwardly-bordered by pale yellowish lunules which widen and are some-
what whitish anteriorly, the costal space between the upper end of the lines being also
whitish ; beyond is an outer-discal row of five rounded black spots, the penultimate
upper one the largest, followed by a black submarginal sinuous rather broad line,
and then a marginal lunular line, the extreme outer margin being also blackish.
Underside paler brownish-ochreous. Forewing with the apical area also pale
brownish-ochreous, the discal broad band paler and duller yellow, its sinuous inner-
edge slenderly defined, its lower-discal area being traversed by the three black spots,
as on upperside, and on the apical area above these are succeeded by a series of small
black pale-edged dentate spots, the whole preceded by an inner row of slender
blackish pale outward-bordered lunules, of which latter the two upper are the
largest; beyond are two less-defined slender sinuous marginal lines; cell-marks
brownish-ochreous. Hindwing marked as on upperside; the inner-discal and
marginal lines being less-defined, slender, and outwardly lunularly pale bordered,
the medial-discal lunules prominent and _ lilacine-white, the discal black spots
surrounded by reddish-ochreous. Body and palpi above olivescent brownish-
ochreous, below, and legs pale yellowish-ochreous ; antennee above blackish, beneath
reddish-ochreous.

Expanse, ¢ 2,2, to 2,5, 2 2,4, to 2,8 inches.

Hasirat.—Kumaon; Nepal; Sikkim ; Bhotan; Naga and Khasia Hills ; Silhet ;
Dacca; Burma; Tenasserim; Siam; Malay Peninsula; Nicobars ; Nias ; Sumatra ;
Java; Borneo; Hong Kong; Hainan; Formosa.

DistriBution.—This occurs along the foot of the Himalayas as far West as
Kumaon, as stated by Mr. E, T. Atkinson in his Notes on Zool. of N.W. Prov.
India. Mr. P. W. Mackinnon records it as “common in the Dehra Dun in May
and October. A straggler or two is occasionally found in Masuri early in May”
(J. Bombay N. H. S. 1898, 368). Mr. W. Doherty obtained it in the “ River Valleys,
in Kumaon, up to 5000 feet” (J. As. Soe, Bengal, 1886, 121). “In Sikkim it is
never common, but appears to occur at low elevations throughout the warmer

206 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

months. I once caught a few specimens at Kalimpong in October. In Daling it is
local at 3000 feet elevation” (de Nicéville, Sikk. Gazetteer, 1894, 132). Capt.
M. J. Slater found it ‘tolerably plentiful at Dacca, 1844. It flies quietly and is
easily captured. I used to find one or two almost invariably near a deep pool of
stagnant water overhung with bamboo jungle” (MS. Notes, p. 148). “It has been
taken at Shelapunji, in the Khasia Hills, in October. Mr. T. G. Monerieffe took it
at Rangoon. Dr. J. Anderson obtained it in the Mergui Archipelago from
December to March, and Mr. O. Limborg at Moolai, Moolat, and at Hatseiga, Upper
Tenasserim ”’ (de Nicéville, l.c. 23). Signor L. Fea took it at Bhamo, in November.
Col. C. H. E. Adamson records it as ‘common in Burma during the rainy season ”’
(List 1897, 17). Dr. N. Manders found it “acommon species in the Shan States,
from 1000 to 3000 feet elevation ; more rarely at higher elevations. It is almost
invariably found near water, and affects open spaces in thick jungle” (Trans.
Ent. Soc. 1890, 520). We possess examples from Nepal; Bhotan; Khasia Hills ;
Burma; Tenasserim; Nancoury and Camorta, Nicobars; Malay Peninsula ;
Sumatra; Java; Hainan and Formosa. Mr. J. J. Walker, R.N., records it as “a
common butterfly in Hong Kong, specimens usually more or less worn being found
from December to March, when a brood of larger and darker examples makes its
appearance. The green, spiny, Vanessa-like larva is often found on Gilochidion
eriocarpun, a common roadside shrub with downy leaves, and the pupa, which is
very angular and most brilliantly gilded, is attached to the twigs of the same plant.
Both are very frequently infested with Ichneumons and Dipterous parasites” (Tr.
Ent. Soc. 1895, 451).
Our illustrations on Plate 362 are from male and female Burmese examples.

CUPHA MAJA (Plate 362, fig. 2, larva and pupa, 2a, b,c, d 2).

Cupha Maja, Frihstorfer, Berl. Entom. Zeit. 1898, p. 198.

Cupha Erymanthis, Hampson, Journ, Asiatie Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 352, larva and pupa.

Cupha placida, Davidson and Aitken, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soe. 1896, p. 247, pl. 3, fig. 3, larva
and pupa,

Imaco.—Male and female. Forewing with a comparatively more pointed apex,
and the hindwing more distinctly angulated at end of upper median veinlet, than in
C. placida and Erymanthis. Upperside dark olivescent ochreous-brown, darker than
in Hrymanthis from Sikkim, Bhotan or Burma. Forewing with the discal transverse
band comparatively narrower and somewhat brighter yellowish-ochreous, its inner
sinuous edge less black-bordered ; the three lower-discal spots of equal size; sub-
apical spots absent; the lower marginal lunules obsolescent. Hindwing with the two

NYMPHALINZ. (Group ARGYNNINA.) 207

inner-discal sinuous lines very indistinct or obsolescent, the discal row of black
spots smaller, the submarginal and marginal line indistinct or obsolescent. Under-
side. Basal area of both wings paler than in Erymanthis, in the male generally as
pale as the band; the cell-marks and apex of forewing, and a subbasal sinuous fascia
on hindwing, being darker brownish-ochreous ; hindwing with the outer border also
uniformly brownish-ochreous, the two marginal sinuous lines indistinct and not pale
bordered; the discal violaceous lunules prominent, the outer-discal black spots
small.

Expanse, d 2 to 2,4, ? 2,8 inches.

Larva.—Cylindrical. Brown or pale green; armed with longitudinal rows of
blackish branched-spines.

Pupa.—Pale yellowish-green, with a double row of long slender red filaments.

Hasirat.—South India.

DistriputTion.—* The Indian Museum, Calcutta, possesses examples from the
Kadur District, Mysore, Ootacamund, Nilgiris, the Wynaad, Kanara, and Travan-
core’ (de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. ii. 23). We possess both sexes from Kanara, and
the Nilgiris. Messrs. Davidson and Aitken record it as ‘‘ very common, in the N.
Kanara District, wherever the country is fairly well wooded, and more abundant in
the dry season than during the rains. In habits it is very like Afella Phalantha,
flitting restlessly from bush to bush, and keeping its wings in motion even when it
alights. The larva, which feeds on the same plant (Mlacowrtia) as that species, 1s
only distinguishable by the colour of the head and by the spines, which are inclined
to be semi-transparent, these being black in A. Phalantha. The pupa can be
recognized at once by a double row of slender filaments springing from the principal
tubercles” (Journ. Bombay N. H. 8. 1896, 247). In the Nilgiris, Mr. G. F.
Hampson found it “common at 3000 to 6000 feet. Larva pale apple-green, with
branching black spines. Pupa pale apple-green, with three pairs of red and black
frontal processes, and red and black frontal streaks” (Journ. Asiat. Soc, Bengal,
1888, 352).

CUPHA PLACIDA (Plate 363, fig. 1, la, ¢ 2).

Cupha placida, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 65, pl. 32, fig. 1 (1881). de Niceville, Butt. of India, ii.
p. 23 (1886).

Iuaco.—Male and female. Upperside much paler olivescent brownish-ochreous
than in N. Indian Erymanthis and S. Indian Maja. Forewing with the oblique
discal band deep yellowish-ochreous, in some specimens being but slightly paler than
the basal area, its inner sinuous black-edge very slenderly defined, its outer edge
more regular and curving inward to the costa where it joms the inner end; cell-

io)

20 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA,

marks slender; subapical spot obsolescent brownish-ochreous ; lower-discal black
spots very small and more or less slightly defined. Hindwing with a transverse
inner-discal slender black sinuous line, medial-discal straight lunular line outwardly-
bordered by whitish lunules ; an outer-discal row of small black spots, followed by a
submarginal sinuous line, a marginal lunular line, and an extreme outer marginal
line. Underside pale brownish-ochreous. Forewing with the discal band of the
same colour as the base, its lower outer area only being paler; markings on both
wings similar to those in Hrymanthis.

Expanse, ¢ 1,5, to 2;%, 2 2 to 2,% inches.

Hasrrat.— Ceylon.

Distripution.—‘ A low country insect. Found sometimes in the hilly districts.
Numerous only about April and May (F. M. Mackwood). Taken at Galle and
Kandy” (Capt. Wade). ‘* Widely distributed in Ceylon, but not abundant; more
common in the low country ; found rarely at Nuwara Eliya, in jungle near water,
and is not easy to capture in good condition” (Dr. N. Manders, J. A. S. Bengal,
1899, 191).

CUPHA ANDAMANICA (Plate 363, fig. 2, ¢).
Cupha Erymanthis, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. pl. 23, fig. 105, ¢.

Tuaco.—Male and female. Upperside very dark olivescent ochreous-brown,
darker than in S. Indian C. Maja, Forewing with the transverse yellow band much
paler and of more uniform width throughout its course than in Indian, Burmese,
and Nicobar Erymanthis, its inner sinuous edge more diffusedly-black, the three
lower-discal spots large ; subapical ochreous spot small. Hindwing with the two
inner-discal black sinuous lines comparatively wider and more continuous, the
outer-discal row of black spots larger, and the outer lines more sinuous. Underside
with similar markings to Hrymanthis ; the band on forewing of the same width as on
upperside.

Expanse, 3 ? 2,% to 2; inches.

Hasirat.—South Andamans.

Distripution.—Numerous examples received from Port Blair, South Andamans.
It is quite different from the Nicobar form.

Puiuirpine Sprcites.—Cupha Arias (Messaras Arias, Felder, Reis. Novara Lep.
iii. p. 391 (1867). Semper, Reis. Phil. Lep. p. 109, pl. 20, fig. 6, 7, ¢ (1888).
Frihstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1897, p. 324. Habitat. Philippines.—-Cupha Dapatana

(Messaras Dapatana, Grose-Smith, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1887, p. 267). Habitat. Dapatan
Tsland, Philippines.

NYMPHALIN/A. (Group ARGYNNINVA.) 209

Genus DUCAPA.

Paduca,* Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. (June) 1886, p. 34. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 447 (1886).
Semper, Reis. Phil. Lep. p. 106 (1888).

Imaco.—Male. Forewing subtriangular; costa very slightly arched, apex rounded,
exterior margin oblique and slightly waved, posterior margin nearly straight ; cell
short; first subcostal branch emitted at some distance before end of the cell, second
branch at its end, third branch at one-half beyond the end, and fourth at three-
fifths ; upper discocellular extremely short, middle discocellular inwardly-oblique
and deeply concave, lower discocellular also inwardly-oblique and concave posteriorly ;
middle median veinlet emitted at some distance beyond lower end of the cell. On the
upperside is a narrow streak of modified ochreous scales, extending along each side of
both the radial veinlets, from their base to more than half their length, which gives
this portion of those veinlets the appearance of a feather, of which the vein itself
is the shaft and the scales the barb. Hindiwing short; exterior margin convex,
slightly scalloped and somewhat angular at end of upper median veinlet; pre-
costal vein short and bent outward; radial emitted from lower subcostal at some
distance beyond its base; cell open; lower median starting from opposite base of
radial, upper median at considerable distance beyond. On the upperside the
two subcostal branches are furnished with a similar positioned narrow streak of
modified ochreous scales along each side, as is present on the forewing. Body
moderate; palpi porrect, second joint laxly hairy above and beneath; third joint
short and slender ; forelegs of male very slender, finely hairy ; forelegs of female scaly,
tarsal joints finely spined ; antennal club moderately stout ; eyes naked.

Type.—D. fasciata.

DUCAPA FASCIATA (Plate 363, fix. 3, 3a, b,c, ¢ 2).

Atella fasciata, Felder, Wien. Entom. Monats. iv. p. 235 (1860).

Cirrochroa fasciata, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 389, pl. 49, fig. 9,10, g (1867). de Nicéville,
Butt. of India, ii. p. 119 (1886).

Paduca fasciata, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 447, pl. 40, fig. 12, ¢ (1886). Semper, Reisen Phil.
Lep. p. 107 (1888).

Cirrochroa (Paduca) fasciata, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 412.

Tmaco.—Male. Upperside olivescent fuliginous-brown, almost black externally ;
the base thickly irrorated with yellowish-ochreous scales. Forewing with a distinct
slender ochreous streak of modified scales extending along euch side of the tworadial veinlets

* Paduka previously used, in May, 1886, by Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 375, for a genus of
Hesperiide.
VOL. IY. Ee

210 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

from their base to more than half the length, these streaks giving that portion of the
veins the appearance ofa feather of which the vein itself is the shaft and the scales the
barb; between these veins is a narrow pale yellowish-ochreous spot, and another
similar spot above; on the disc from below the upper median vein is an inwardly-
oblique discal broad pale ochreous-yellow—or sometimes almost ochreous-white—
band, which is almost evenly-edged on both sides; beyond is an outer-discal row of
five rounded spots of the same colour, the lowest being almost obliterated or centred
by a black spot, followed by a submarginal row of slender dentate ]unules also of the
same colour, these latter being outwardly-bordered by a black lunule, and then an
obsolescent outer marginal line. Hindwing with a similar slender ochreous streak of
modified scales as on forewing, extending from base of first and second subcostal; a
transverse inner-discal broad pale ochreous-yellow or almost ochreous-white band
which is either of equal width at each end or tapering hindward ; an outer-discal
narrower and somewhat macular band of the same colour inwardly bearing a rew of
six prominent black spots ; beyond is a submarginal row of slender yellow lunules
and a still finer obsolescent outer marginal line. Underside pale dull fuligimous-
ochreous, the discal band and outer markings, as on upperside, paler yellowish-
ochreous, the lower black spot on forewing and those on the hindwing being
prominent. Body and palpi above fuliginous-brown, beneath and legs yellowish-
ochreous ; antennee black.

Female. Upperside similar to male, except that the vein streaks are absent on
both wings ; and on the forewing the two upper-discal yellowish-ochreous spots are
larger and conjoined. Underside pale fuliginous-ochreous ; all the markings more
defined than in male.

Expanse, ¢ 15, to 2,5, ? 2 mehes.

Hasitar.—Upper and Lower Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; Java;
Borneo ; Mindoro, Philippines.

Disrrisutron.—Col. C. H. E. Adamson records finding this insect ‘ abundant on
the road between Kaukaret and Myawaddee, Upper Tenasserim, on the 24th April,
1880, but not since met with’’ (List, Burm. Butt. p. 21 (1897). ‘* Dr. J. Anderson
took two males and one female in the Mergui Archipelago during January and
March. Capt. C. T, Bingham took it in the Upper Thoungyeen forests in April,
the Donat Range, and in Kaukaret, Upper Tenasserim” (de Nicéville, /.c.). A male
taken by Mr. Hawxwell in Upper Tenasserim is in Mr. Grose-Smith’s collection, We
have examined specimens from Perak, Borneo, Sumatra, Java, and Mindoro,
Philippines.

Of our illustrations on Plate 3638, figs. 3, 3a, b, are from two males, and fig. 3c

from afemale; all from Burma.

NYMPHALINZ.. . (Group ARGYNNLNA.) 211

DUCAPA FLAVOBRUNNEA (Plate 363, fig. 4, 3).
Paduca flavobrunnea, Grose-Smith, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1887, p. 266.

Mate.—Upperside pale olivescent fuliginous-brown, the outer margins darker,
the base thickly irrorated with pale yellowish-ochreous scales. Forewing with the
yellowish-ochreous streaks of modified seales along each side of the two radial veinlets
less distinctly defined than in fasciata; the two upper-discal pale ochreous spots, the
lower-discal band, and the outer-discal row of spots, disposed as in fasciata, but all
being more or less confluent, the posterior black spot small; the submarginal dentate
lunules distinct, but with their inner points slightly touching the outer-discal spots ;
outer marginal lunular line slightly defined. Hindwing with similar but less distinct
ochreous streaks of modified scales along the subcostals than in fasciata ; the pale
ochreous inner-discal band and the outer-discal band divided only by a dusky fascia,
traversed by the medial-discal black spots as in fasciata, these spots being very
prominent ; submarginal ochreous lunules distinct ; marginal line slender. Under-
side paler than in faseiata ; with all the markings the same, but more faintly defined ;
the black spots being smaller.

Expanse, ¢ 1,8, to 1, inch.

Hasirat.—Upper Tenasserim.

This may probably be the dry-season form of D. fasciati.

Distripution.—The type-specimen, described by Mr. Grose-Smith, was taken
by Col. C. H. E. Adamson on the 4th February, 1881, at Tounggya Sekkan, in the
Moulmain District. A male from Moolai, Upper Tenasserim, taken in February,
1892, by Capt. C. T. Bingham, is in Col. C. Swinhoe’s collection. A male, also from
Upper Tenasserim, taken by Mr. Hawxwell, is in Mr. Grose-Smith’s collection,

Our illustration of this species on Plate 3863, fig. 4, is taken from the type-
specimen in the collection of Col. C. H. HE. Adamson.

Avstro-Matayan Sprcies.—Ducapa Satyrina (Cirrochroa Satyrina, Felder, Reise
Nov. Lep. ui. p. 389). Habitat. Celebes—Ducapa Myrsa, Grose-Smith, Ann. Nat.
Hist. 1887, p. 267. Habitat. Celebes.—Duecapa Sibylla (Cirrochroa Sibylla, Rober,
C. B. Iris, 1887, p. 191, pl. 7, fig. 7). Habitat. Celebes.—Ducapa Similiana
(Cirrochroa Similiana, Rober, C. B. Iris, 1887, p. 191, pl. 7, fg. 8). Habitat. Bankei.
—Ducapa Felderi (Cirrochroa Felderi, Kirsch, Mittl. Mus. Dresden, 1877, p. 123,
pl. 6, figs. 3, 3a). Habitat. New Guinea.

Genus CIRROCHROA.

Cirrochroa, Doubleday, Gen. of Diurnal Lep. i. p. 157 (1848). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 62 (1881).
Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 177 (1882). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 107 (1886). Semper,
Reise. Phil. Lep. p. 107 (1888).

Imaco.—Wings ample, short, broad. Forewing triangular; costa arched from

Ee 2

212 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA,

the base, apex slightly truncate; exterior margin oblique, very slightly uneven,
posterior angle obtuse, posterior margin slightly recurved ; costal vein extending to
half the margin; first subcostal branch emitted at some distance before end of the
cell, second branch at its end, third branch at one-half beyond the cell, fourth at
about one-fifth beyond the third ; cell short, broad ; discocellulars inwardly-oblique ;
upper discocellular short, middle discocellular concave, lower long and concave
posteriorly ; two upper median branches emitted at a short distance beyond lower
end of the cell; submedian vein recurved. Hindwing short, broad; apex slightly
angular; exterior margin convex, very slightly scalloped and somewhat angular at
end of the upper median veinlet ; costal vein extending to the apex; precostal vein
short, almost straight ; radial emitted from subcostal branch opposite lower median
veinlet; cell open; two upper median branches emitted at considerable distance
beyond; submedian recurved; internal vein much curved from the base. Body
moderately stout ; thorax and base of abdomen hairy; palpi ascending, scaly, second
joint hairy above, setose beneath, third joint short, slender, almost acicular ; forelegs
of male short, slender, finely hairy; forelegs of female longer, slender, scaly above,
femur finely hairy beneath, tibia and tarsus slightly hairy at the side and beneath,
tarsal spines stout; antennz with a gradually formed slender club; eyes naked.

Typr.—C. Aoris.

Larva.—{Lanka.] Cylindrical. Segments with two dorsal rows of long delicate
branched-spines, and two lateral rows of shorter spines; a similar spine projecting
on each side of head from second segment.

Pupra.—Suspended by tail, but in a horizontal position. With dorsal lengthened
tubercles and two longer tubercular processes projecting from front of thorax ; head
cleft.

CIRRGCHROA AORIS.

Cirrochroa Aoris, Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. i. p. 157, pl. 21, fig. 2, g (1847-8). Westwood, Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond. 1880, p. 113, pl. 2 (hermaphrodites). de Nicéville, Butt of India, ii. p. 109
(1886).

Wet-season form (Plate 364, fiz 1, la, g, 1b, ¢, ¢).

Imuaco.—Male. Upperside bright fulyous; basal areas slightly powdered with
fuscous scales ; veins discally black lined. Forewing with the apex truncated ;
discocellular veinlet edged by a slightly-defined slender blackish line on each side; a
transverse inner-discal more or less distinct blackish recurved slender sinuous line;
a diseal series of very indistinct or obsolescent dusky rounded diffused spots which
are most obsolescent, or obsolete, anteriorly; followed by an inner submarginal very
indistinct or obsolescent slender sinuous line, an outer submarginal distinct blackish
sinuous line, and a marginal straight line, the two latter merging anteriorly and

NYMPHALINA‘, (Group ARGYNNINA.) 213

forming a blackish apical border. Hindwing crossed by a blackish slender inner-
discal sinuous line bordered outwardly at the costal end by a broad white patch; a
discal row of six black rounded spots, one in each interspace except the discoidal ;
followed by two submarginal engrailed lines, and a less defined marginal nearly
straight line. Underside. Both wings much paler and duller ochreous-yellow ; all
the markings, as on upperside, much obliterated. Both wings with a palely defined
subbasal streak ; the inner-discal sinuous line broadly outwardly-bordered by a
lacine-whitish fascia having a straight even outer edge, the inner sinuous edge being
also bordered by a more or less indistinctly defined parallel sinuously-lunular fascia
of darker ochreous than the basal ground-colour; the indistinct submarginal and
marginal lunular lines inwardly-bordered by whitish lunules ; discal black spots on
hindwing smaller than on upperside; apical lunules whitish. Body and palpi above
olivescent-ochreous ; beneath and legs pale ochreous ; antennz black.

Female. Upperside olivescent brownish-fulvous or darker fulvous-brown ;
markings as in male, but broader and nore sharply defined ; the inner-discal sinuous
line outwardly bordered, and the submarginal lines interspaced with dull white or
paler ochreous than the ground-colour. Underside pale dull ochreous, paler than in
male, washed with pale violaceous ; markings the same, those on the outer border
more obscure, the inner more distinct.

Expanse, ¢ ? 3,4 to 3,% inches,

Dry-season form (Plate 364, fig. 1, d,e, ¢ 2).

Cirrochroa Jiraria, Swinhoe, Trans. Entom. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 281.

Male. Smaller than wet-season form. Upperside. Ground-colour slightly paler ;
markings similar, but either more or Jess ill-defined, or on the forewing, the discal
sinuous line is absent or slightly apparent at costal end, and on the hindwing the
outer submarginal and marginal line is obsolescent. Underside paler than in wet-
season form ; all the markings obscure or obsolescent ; the discal transverse fascia
of the same tint as the ground-colour, or very slightly paler.

Female. Upperside of a uniformly paler olivescent brownish-fulvous than in
wet-season form. Underside also uniformly paler than in wet-season form; the
discal transverse fascia of the same tint as the ground-colour.

Expanse, ¢ 2,5 to 3, 2? 3,49 inches.

Hasirat.—Sikkim ; Bhotan; Upper Assam ; Cachar ; Silhet ; Khasia and Naga
Hills.

Disrrisution.—‘* This is one of the commonest species of the genus. It is met
with in Sikkim up to about 6000 feet elevation, from April to December, and occurs
equally common in the Hills to the Eastwards as far as Sibsagar in Upper Assam”
(de Nicéville, /.c.).

214 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

CIRROCHROA ABNORMIS (Plate 365, fig. 1, la, 3).

Cirrochroa abnormis, Moore, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 19. de Nicéville, Butt of India, ii.
p. 110 (1886).

Ivaco.—Male. Upperside bright fulvous. Forewing with the apex slightly
truncate; a transverse medial-diseal black sinuous band, which is broadest at the
costal end, a narrower submarginal sinuous line, and a nearly straight marginal line ;
the interspace from the submarginai band and outer edge of the wing being suffused
with black towards the apex; an indistinct dusky streak at end of the cell. Hind-
wing with a medial-discal transverse angulated black lunular band, which is broadest
at the costal end; a submarginal lunular line, and a slender, nearly straight
marginal line; a medial-diseal row of minute black spots. Underside brownish-
ochreous; a transverse medial-discal slightly purpurescent band with waved
suffused dusky lunular inner-edge and slender almost straight outer-edge, the band
being quite narrow where it crosses from front to hindwing, and is broadly dilated
at the costal end on forewing and at anal angle on hindwing ; contiguous to the
inner-edge of the band is a similar dusky suffused lunular fascia, the interspace
being of a slight pale yellowish-ochreous colour; at end of each cell is a dusky
double lunular mark, a similar double lunular waved line also extends from middle of
the cell on forewing to below the cell on the hindwing; outer border of both wings
traversed by faint traces of a yellowish-ochreous submarginal lunular band; on the
forewing is a conspicuous lilacine-white apical patch, and on the hindwing is a row
of very small black transverse medial-discal dots.

Expanse, 2,°9 inches.

Hasirat.—Darjiling.

Norre.—The type-speciinen, in our own collection, is the only example we have

seen.

CIRROCHROA OLIVACEA (Plate 365, fig. 2, 2a, g, 2b, ¢, 2).
Cirrochroa olivacea, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 110, pl. 24, fig. 111, 2 (1886).

Imaco.—Male. Upperside bright fulvous, veins discally defined with black ;
basal area dusky fulvous. Forewing truncate at the apex; discocellular veinlet
black lined on both sides ; an inner-discal irregular blackish line becoming obsolete
posteriorly and is widest on the costa; the outer margin, especially at the apex,
broadly black, decreasing hindward and includes two or three fulvous lunules from
the lower angle, and sometimes two or three small spots at the apex. Hindwing
with the usual quadrate pale costal spot; crossed by a slightly-detined black slender
inner-discal wavy line, a discal row of six black spots, two submarginal sinuous

NYMPHALINA. (group ARGYNNINA.) 215

lines, and a marginal straight line, the inner line more or less obsolescent anteriorly.
Underside opalescent-buff, variable in depth of shade. Both wings with a paler
glossy discal band, broadest on forewing and widening to the costa, narrowing and
of nearly equal width throughout on the hindwing, its outer-edge defined by a
prominent straight fine purple line, its inner-edge by an irregular wavy brown,
fulvous-bordered line ; subbasal and discocellular line and outer markings obscure ;
the marginal lunular lines fulvous; the discal black spots on hindwing small; a
whitish apical patch on forewing. Body and palpi above olivescent-brown;
beneath pale ochreous, antenne black.

Female. Upperside dark olive fulvous-brown; all the markings darker and
more prominent than in male. Forewing with a broad discal pale fulvescent-yellow
band, the outer dark edge of the discal band on underside being visible ; inner edge
of the band sharply defined by the black sinuous discal line, its outer edge
diffusedly merging into the broad black margin. Hindwing with the costal white
spot prominently and narrowly descending to lower subcostal; discal row of black
spots smaller; submarginal lines distinct; marginal line diffused. Underside
purpurescent-grey ; markings as in male, the discal band and apical patch glossy
ereyish-white.

Expanse, d 2,5, to 3, 9 3 to 3,% inches.

Hasrrat.—Burma ; Upper Tenasserim.

Distrisurion.—Specimens of both sexes were taken in the Karen Hills in
August, September and October, by Signor L. Fea. Mr. R. Roberts, C.E., obtained
it in the Upper Mekong, Shan States, Siam. Col. C. H. E. Adamson records
‘numerous males and one female, taken in Tenasserim, in March and April” (List
1897, 21). A male, from the Donat Range, Upper Tenasserim, is in Mr. H. Grose-
Smith’s collection.

CIRROCHROA MITHILA (Plate 366, fig. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 9 (Wet-season form); fig. ld, e, ¢ 9
(Dry-season form).

Cirrochroa Mithila, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 558, ¢; Anderson’s Zool. Res. Yunan Exp.
p. 924 (1878). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, etc., ii. p. 114 (1886),

Cirrochroa rotundata, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1877, p. 543, g. Distant, Rhop. Malay.
pp. 181, 447, pl. 10, fig. 10, g, pl. 41, fig. 12, 9 (1883-86). Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1885,
p. 303. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ete., i. p. 114 (1886).

Male. Upperside of the same shade of fulvous as in C, Aoris, brightest in the
wet-season form; transverse markings on both wings similar to CO. Anjira, but more
slender and less defined, and in the dry-season form are more or less obsolescent on
the forewing, Underside of various shades of pale testaceous or pale reddish-

216 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

testaceous, slightly glossed with violaceous-grey in certain lights. Both wings
with a transverse discal broad band, which is more or less faintly defined in the
diy-season form, either of same shade as the ground-colour, or of a more or less pale
glossy violaceous-grey, its inner-edge somewhat sinuously defined by a more or less
indistinct paler or brighter testaceous lunular line, its outer-edge being even and
either faintly or distinctly defined by a dusky-purplish diffused line; beyond is an
outer-discal row of pale or bright-bordered dusky spots, which, on the forewing,
are dentate and more or less obscure, and on the hindwing are distinct and black;
followed by a submarginal, more or less defined, pale or bright testaceous lunular
line, which is bordered on both its sides by violaceous-grey lunules. The ground-
colour is brightest and the markings most defined in specimens of the wef-season form.

Female. Upperside pale brownish-fulvous in the dry-season form, darker and
brighter brownish-fulvous in the wet-season form; markings more distinctly and
regularly defined throughout than in male. Underside much paler and duller
testaceous or pale olivescent-testaceous, glossed with pale violaceous-grey ; markings
as in male, but less defined.

Expanse, ¢ 2,5, to 2;%, % 2; to 3 inches.

Hasitat.—Sikkim ; Assam; Khasias; Lower Bengal; Burma; Tenasserim ;
Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; Java.

Disrripurion.—* Occurs in Sikkim in the same regions and in the same months
as (. Aoris, but is much rarer. It is not uncommon at Sivoke and East of the Tista
River, at low elevations. It has a wide range and has recently been obtained, during
the rains, at Bankipur, in Behar ”’ (de Nicéville, Sikk. Gazetteer, 1894, 139). “Mr. J.
Rothney (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1864, 82) records a single female [as Anjira], taken at
Barrackpur, but I have never met with it in Calcutta. I have received a single
female from Bholahat in the Malda District” (id. J. A. Soc. Beng. 1885, 44).
Col. CG. H. BE. Adamson records it as “‘ common on the beds of streams in Tenasserim
and Arakar, in the cold and hot weather” (List of Burmese Butt. 1897, 21).
Col. C. Swinhoe has examples from the Thoungyeen Valley, taken by Capt. C. T.
Bingham, in March and April.

CIRROCHROA ANJIRA (Plate 367, fig. 1,1a,b,e, ¢ 2).

Cirrochroa Anjira, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1877, p. 584. de Nicéville, Butt. of India,
ii. p. 115 (1886).

Imaco.—Male. Upperside brighter and redder-fulvous than in C. doris ;
markings similar but more prominent. Forewing less faleate, rounded at the apex ;
subcostal veins only black lined; transverse inner-discal sinuous line comparatively
more erect and broken; inner submarginal line much less defined and obsolescent

NYMPHALINZ:. (Group ARGYNNINA.) 917

posteriorly ; outer submarginal line more sinuous and of equal distance from outer
margin to its apical end. Underside paler and duller reddish-fulyous than in
upperside; the transverse discal band and outer sinuous markings more or less
prominent and glossy lilacine-grey, with deeper reddish borders ; the discal band is
more uniformly broader on forewing and narrower on hindwing, and is less sinuous
on its inner edge than in Aoris ; no apical patch on forewing.

Female. Upperside rich fulyous-brown; markings more prominent than in
male ; the outer border of discal sinuous line and interspace of submarginal lines
paler, those on the hindwing being white-bordered at the costal end. Underside
much paler than in male; markings similar, glossed with lilacine-grey and edged
with fulvous-yellow.

Expanse, 3 2,5 to 3, ? 3,% to 3, inches.

Hasirat.—South Andamans.

DistRisuTion.—Numerous examples were taken by the late Mr. F. de Roépstorff,
at Port Blair, South Andamans.

CIRROCHROA SURYA.
Cirrochroa Surya, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 827. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii.

p. 112 (1886).
Wet-season form (Plate 867, fig. 2, 2a, ¢ ?).

Imaco.—Male. Upperside bright fulvous, base slightly fuscescent; veins not
black lined. Forewing with the apex rounded; a slender black discocellular bar,
a transverse inner-discal broken sinuous line, which is more or less obsolescent
posteriorly ; outer margin with a narrow black border having a contiguous promi-
nent anteriorly-confluent submarginal sinuous line, and a much less defined but
posteriorly-obsolete inner submarginal line. Hindwing with a slightly-defined dusky
discocellular bar, a distinct black mner-discal slender waved line with a white outer
costal patch; an outer-discal row of six prominent black small round spots; two
submarginal sinuous lines, the inner line being less defined and broken, and with its
upper angles mostly apparent, followed by an outer marginal more even line.
Underside pale dull reddish-testaceous, shghtly washed with violaceous-grey.
Both wings with a slightly-defined subbasal and discocellular slender redder-
testaceous line; a transverse discal glossy violaceous-grey band, its inner edge red
and slightly sinuous, its outer edge even and more sharply defined with purplish-
grey, the band being broadly dilated to the costa on the forewing, narrow and
of nearly equal width on the hindwing; the ordinary markings of outer borders
obscurely defined ; the black spots on hindwing very small.

Female. Upperside somewhat paler fulvous, the basal areas to the discal line

VOL. IV. Ff

218 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

fuscescent ; markings more prominent; the discal line on forewing complete, more
sinuous and diffused anteriorly, the marginal band somewhat broader, and the inner
submarginal sinuous line well-defined; on the hindwing the inner submarginal line
is also well-defined. Underside as in male.

Expanse, ¢ 2;% to 2;%, ? 2;% inches.

Dry-season form (Plate 367, fig. 2, b,c, ¢ 2).

Male. Upperside somewhat paler than in wet-season form, with all the
markings less defined. Underside similar to wet-season form. Female. Upperside
with the ground-colour and markings as in male, except that the outer border of
forewing is blacker, and the marginal lines on hindwing more distinct. Underside
similar to male.

Expanse, ¢ 2,? 2; inches.

Hasrrat.—Upper and Lower Tenasserim.

DistrrputTion.— Confined to Upper Tenasserim. Dr. J. Anderson took several
specimens in the Mergui Archipelago in the cold weather. Captain C. T. Bingham
obtained numerous specimens in the Thoungyeen forests and the Donat Range from
December to April ’’ (de Nicéville, /.c. 113). Mr. O. Limborg took it on the journey
from *‘ Moulmein to Meetan; at Taoo, 3000 to 5000 feet elevation, in March, and at
Moolai 3000 to 6000 feet” (Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, 827).

CIRROCHROA THAIS.

Papilio Thais, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. p. 64 (1787) ; 7d. Ent. Syst. iii. i. p. 149 (1798).

Cirrochroa Thais, Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 116 (1869). Moore, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 557. de
Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 117 (1886). Davidson and Aitken, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist.
Soc. 1890, p. 273, larva and pupa.

Argynnis Thea, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 260 (1819).

Cirrochroa Swinhoei, Butler, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 604,2. de Nieéville, Butt. of India, ii.

p- 118 (1886). Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, 353.

Wet-season form (Plate 368, fig. 1, la, b,c, d 2).

Imaco.—Male. Upperside rich bright fulvous, somewhat deepest basally.
Forewing with a slender dusky-lined discocellular streak, a transverse discal more
or less prominent black sinuous interrupted line, its anterior portions from upper
median dilated and bent inward; two submarginal sinuous lines, the inner dilating
broadly inward to the costa, the outer partly merged into the black of outer border,
Hindwing crossed by a more or less promiuent black inner-discal slender broken line,
anteriorly bordered by an outer costal quadrate white patch, followed by a medial

NYMPHALINZ. (Group A4RGYNNINA.) 219

row of black spots, two submarginal sinuous lines and a marginal even line. Under-
side. Ground-colour of various shades of reddish-ochreous washed with pale
violaceous-grey ; subbasal line dusky brown; transverse discal band white or
violaceous-grey, dilated anteriorly, its inner-edge brown-lined and more or less
deeply sinuous or broken up into dentate portions, its outer-edge being straight and
unlined ; followed by an outer-discal series of very obscure dusky dentate marks on
the forewing, and a row of small black spots on hindwing, and submarginal lunular
lines of the ground-colour bordered by violaceous-grey.

Female. Forewing more falcate at the apex. Upperside paler than in male,
darker basally; markings similar. Underside olivescent greyish-ochreous or pale
brownish-ochreous, washed with violaceous-grey ; markings similar to male; the
discal band generally prominently edged on both sides by a dark purple-grey line ;
the discal row of black spots on hindwing very small,

Expanse, ¢ 2,4 to 2:4, ? 2% to 3 inches.

Dry-season form (Plate 368, fig. ld, e,f, g; lg, h, 2).

Cirrochroa relata, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 116, g 2? (1886). Davidson and Aitken, Journ.
Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 273, larva.

Male. Upperside slightly paler than in wet-season form ; all the markings
comparatively less prominent. Underside paler and a duller reddish-ochreous,
the subbasal and outer markings obscure, the discal band on both wings entire
throughout its course, and either of the same shade as the ground-colour or white,
its inner edge being very slightly sinuous, and not broken up into dentate portions
as in wet-season form.

Female. Upperside also slightly paler than in wet-season form, and the
markings less prominent. Underside paler greyish-ochreous than in wet-season
form; subbasal and outer markings similar; the discal band entire, as in male,
white.

Expanse, ¢ 2,% to 2;%, ? 2,8 to 3, inches.

Hasitar.—South India.

Larva anp Pupa.—* In colour, the many larvee we found were uniformly black,
with an oily-gloss, except the head and last segment, which were light brown. The
pupa was almost white on the wing-cases, yellow elsewhere, with numerous minute
black spots, suspended in a horizontal position, bearing two dorsal series of recurved
spines, and pairs of similar, but longer, spines springing from the margins of the
wing-cases, the thorax and the head. We found these in July, August, and
September on a common tree, Hydnocarpus Wightiana, in Karwar. Though the tree
was usually surrounded by butterflies laying eggs, it was often difficult to get larvee.
They appeared to resort to the topmost tender shoots, and dropped to the ground

Ff 2

220 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

on the least alarm. In captivity they were very troublesome, running about incessantly
in indecent haste and often refusing to eat. Many, moreover, were destroyed by
a small ichneumon ” (Davidson and Aitken, J.c.).

DistrizuTion AND Hasits.—Messrs. Davidson and Aitken record it as ‘‘ very
common in the North Kanara District, in forest, everywhere and at all seasons,
restlessly flitting about from tree to tree, like Cupha and Atella, and alighting
frequently with wings half open or in motion” (Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1896,
252). Mr. L. de Nicéville records it from ‘‘N. Kanara, Calicut, Nilgiris, the
Wynaad, and Travancore” (Butt. Ind. 11. 117,118). Mr. G. F. Hampson found it
on the ‘‘ Nilgiris, at 8000 to 6000 feet elevation. Commoner on the Southern than
on the Northern Slopes’? (Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, 353). We possess
examples of the wet-season form from Koonoor, Nilgiris; Kallaur, Travancore,
1500 feet, taken in February and April; Trevandrum, April; and from Mynall,
2000 feet, Travancore, April. Also dry-season form from the Nilgiris; Malabar ;
and Trevandrum.

CIRROCHROA LANKA.
Wet-season form (Plate 369, fig. 1, larva and pupa ; fig. la, b, ¢, d, ¢ 2).

Cirrochroa cognata, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 64, pl. 32, fig. 3, 3a, g, larva and pupa (1881). de
Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 117 (1886).
Cirrochroa Thais, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 63, pl. 32, fig. 2, 2a, ?.

Imvaco.—Male. Upperside uniformly rich fulvous. Forewing with a slender
black slightly-defined discocellular streak; a transverse inner-discal black sinuous
line which is more or less obsolescent hindward, its anterior portions most acute,
broadest, and bent inward from the upper median; a broad outer marginal black
band traversed by a submarginal or inner row of fulvous acutely-dentate lunules ;
the anterior interspace between the marginal black band and the discal sinuous line
narrower than in the dry-season form. Hindwing with a slightly-defined slender
black inner-discal broken line bordered outwardly at the costal end by a white patch ;
followed by a discal row of black rounded spots; two submarginal sinuous lines, the
inner line being less defined, and a broader marginal line, which latter mostly
extends to the extreme outer-edge. Underside reddish-ochreous, slightly washed
with pale violaceous-grey ; subbasal line and discocellular streak slightly-defined ;
crossed by a medial-discal narrow band, which is either violaceous-white or more or
less violaceous-grey, or slightly paler than the ground-colour, its inner-edge more or
less distinctly defined by a brown sinuous line, which latter is dentate on the
forewing ; a discal series of obscure dusky dentate marks on forewing; a row of

NYMPHALINA, (Group ARGYNNIVA.) 221

small black spots on hindwing; and two submarginal obscure violaceous-grey
lunular lines.

Female. Upperside slightly paler than in male; markings similar. Underside
greyish-ochreous or olivescent greyish-ochreous, washed with violaceous-grey ;
markings as in male, the discal sinuous band prominent violaceous-white.

Expanse, ¢ 2 to 2;%, 2 2,6 to 3 inches.

Dry-season form (Plate 369, fig. le, f, g).

Cirrochroa Lanka, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1872, p. 557; Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 63, pl. 32, fig. 4,
4a, ¢ (1881). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 116 (1886).

Male and female. Upperside similar to wet-season form; markings less
prominent, the inner-discal sinuous line on forewing less acutely sinuous anteriorly ;
the anterior interspace between the marginal black band and the discal sinuous
line broader. Underside similar to wet form, except that the transverse discal band
is broader and entire and glossy violet-grey or white, its inner-edge being almost
even.

Expanse, 2,8 to 2,% inches.

Larva.—Pale purplish-brown, yellowish beneath ; head yellow, spotted in front
with black; with two dorsal rows of long delicate branched-spines, and two lateral
rows of shorter spines; a similar spine projecting on each side of the head from
second segment.

Pupa.—Pale bluish-purple, spotted with black; with lengthened dorsal
tubercles and two longer tubercular processes projecting from front of thorax;
head cleft.

Hasirat.—Ceylon.

Disrrisution.—“ Found in the Western, Central, and Southern Provinces;
plains and up to 6000 feet elevation, in forests. Flight moderately rapid; settles on
the ground and on bushes; easily captured” (Capt. Hutchison, Notes). ‘A low
country insect, found chiefly in the interior” (F. M. Mackwood, Notes). ‘* Taken
at Galle and Kandy” (Capt. Wade).

CIRROCHROA NICOBARICA.

Cirrochvoa Nicobarica, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1881, p. 231; id.
1882, p. 16, pl. 3, fig. 5, g. de Nieéville, Butt. of India, ii, p. 112 (1886). Doherty, Journ.
As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 258, 2.

Wet-season form (Plate 370, fig. 1, la, b,c, ¢ 9).

imaco.—Male. Upperside bright fulvous, the basal area brighter and somewhat

222 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

infuseated ; veins black lined. Forewing with a slightly-defined blackish slender
discocellular streak ; the costal margin narrowly, the apex broadly, and the outer
margin decreasingly fulvescent-black, and with a small patch of similar coloured
scales near the posterior angle; the outer margin being traversed by an obsolescent
slender fulyous lunular line ; before the apex is a short oblique indented pale streak
between the two last subcostals, and also a distinct narrow streak of bright
Julvous scales along each side of the last subcostal extending from its base to half its
length. Hindwing with a transverse inner-discal black slender line, which is some-
what discontinuous and nearly straight anteriorly, but sinuous posteriorly, and is
bordered outwardly at its costal end by a white patch; beyond is a medial-discal
row of six rather large rounded black spots, a smaller dentate spot being also some-
times present in the discoidal interspace ; followed by two submarginal rather wide
Junular lines, and then an outer marginal border. Underside. Both wings paler
and duller fulvous, faintly suffused with lilac; with a transverse medial-discal
iilacine-whitish band, which is much less defined and widest on the forewing but
prominent on the hindwing, its inner-edge being sinuous and its outer-edge nearly
straight. Forewing also with a subapical oblique short slender raised blackish bar,
and two very slightly-defined submarginal lilacine lunular lines, the inner line being
broadly diffused. Hindwing with a discal row of six black spots, and two sub-
marginal lilacine-whitish lunular lines, the inner line much the broadest and dusky
bordered inwardly.

Female. Similar to the male. Upperside somewhat paler fulvous. Forewing
with the outer border also paler; the fulvous edging to lower subcostal not present.
Hindwing with the inner-discal line well defined, the discal row of spots somewhat
smaller, the submarginal lines also narrower. Underside. Ground-colour paler and
duller than in male; markings the same; the discal band somewhat broader and
more distinct on the forewing.

Expanse, ¢ 2,4,, to 238, ¢ 2,8 inches.

Dry-season form (Plate 370, fig: 1, d, e, 3).

Male. Upperside paler than in wet-season form, the outer border of forewing
and markings on hindwing less prominently defined; the submarginal lines
narrower. Underside somewhat paler, markings similar, but somewhat narrower.

Expanse, 2 to ;% inches.

Hasirat.—Great and Little Nicobars.

Inpo-Matayan Sprcres.—Cirrochroa Clagia (Argynvis Clagia, Godart, Ene.
Méth. ix. Suppl. p. 816 (1823). Boisduval, Spéc. Gén. Lep. i. pl. 10, fig. 6 (1836).
Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 179, pl. 17, fig. 7, ¢ (1883). de Nicéville, Journ. As.

NYMPHALINZ, (Group ARGYNNINA.) 223

Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 411. Habitat. Java; Sumatra; Singapore.—Cirrochroa
Satellitia, Butler, Cistula Entom. i. p. 9 (1869), id. Lep. Exotica, p. 103, pl. 38,
fig. 7 (1872). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 178, pl. 19, fig. 9, ¢ (1883). Habitat.
Hong Kong; Borneo; Malay Peninsula.—Cirrochioa Orissa, Felder, Wien. Ent.
Monats. iv. p. 399 (1860); id. Reise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 388, pl. 49, fig. 7, 8 (1866).
Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1869, p. 340. Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 178,
pl. 10, fig. 9, 9 (1883). de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 411. Habitat.
Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; Borneo.—Cirrochroa Bajadeta, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus.
E. I. Company, i. p. 150, pl. 3a, fig. 3, 3a, d (1857). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 179,
pl. 19, fig. 1,2, ¢ ¢ (1883). Syn. C. Ravana, Moore, le. p. 150, ? (1857).
Habitat, Java; Borneo; Malay Peninsula.—Cirrochroa Calypso, Wallace, Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond. 1869, p. 339. Habitat, Sarawak, Borneo.—Cirrochioa Malaya,
Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. iv. p. 399 (1860). Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 180, pl. 10,
fig. 3, 4, ¢ ? (1883). Syn. ©. Johannes, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1868,
p. 221, pl. 17, fig. 10; id. Tr. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1877, p. 543. Habitat. Malay
Peninsula.—Cirrochiouw Lapaona, Kheil, Rhop. Nias, p. 20, pl. 2, fig. 7 (1884). Syn.
C. lunulata, Kheil, /.c. p. 21, pl. 2, fig. 8(1884). Habitat. Nias Island.—Cirrochroa
Niasica, Honrath, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1892, p. 437. Habitat. Nias Island.—Cirrochroa
Hinalea (Argynnis Emalea, Guérin, Delessert’s Voy. dans Inde, p. 72 (1848).
Symphedra Emalea, Distant, Rhop. Malay. p. 114. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii.
p- 187. Habitat. Malay Coast.—Cirrochroa Psyche, Staudinger, D. Ent. Zeit. Lep.
(1889), p. 45. Habitat. Palawan.—Cirrochioa Tyche, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats.
1861, p. 301. Semper, Reis. Phil. Lep. p. 108, pl. 20, figs. 3, 4,5, d ? (1888).
Habitat. Mindanao.—Cirrochroa Menones, Semper, Reis. Phil. Lep. p. 108, pl. 20,
figs. 1, 2, d ¢ (1888). Habitat. HK. Mmdanao.

Genus DRYAS.

Dryas, Hiibner, Tentamen, Lep. p. 1 (1806). Scudder, Hist. Sketch Gen. Butt. p, 159 (1875).
Argynnis (part), Auctorum.
Argyronome (part), Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 32 (1816),

Imaco.—Male. Forewing elongately triangular; costa slightly arched, apex
obtusely rounded, exterior margin oblique and slightly scalloped, posterior margin
straight ; costal vein extending to three-fifth the margin; first and second subcostal
branches emitted near together before end of the cell, the third at less than half
beyond the cell, the fourth at nearly three-fifths beyond ; discocellulars inwardly-
oblique, slightly incurved, upper extremely short, almost obsolete, lower twice the
length of the middle; cell long, extending to half the wing; the middle median

294 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

branch emitted at fully half before lower end of the cell, lower median at one-third
from base of the cell ; median veinlets and submedian vein recurved from their base;
the three median branches for a portion of their length from near their base and the
subiedian vein along its middle conspicuously branded with a broad lengthened raised
streak furnished with androconial scales, the streak being most prominent on the
lower median. Hindwing short, broad, conically-ovate ; exterior margin convex and
well scalloped, anal angle pointed; precostal vein curved, pointed outward; costal
vein much arched from above the base, ending at apex; cell closed, very broad
across its middle; discocellulars outwardly-oblique, of nearly equal length, both
slightly incurved, upper starting from lower subcostal branch at some distance
beyond its base; two upper median branches starting together from lower end of
the cell. Body moderately stout, hairy above; palpi slightly ascending, projecting
forward to above vertex, first and second joints scaly laterally and clothed above and
in front with long fine setiform hairs, apical joint acicular, scaly; forelegs of male
slender, fringed with delicate hairs; forelegs of female scaly, slightly fringed with
hairs, tarsal joints minutely spmed ; antenne with an abrupt spatulate club,
Type.—D. Paphia, Linn.

DRYAS KAMALA (Plate 371, fig. 1, la, b, ¢ 9).

Argynnis Kamala, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E, I, Company, i. p. 156 (1857); zd. Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond. 1874, p, 267. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 134 (1886).
Argynnis Cnidia, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 392, pl. 50, fig. 5, 6, d (1867).

Iuaco.—Male. Upperside yellowish-ochreous ; basal areas either slightly dusky
ochreous, or densely covered with darker olivescent-ochreous-brown scales. Cilia
pale ochreous. Forewing with all veins black and the middle and lower median
branch for a portion of their length from the base furnished with raised androconial
scales ; two black waved bars across middle of the cell, a wedge-shaped broader bar
beyond and a broad waved bar from upper end of the cell, the two latter bars being
obliquely-joined to the black discocellular veinlet ; a transverse inner-discal angulated
continuous series of large broad irregular-shaped spots, a costal oblique patch
beyond ; followed by an outer-discal row of spots, of which the three upper are
rounded, the third being much the smallest, the lower three somewhat cordate; a
submarginal row of smaller and narrower partly-conjoined spots, and then two
marginal partly-confluent angulated lines, Hindwing with an obscure blackish bar
at end of the cell, a transverse inner-discal angulated broken or continuous series of
black spots, a discal curved row of rounded spots, a submarginal row of duplex
lunular spots, and two marginal angulated lines. Underside. Forewing pale

NYMPHALINZA. (Group ARGYNNINA,) 995

ochreous-yellow ; the black cell-marks, inner-discal and lower outer spots as above,
the inner-discal being larger and more quadrate; the apical spots green, the sub-
marginal inwardly-bordered by two silvery-white spots, and the outer-discal some-
times by two similar lunules; marginal lines obscure. Hindwing glossy golden-
green ; crossed by an outwardly oblique silvery-white broad broken subbasal and two
broken medial-discal bands, followed by an outer-discal continuous macular band, and
then a marginal broad lunular band, the portions of the first discal band inwardly
edged with black, and of the second and also the two outer bands outwardly edged
with black ; the area between the two outer silvery bands bearing a series of obscure
ferruginous ocellate spots, of which the lower, and sometimes all, have a silvery-
white pupil, these ocelli sometimes also being partly encircled by pale ochreous.
Body and palpi above olivescent brownish-ochreous, beneath ochreous-grey ;
legs pale ochreous, femora beneath grey ; antenne black above, beneath and tip
reddish,

Female. Upperside. Ground-colour paler yellowish-ochreous than in male,
the basal area and posterior of forewing, and all but the anterior interspaces and
outer submarginal lunules of the hindwing, densely covered with bronzy dusky olive-
green scales, or almost the entire ground-colour is even more densely covered with
very dusky olive-brown scales, the dusky ochreous interspaces being obscure; the
markings are similar to those in the male, but more prominently black. Underside
similar to the male ; ground-colour of forewing brighter ochreous, or dusky ochreous,
and of the hindwing more dusky golden-green.

Hixpanse, ¢ 2,5 to 3, 2 2,8, to 2,8 inches.

Hasitat,— Western Himalayas.

Distrisution.—* Abundant in the Simla District and Lower Kunawur through-
out a tract of 120 miles, at an altitude of 6000 to 10,000 feet, in the summer and
autumn months, It affects open glades and the borders of forests, pitching on low
shrubs, brambles, and banks of thyme, thistle, scabious heads, etc.” (Capt. A. M.
Lang, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865, 495). Major H. B. Hellard took it at “Simla
and Masuri from June to October” (MS. Notes). Mr. P. W. Mackinnon records it
as “very rare in Masuri, but abundant at Nag Tiba, 8000 feet elevation, from May
to September ; also further in the interior in August” (J. Bombay N. H. §. 1898,
372). Major J. W. Yerbury took “a few specimens at Murree and along the slope of
Thundiani, in September” (P. Z. 8. 1886, 362). Mr. W. Doherty obtained it at
Dhankuri, 10,000 feet elevation, Kumaon” (J. A. S. Beng. 1886, 121). ‘ Faily
common throughout the North-west Himalayas and also in Kashmir. I have seen
dozens of males sucking up moisture in damp places on the borders of streams in
Kashmir in June. They are also very fond of Composite”? (L. de Nicéville, Indian
Agric. 1880).

VOL. IV. Gg

226 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA,

DRYAS RUDRA (Plate 371, fig. 2, 2a, b, d 9).

Argynnis Rudra, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 157 (1857); td. Proce. Zool. Soc.

Lond. 1874, p. 267 ; Anderson’s Zool. Res. Yunan Exped. p. 92 (1878). de Nicéville, Butt. of
India, ii. p. 132, pl. 18, fig. 75, @ (1886).

Iuaco.—Male. Upperside bright fulvons, basal areas olivescent fulvous.
Cilia pale fulvous. Forewing with the lower median and submedian vein
lined with blackish androconial scales ; a black slender reniform mark,
then a recurved bar across middle of the cell, and a _ broad constricted
bar at end of the cell; an inner-discal transverse series of five large
spots, the upper one divided by the subcostal and upper radial veinlet, the next
disposed outwardly beyond, the two next inwardly placed in the median interspaces,
the lowest outwardly in the submedian interspace; beyond is a large costal speckled
patch ; followed by an outer-discal row of round spots, the upper two being small
and the fourth still smaller; a submarginal row of somewhat smaller spots decreas-
ing in size upwards, and then a marginal row of either separate or continuous narrow
angular marks, and an outer marginal slender line. Hindwing with a black bar at
end of the cell, an inner-disca] angularly disposed series of six spots, an outer-discal
curved row of five large rounded spots, and a lower slender curved streak, followed
by a submarginal row of somewhat cordate spots, a marginal row of angular marks
and a less defined outer marginal slender line. Underside. Forewing paler fulvous,
the costal edge olivescent, the apical and marginal markings dusky olive-green ; the
outer-discal spots bordered inwardly by a slightly-detined white lunule; the cell and
discal markings as above. Hindwing bright olive-greeu, the abdominal margin bluish-
grey; a subbasal transverse broad ferruginous-brown band extending from the
costal vein across the cell to submedian vein, its inner edge being even and its
outer edge sinuous ; a discal narrow irregular glossy violaceous-white band, and a
less prominent submarginal ochreous-white catenulated fascia ; the medial-discal area
bearing a row of obscurely-defined ocellate spots of which the two upper and the
fifth are ferruginous-brown with a slight white pupil, the others being bright green
and blind; a medial-discal slender irregular wavy ferruginous line also extends
from the costal vein and inwardly edges the white band from the radial to the
submedian vein.

Female. Upperside as in the male, except that the markings are somewhat
broader, and on the forewing a small white dentate spot is present in the basal inter-
space of the fourth and fifth subcostals. Underside as in the male.

Body and palpi above olivescent-fulvous, beneath olivescent-green ; legs fulyous,
femora beneath grey; antennz above black, beneath and tip red.

Expanse, ¢ 3, ¢ 3, inches.

Hasrrat.—Assam ; Sibsagar ; Cherrapunji; Khasias; Upper Burma.

NYMPHALINAE. (Group 4RGYNNINA.)

bk
Lo
1

Disrripution—* It is fairly common at Shillong in June. Specimens are in the
Indian Museum, Calcutta, from Cherrapunji, Sibsagar, and others from Pousee in
Upper Burma, also taken in March by Dr. J. Anderson during the Yunan Expedi-
tion” (de Nicéville, /.c. 132). ‘* Abounds in the northern plateau of the Khasias

from May to Auecust. Taken at Bhamo by Dr. Anderson” (W. 8. Atkinson,
Notes).

DRYAS MAJA.
Papilio Maja, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 25, fig. B, C, 9 (1775).
Papilio Pandora, Denis and Schiff, Wien. Verz. p. 176 (1776). Hiibner, Exot. Schmett. i. fig. 71, 72
(1793), id. fig. 606-7 (1828).
Argynnis Pandora, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 133 (1886),
Papilio Cynara, Fabr. Gen. Ins. p. 266 (1776).

Imaco.—Male. Upperside greenish-fulvous. Forewing with two black bars
crossing the cell near the middle, another broader pair at its end, with an oblique
black line joining them ; a discal much angled band, a diffused subcostal spot, a series
of seven rounded spots, two submarginal series of oval spots, the outer series
touching each other on the interspaces ; the tivo lower median veinlets for a portion
of their length clothed with raised modified scales. Hindwing more greenish; a
black duplex discocellular line, a discal irregular somewhat lunulated line from the
costal veinlet to the lower median veinlet, a series of five round spots beyond, a
series of seven submarginal spots, the three anterior rounded, the rest lunular, a
marginal series of joined lunules. Underside. orewing rosy-red; the costa, apex
broadly and outer margin decreasingly pale yellow ; the apical spots, as on upper
side, greenish; other markings as above, but more prominent. Hindwing deep
green; the costal lobe, a spot within from base of precostal along the costal veinlet,
a curved spot from the costal veinlet to the point where the first subcostal veinlet is
given off, inwardly defined with black, a similar spot towards the end of the cell—
all these spots often more or less wanting; a discal irregular somewhat narrow
band, inwardly defined with black towards the costa, a series of five minute spots
placed on round diffused fulvous patches, and a submarginal narrow line, all
silvery.

Female. Upperside darker than in male, all the markings more prominent.
Underside also with the markings more prominent, especially the silvery ones on the
hindwing. Ciha fulvous.

Expanse, ¢ 2,8 to 3, 2 3,% inches.

Hapirat.—s.E, Germany; 8. Europe; Western Asia; Gilgit.

Distripution.—Mr. L. de Nicéville records ‘‘a single male, received from Mr.
J. F. Duthie, taken by a native botanical collector attached to Colonel Lockhart’s

Gg 2

228 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Mission, probably near Gilgit, on the North-eastern frontier of Kashmir. It has
been recorded from Turkestan and from Kouldja” (J.c. p. 134).

DRYAS CHILDRENI (Plate 372, fig. 1, la, b, ¢ 9).

Argynnis Childreni, Gray, Zool. Miscellany, i. p. 33 (1831); id. Lep. Ins. of Nepal, p. 11, pl. 11,
fig. ¢ (1846). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 132 (1886). Leech, Butt. of China, i. p. 243
(1893).

Imaco.—Male. Upperside bright rich fulvous, the basal areas deeper
olivescent-fulvous. Forewing with the middle and lower median and submedian
vein along each side from near their base to beyond the middle conspicuously
lined with vaised blackish androconial scales; two black narrow sinuous bars
across middle of the cell, a broad bar beyond touching the subcostal but not
reaching the median veinlet, and a broader bar at end of the cell, the latter bar
being much constricted and sometimes broken in its middle; a transverse inner-
discal series of six large spots, the upper three superposed obliquely outward, the
second longitudinally oval, the third rounded, the uppermost being cut by the sub-
costal, the fourth inwardly-disposed in the upper median interspace, large, oval, and
vertical in position, the next still more inwardly-disposed in the lower median
interspace, much smaller, irregularly oval or subdentate, and placed obliquely
outward, the lowest spot outwardly-disposed in the submedian interspace, small and
constricted ; beyond is an upper-discal large lobate spot between the subcostal and
upper radial, above which are some slender subcostal streaks, and below it an
incipient small speckled spot, followed by an outer-discal recurved series of seven
large rounded spots, a submarginal row of somewhat cordate spots, a marginal
angulated lunular line, and then an extreme outer marginal slender line. Cilia
fulvous. Hindwing with a short narrow black bar crossing upper end of the cell, a
transverse inner-discal angular series of six spots, the upper three being somewhat
linear, the others irregular-shaped, followed by a medial-discal row of five large
rounded decreasing spots, a submarginal row of larger somewhat conical spots, the
lowest becoming more lunular, and then a marginal and outer line as on forewing ; the
outer border, broadly from the lower radial to the anal angle and for a short distance
up the abdominal margin, prominently interspaced with rich deep olivescent bluish-
grey, the cilia being white. Underside. Forewing with the basal two-thirds red,
almost crimson in some specimens, the costal border from base to near end pale
yellowish-ochreous ; an oblique subapical fascia also pale yellowish-ochreous, the
apical areca being olive-green crossed by two silvery-white lunular streaks extending
to the upper median veinlet ; other markings as on upperside, but more prominent.
Hindwing vich shining ochreous-green, crossed by a silvery bluish-white, black-edged,

NYMPHALIN AZ (Group ARGYNNINA.) 229

basal, two subbasal and an inner-diseal, sinuous bands, their upper ends being broad
and their lower very irregularly zigzag and narrow, followed by a similar silyery-white
medial-discal sinuous broad continuous band, then a slender submarginal sinuous line
and marginal band traversed by a fine black line, a similar black line along the
margin; between the medial-discal band and submarginal sinuous line is a series of
very obscure dusky speckled spots with ochreous centres. Body and head above
thickly clothed with fulvous hairs; palpi above fulvous, beneath greyish-white, tip
black; legs fulvous, femora beneath greyish-white; antenne black above, reddish
beneath, tip red.

Female. Upperside. Ground-colour duller than in male, being of a more dusky
ochreous instead of rich fulvous; black markings the same, but broader, except that
there are no raised scales on the medians and submedian ; the forewing also having
a very small black speckled spot below the cell in the submedian interspace, and an
outer spot below the submedian; the hindwing also having the olivescent bluish-
grey outer area extending more broadly inward on the disc and up the anterior
border. Underside as in the male.

Expanse, ¢ 3,% to3,%, ? 3,8, to 4 inches.

Hasirat.—Eastern Himalayas; Nepal; Sikkim; Assam; Khasias; Naga
Hills; Upper Burma; W. and C. China.

Distrisution.—‘‘ Occurs in Nepal, Sikkim, Shillong, the Khasia Hills, and
Manipur, and it was obtained by the Yunan Expedition ” (de Nicéville, Butt. India, ii.
133). Mr. W. Doherty took it in the Naga Hills, 5000 to 8000 feet elevation,
in July and August. In Sikkim it ‘“‘occurs commonly at Tonglo, 9000 to 12,000
feet elevation, about Midsummer” (id. Sikkim Gaz. 1894, 139). ‘Mr. Otto Mller
notes the occurrence of this species in Sikkim at 3000 to 4000 feet elevation, but I
have only seen it rarely on Tonglo and the Singalelah Range in open flowery places
in the forest, where it settled on flower-heads, at 9000 to 12,000 feet. It occurs
from June to October” (H. J. Elwes, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1838, 349). Dr. N. Manders
obtained specimens at “ Bernardmyo, 7000 feet elevation, Shan States, Burma” (Tr.
Ent. Soc. 1890, 523). It also. occurs in Western, Central and Hastern China.
Mr. J. J. Walker, R.N., obtained it at Hone Kong (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1895, 456).

DRYAS SAKONTALA (Plate 372, fig. 2, 2a, ¢ 2).
Argynnis Sakontala, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. pt. 2, p. 439, pl. 12, d 2? (1844).

Imaco.—Smaller than typical Childreni. Male and female. Upperside much
paler, and of an olivescent yellowish-ochreous colour; black markings similar
but less prominent; the olivescent bluish-grey lower border of the hindwing more
restricted to the margin, especially in the male. Underside similar to Childreni.

bo
)
=)

LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Expanse, d 3 to 3,%, 2 3 to 3, inches.

Hasrrat.—West Himalayas.

Distrisution.— Rarer, in the Western Himalayas, than A. Kamala, frequenting
grassy slopes near woods, open copses, and gardens at 7000 to 10,000 feet elevation.
Flight bold and very fast; affects Composite and Crucifere”’ (Capt. A. M. Lang,
Ent. Mo. Mag. 1864, 132). Major H. B. Hellard took it at ‘“‘ Ooramboo Valley,
Kashmir, in June” (MS. Notes). Mr. W. Doherty obtained it at ‘* Naini Tal, Khati,
6000 to 8500 feet, Kumaon” (J. As. Soc. Beng. 1886, 121). Mr. L. de Nicéville
took it in ‘‘ Kashmir, Kulu, and Simla; it oceurs also in Masuri and Kumaon”
(Butt. Ind. 11. 135). ‘* This is the most handsome and has the strongest flight of all
the Himalayan Fritillaries. It first appears about June, and worn specimens may
still linger on till late in September. It is very partial to thistles, and can be easily
taken when busily engaged in sucking up the honey of these flowers” (id. Indian
Agriculturist, 1880). Mr. P. W. Mackinnon records it as “rare in Masuri, but very
numerous in the interior from May to September” (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1898, 372).

Cuina and Japan Sprecies.—Dryas Phaphoides (Argynnis Phaphoides, Butler,
Ann. Nat. Hist. 1881, p. 184. Leech, Butt. of China, 1. p. 239, pl. 23, fig. 2 (1898).
Habitat. China; Corea; Japan.—Dryas Japonica (Argynnis Japonica, Ménétr.
Catal. Lep. Acad. Petr. 11. p. 102, pl. 10, fig. 8 (1857). Leech, l.c. p.237. Habitat.
China; Corea; Japau.—Dryas Anadyomene (Argynnis Anadyomene, Felder, Ent.
Monats. vi. p. 25 (1861). Pryer, Rhop. Niphon, p. 28, pl. 8, fig. 2 (1889). Leech,
Lc. p. 240, pl. 23, fig. 1, d (1893). Syn. Arg. Hilla, Bremer, Lep. Ost. Sib. p. 94;
pl. 8, fig. 1 (1864). Arg. Midas. Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 53, ¢ (1866).
Habitat. China; Corea; Japan.—Dryas Lysippe (Are. ee Janson, Cist.
Entom. ul. p. 154 (1877). Leech, lc. p. 237, pl. 23, fig. 3, 4a, b, d 2 (1893).
Habitat. C.and W. China; Japan.—Dryas Zenobia akeane Zenobia, Leech,
Entom. xxii. p.-188 (1890); Butt. of China, i. p. 242, pl. 23, fig. 5, 6 (1898). Syn.
Arg. Penelope, Staudinger, Iris, Dresden, 1891, p. 339. Oberthiir, Etud. Ent.
KVieps 75 pl Ll tig (1S92)2 Habitats “W. China:

Genus Damora, Nordm.—D. ee (Arg. Sagana, Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep.
pl. 24, fig. 1, ¢ (1847). Leech, l.c. p. 241. Syn. Damora Paulina, Nordmann,
Bull. Mose. 1851, 2, p. 440, pl. 11, a 1,2, %. Female is a mimic of Apatura Here,
Feld. Habitat. China; Japan.

Genus ACIDALIA.

Acidalia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 31 (1816). Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, ii. p. 60 (1881).
Argynnis (part), Auctorum.

Imaco.—Male. Forewing elongatedly-triangular; costa much arched, apex
rounded, exterior margin oblique, sinuous, convex below the apex; middle and

NYMPHALINA, (Groap ARGYNNINA. 231

lower median branches and submedian vein from their base for a portion of their
length slenderly branded with raised androconial seales; costal vein extending to
two-thirds the margin ; first and second subcostal branches emitted before end of
the cell, third branch at nearly one-half beyond, fourth and fifth at two-thirds
beyond; upper discocellular very short, second deeply concave, lower slightly con-
cave; middle median branch emitted at nearly one-third before lower end of the
cell, lower median from two-thirds before its end; submedian vein recurved.
Hindwing short, broad ; costal margin very broadly lobed at the base; precostal
vein curved; costal vein much arched from the base; first subcostal branch
emitted at nearly one-half before upper end of the cell; discocellulars of equal
length, upper curved very obliquely outward, lower slightly curved; two upper
median branches from lower end of the cell, lower median from one-third before the
end; submedian and internal vein slightly recurved at the base. Body robust; palpi
ascending, finely pilose, second joint long, extending to top of head, third joint short,
pointed, naked; legs slender; antennz with a short spatular club.

Typu.—A. Hyperbius [ Niphe].

Nore.—Mr. L. de Nicéville writes, “The male of A. Niphe is not strikingly
different from other species of the genus Argynnis, but the female with the apical
half of the forewing on the upper side deep purple crossed by a broad white band is
an entirely unique animal. There is no doubt that this distinctive type of colora-
tion has been acquired by the female as a protection against its enemies, as, on the
wing, that sex passes very well for a Danais (Limnas) Chiysippus, which is a highly
protected butterfly. In Java the female has assumed a slightly different dress, the
ground-colour of the upperside being considerably deeper and richer than the Indian
form, the butterfly mimicking D. (Z.) Bataviana, which is a dark red geographical
race of D. Chrysippus. This race has been named Javanica, by Oberthiir. But the
most wonderful feature of all, with regard to dA. Niphe, is the occurrence in South
India (Trichinopoly and the high range of lulls in Travancore) and in Australia of
two geographical races which have females, to all intents and purposes, similar to
their respective males, the distinctive purple ground and white band of the fore-
wing having entirely disappeared. The two species (as they have been called)
though it is perhaps better to treat them as geographical races, may be distinguish-
able the one from the other. I have only seen the Indian form, which has been
named Castetsi by Oberthiir ; the Australian form being called inconstans, by Butler.
It is highly probable that this form represents the ancestral (atavistic) one of the
species, and the typical A. Niphe a more receut development. It is a matter for
interesting speculation, why in all Asia, the form found in a most limited area in
extreme Southern India should alone have remained unaltered, while the form
occurring over the immensely wide area enclosed between extreme Hastern Africa

232 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

and extreme Western Asia should have shown such great sexual divergence in
coloration and markings. There are two other points which I may mention. One
is the curious fact that A. Niphe does not exist, apparently, in Southern Burma and
the Malay Peninsula, though it is found to the North in Upper Burma, and to the
South in Sumatra. The other point, is the presence in the males of both forms
(typical Niphe and Castetsi) occurring in South India, on the upperside of the fore-
wing, of raised modified scales (androconia) along a portion of the first median
nervule. This feature is, moreover, absent from Ceylon specimens, which is again,
an extraordinary fact, Ceylon being so close to India, divided from it only by a narrow
shallow strait. I may also note that were sufficient material available from South India,.
it would probably be found that typical Niphe and Castetsi merge into one another, as
T possess a female of the former from the Nilgiri Hills, which have the purple area
indistinct and the white bar narrow of the forewing on the upperside, showing by the
partial obsolescence of these especial features a distinct approach to the ancestral
form, as I am inclined to believe A. Castetsi and A. ticonstans to be” (Journ. Bombay
N. H. Soc. 1893, 153).

ACIDALIA HYPERBIUS (Plate 373, fig. 1, la, b, g 2).

Papilio Hyperbius, Johanssen, Amen. Acad. vi. p. 408, 9 (1764).

Argynnis Hyperbius, de Nicéville, Journ, Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1899, p. 194.

Papilio Niphe, Linneus, Syst. Nat. xii. ed. i. pt. 2, p. 785, 9 (1767). Drury, Ill. Exot. Ent. i. pl. 6,
fig. 1, 2 (1770). Cramer, Pap. Exot, i. pl. 14, fig.D, E, ¢, B,C, 2 (1775). Herbst, Pap.
pl. 254, fig. 3, 4 (1798). ;

Acidalia Niphe, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 13 (1816).

Argynnis Niphe, Godart, Encye. Méth. ix. p. 261 (1819). Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. pt. 2,
p- 440, pl. 13, fig. 1,2, g (1844). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 131 (1886), 2d. Journ.
Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 8, pl. 3, fig. 1,2, g @. Leech, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1887, p. 422,
id. Butt. of China, i. p. 243 (1893). Semper, Reis. Phil. Lep. p. 127 (1888).

Papilio Argyrius, Sparrman, Amen. Acad. vii. p, 502 (1768).

Papilio Argynnis, Drury, Ul. Exot. Ent. i. pl. 6, fig. 2, g (1770). Herbst, Pap. pl. 254, fig. 5, 6, g
(1798).

Papilio Tigris, Goeze, Ent. Beytr. iii. i. p. 368, g (1779).

Argynnis Aruna, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 156, pl. 8a, fig. 4, ¢ (1857), aberration.

Imaco.—Male. Upperside bright rich yellowish-ochreous, basal areas slightly
tinged with dusky olivescent-ochreous. Cilia pale ochreous alternated with black.
Forewing with a black short oblique subbasal cell-bar, two slender medial cross-bars,
an outer curved broad bar, and an irregular lobate-shaped discocellular bar ; an inner-
discal transverse series of large somewhat quadrate spots, the three upper disposed
obliquely outward and the two lower obliquely inward, and the lowest outward; a
much smaller and somewhat dentate spot also present in the submedian interspace

NYMPHALINA. (Group ARGYNNINA.) 233

below the cell; beyond is a large subapical costal triangular spot, an outer-discal
row of six round spots of which the upper third and the sixth are very small;
followed by a submarginal row of dentate spots, a marginal row of smaller and
narrower dentate spots, and then a slender outer marginal line. Hindwing with an
obscure black short subbasal cell-bar and a bar above the cell, a prominent black
middle cell-bar and a short discocellular bar; an inner-discal transverse curved
zigzag series of seven spots the upper three or four being narrow, beyond which is a
medial-discal row of five rounded spots, a submarginal row of large more or less
conical-shaped spots, the lower three slightly conjoined, followed by a marginal
black border traversed by a row of slender lunules, the upper three or four being
ochreous, the lower pale blue, the lunular interspace between the lower submarginal
spot and outer marginal band being also pale blue. Underside. Forewing with the
basal two-thirds reddish-ochreous, apical third pale yellow with its markings, as
upperside, confluent and olive-brown; cell and discal black markings as above.
Hindwing. Ground-colour pale yellow or pale olivescent-yellow ; crossed by slender
black subbasal bars and a medial-discal zigzag series of bars transversely interspaced
with rich olive-brown and bordered with glossy pearly-white lunules; the outer
discal row of round spots and the submarginal conical spots being also rich olive-
brown, the outer-diseal spots each also having a pearly-white central dot, and the
submarginal spots outwardly edged by a similar white lunular-bordered black inner
marginal line. Body and palpi above rich olivescent-ochreous, beneath and legs pale
yellowish-ochreous ; middle and hind femora and tibiw whitish beneath; antenna
blackish above, beneath and tip ochreous.

Female. Upperside basal half of the forewing and entire hindwing rich
brownish-ochreous, basally tinged with olivescent ; black markings as in male, but
somewhat larger. Forewing with the ground-colour of apical half purplish blue-
black, traversed by an oblique subapical broad white band, bluish-white apical spots,
submarginal row of lunules and marginal slender lunular line. Hindwing with the
blue-black submarginal spots and outer marginal band more or less confluent, and
traversed by two series of slender blue lunules. Underside similar to the male,
except that the forewing has the subapical oblique white band, which latter also has
its inner-bordering black spots interspaced with purple-black.

Expanse, ¢ 2,5 to 3;, ? 3 to 3, inches.

Larva.—* Head and legs black; body black, this colour almost obscured by
orange-tawny markings. A broad orange-tawny dorsal stripe. Four straight
horizontal simple black spines on head; spines on pectoral segments black, on
abdominal segments pink, tipt with black, on caudal segments pink, faintly black
tipt.”

Pora.—* Head and wing-cases pale red; ten pale metallic spots on the back ;

VOL. IV, Hh

234 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

abdomen dark pink ; spines faintly black tipt. The head ends in two well-separated
blunt points; a pair of spines anteriorly, another pair in the middle, and a third
smallest pair posteriorly on the thorax, the latter being hunched and keeled; on the
abdominal segments are eight pairs of spines, the third anterior pair the largest”
(de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. 11. 131).

Haxirat.— Western and Eastern Himalayas; Oudh; Assam; Khasias; Upper
Burma; W. and 8. China; Hong Kong; Formosa ; Japan.

Distrisution AND Hapirs.—‘‘ In India it is found throughout the outer ranges
of the Himalayas, also in Assam and Burma. I have taken it at Agra in the
winter” (de Nicéville, Jc. 131). It occurs again in Bombay. ‘This insect is
apparently double brooded, as I took small but perfect specimens at Jutogh near
Simla, in April. It has a second brood, which is by far the most plentiful, about
June. Ihave met with it only on the tops of bare hills, flying backwards and
forwards and occasionally settling, and then baffling with the wind that is generally
rampant in such places. The females are very much scarcer than the males” (id.
Indian Agric. 1880). Major J. W. Yerbury took it at Cambellpore in May, and
at Murree in September” (P. Z. S. 1886, 361). Capt. A. M. Lang found it
*‘ tolerably abundant in certain localities in the N. Western Himalayas, at 6000 to
8000 feet elevation. The males seem much more abundant than the females”
(Ent. Mo. Mag. 1864, 131). Major H. B. Hellard took it at Simla, Masuri, and
Pangi in Busahir, from June to October” (MS. Notes). Mr. W. Doherty found it
in the “ Lower Himalayan region, Kumaon, from the Kali Valley 2500 feet elevation,
to Almora and above Pithoragarh, 6000 feet” (J. A. Soc. Beng. 1886, 121). Mr.
P. W. Mackinnon records it as “‘ very common in Masuri and the Dun, from April
to November” (J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1898, 372). Mr. L. de Nicéville says it
“occurs in Sikkim almost in every month of the year, most usually at an
elevation of 4000 feet. I have bred the larva at Tukvar, where it was
found feeding on wild violets amongst the tea bushes” (Sikkim Gaz. 1894, 139).
Mr. H. J. Elwes states that it is ‘a common species in Sikkim up to 5000 feet, but
mostly found in tea-gardens, or places where the forest has been cleared. Occurs
from March to December” (‘I'r. Ent. Soe. 1888, 349). Mr. de Nicéville describes
and figures a gynandromorphous example reared by Mrs. 8S. Robson in March, 1893,
at Bankipur, Behar, N. India (J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1895, p. 8, pl. 3, fig. 1, 2).
Col. C. Swinhoe ‘took several examples in Bombay in 1877, but have not observed
it since”? (P. Z. 8S. 1885, 128). Mr. J. Betham says ‘the male has all the charac-
teristics of the typical Fritillary, dashing about in flight and fanning its wings when
settled just in the same sharp manner. The female is a more or less close imitation
of Danais Genutia, and in flight looks very like the butterfly it mimics” (Journ.
Bombay N. H. Soc. 1890, 283). Dr. N. Manders records it as “occurring

NYMPHALINZ. (Group ARGYNNINA.) 255

throughout the Shan States, Burma. [Found commonly on the Phwayla Plateau,
and less commonly at Fort Stedman” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 523). Capt. E. Y.
Watson took it in the ‘ Chin Hills, in May and June, occurring rarely at 3500 feet
and upward”? (J. Bombay N. H. S. 1697, 655). It occurs also in W. and
S. China, Hong Kong, Formosa, and Japan. Mr. J. J. Walker, R.N., records
it as ‘tolerably common in Hong Kong, frequenting the tops of the hills, and also
met with in gardens. The female bears a striking resemblance to Cethosia Biblis,
as well as to Danais Chrysippus, when on the wing” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1895, 455).
Lirg-HIstory AND Hasits.—‘‘ During the cold weather of 1892-3 I was very
much surprised to see a female of d. Niphe in my garden at Bankipur, Behar. I
had never seen this butterfly here before, though I had often caught it at Masuri.
Mr. de Nicéville tells us that the food-plant of the larva is usually the wild violet.
So far as I could find out, this does not grow in Bankipur, and I, therefore, tried
shutting up a female in a cage with a pot of garden Violets, but she did not lay.
Very soon after this, I picked up a caterpillar which I found crawling on the ground,
in a bed of Pansies. Further search led to the discovery of others on the Pansies.
The caterpillar is black, with a broad orange band down the back, and has thorn-
like black spines projecting laterally. It keeps itself carefully concealed under the
leaves, but it feels the cold during the night, and when the sun gets warm in the
morning, it leaves the plant and takes a little promenade on the ground, and
frequently lies basking in the sunshine. When it has got comfortably warmed up,
it returns to the food-plant with renewed vigour and a keen appetite. This made
it easy to find them, and saved one the trouble of hunting under the leaves. Those
in the cage behaved in the same way, and always left the plant in the forenoon to
lie on the ground and bask in the warm sunshine. The butterflies seem to have
preferred the Pansies (Viola tricolor) to the Violets (V. vdorata) because the
Violets were in pots, whereas the Pansies were in the ground. I found that a
female which refused to lay when caged on a pot of Pansies laid freely when caged
over Pansies planted out. She walked about over the plant depositing an egg here
and there, sometimes on the leaf, sometimes under it. The eggs are cone-shaped,
slightly flattened on the top, and when first laid are pure white, gradually becoming
a bluish-green tint. I have also observed a female laying eggs in freedom. She
kept partially opening and shutting her wings while she walked along the ground.
Then she would get well into a plant, curl her body round the edge of a leaf, and
deposit an egg on the under-surface. Then she walked on the ground to another
plant, opening and shutting her wings the while; she always laid wider a leaf,
except when she laid on a half-opened one, and then deposited the egg well down
and on the upperside. She laid only one egg on each leaf at one time. On one
occasion she went back and laid a second egg on a leaf at some distance from the
nh 2

256 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

first. After laying three or four eggs, she would refresh herself with a sip of
honey from the flowers, and then begin to lay again, She showed no signs of fear,
and on one occasion left the Pansies and sat for some time on my dress. In going
from one plant to another, she sometimes dragged her body along the ground as if
in the act of laying, but deposited no eggs. She sometimes curled her body round
the leaves of Phlox that were growing among the Pansies, but seemed to recoil from
their rough surface, and left no egg on them. Most of the eggs were laid on the
underside of the outer leaves, a few on the stalk of the plant. The larve were
all black, except the orange-tawny dorsal stripe, and all the spiues were black.
Presently they went into pupa, suspending themselves by the tail from the top of
the cage. When the imago emerged I was surprised and delighted to find it a
beautiful A. Niphe. Males and females emerged in about equal numbers. One
lusus nature, a male, had one wing as in the ordinary male, and the other as in the

female” (Mrs. 8. Robson, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soe. 1893, 151).

ACIDALIA CASTETSI (Plate 373, fig. 2, 2a, ¢ 2).

Argynnis Niphe, var. Castetsi, Oberthiir, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1889, p. 235; id. Etudes Ent. 1891,
p 9, pl. 1, fig. 1, 9 (in garb of @).

Imaco.—Male and female. Differs from typical Hyperbius (Niphe) in the forewing
being comparatively shorter and less produced apically. Male. Upperside with
similar black markings. Forewing with the inner-diseal series of spots somewhat
narrower, the outer-discal series having the spot above the upper median and also
the lower spot larger, the submarginal row of spots are also narrower; the lower
median veinlet is furnished with a prominent posteriorly recumbent series of raised
androconial scales, for a portion of its length. Hindwing with the outer-discal row
of spots somewhat larger and the submarginal narrower. Underside. Forewing
with the basal area bright reddish-ochreous ; markings as above.

Female. Upperside duskier fulvous than in male, with markings similar.
Forewing with the subapical oblique white band transversely shorter and narrower
than in Hyperbius. Underside similar to male, except subapical band on forewing,
as above. The type-specimen, described and figured as a female—in the garb of
the male—is distinguished from an ordinarily-marked female, by the absence, on the
forewing, of the oblique white subapical band, and also of the white apical and outer
marginal spots, the ground-colour of these parts being of the usual fulvous colour
similar to that in the male.

Expanse, d ? 2,8 to 2,8 inches.

Havrrar.—South India.

Disrripution.—The type-specimen is recorded from Trichinopoly. Occurs

NYMPHALINZ. (Group ARGYNNINA.) 237

also in the Nilgiris and Travancore. Mr. G. F, Hampson records it as being
*‘confined to the Plateau, where it is very common” (J. A. S. Beng. 1888,
' 354). Mr. H. Ferguson records it as being ‘found rarely at Pirmerd, Travan-
core; common on the Hill range, the male more so than the female” (Journ.
Bombay N. H. 58. 1891, 3).

ACIDALIA TAPROBANA.

Acidalia Niphe, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 60, pl. 31, fig. 2, 2a, ¢ 2, 2b, larva and pupa (1881).

Imaco.—Intermediate between the §S. Indian form (Castetst) and typical
Hyperbius. Male. Upperside with the black markings comparatively larger and
broader. On the hindwing, the discocellular bar extends prominently from the
median to subcostal veinlet. Female. Upperside with similar larger black markings ;
the subapical oblique white band on forewing broader than in the 8. Indian form.

Expanse, ¢ 2,4, to 2,5, ? 3 inches.

Larva.—Purplish-black, with a dorsal tawny stripe. Head spined; segments
with dorsal and lateral rows of red branched-spines.

Pupa.—Head bluntly bifid; thorax hunched and keeled, spined in front ;
dorsum slightly arched, with pairs of anterior and posterior spines. Pale purplish-
black, with subdorsal metallic spots. (Described from figure, /.:.)

Haprrtat.—Ceylon.

Distripution.— Found in the Hills from 2000 to 6000 feet elevation, in the
neighbourhood of waste grass lands and swamps. Larva feeds on Wild Violet”
(F. M. Mackwood, MS.). ‘* Very common in the upper and middle districts wherever
the Violet is found, on which plant the larva feeds. It is particularly numerous
about Newara Ehya and on the Horton Plains, stragglers being occasionally found
in the low country. It flies nearly all the year round”’ (Dr. N. Manders, Journ.
As. Soc. Bengal, 1899, 194).

Matay and <Austro-Matay Sprcres.—Aeidalia Javanica (Argynnis Jayvanica,
Oberthir, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1899, p. 235. Habitat. Java; Sumatra.—Acidalia
inconstuns (Argynnis inconstans, Butler, Cistula Entom. i. p. 164 (1873), Habitat.
Australia.

Genus ARGYNNIS.

Argynnis, Fabricius, [liger’s Mag. vi. p. 283 (1807). Scudder, Syst. Rev. Amer. Butt. p. 24 (1872).
Schiitz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 118 (1887). Kirby, Allen’s Nat. Hist. Libr. Butt. i. p. 52 (1894).
ImacGo.—Male. Forewing subtriangular ; costa well arched from the base, apex
rounded, exterior margin very slightly oblique and nearly even ; cell broader than in
Drysas ; first and second subcostal branches emitted before end of the cell ; discocel-
lulars outwardly-oblique, upper short, middle deeply concave, lower recurved ; middle

38 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

median branch emitted at nearly one-fourth before lower end of the cell; middle and
lower median and submedian vein nearly straight ; median branches and submedian
not furnished with androconial scales. Hindwing ovate, not so broad as in Dryas ;
exterior margin more convex, apex and anal angle rounded, very slightly scalloped ;
cell somewhat shorter; upper discocellular outwardly-oblique, lower inwardly-
oblique ; middle median starting at a short distance before lower end of the cell.
Other characters similar to Dryas.
Typr.—A, Aglaia, Linn.

ARGYNNIS JAINADEVA (Plate 374, fig. 1, la, , 1b, ¢, 2).

Argynnis Jainadeva, Moore, Entom, Monthly Mag. i. p. 131 (1864); id. Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. 1865,
p. 495, pl. 30, fig. 1, @ ; id. Sci. Res. 2nd Yarkand Mission, p. 2 (1879). Butler, Ent. Mo.
Mag. 1884, p. 66. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 185 (1886).

Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale or rich fulvous, the base more or less dusky
olivescent-fulvous. Cilia fulvescent-white with black vein-points on forewing. Veins
black. forewing with four black cell-bars, the fourth including the discocellular
veinlet ; a transverse inner-discal irregularly-angulated series of narrow lunulate
spots which are either entirely separate or each joined to the other by a perceptible
continued line on the vein; a diffused speckled costal streak before the apex ; an
outer-discal row of round spots, a submarginal row of lunules, and a marginal
dentated duplex line. Hindwing with two black bars closing the cell, which are
joined at their upper end ; a transverse inner-discal angulated continuous series of
narrow lunulate spots, a discal curved row of either three, four, or five round spots,
the upper and third being small, minute or absent, followed by a submarginal
continuous row of lunules, and then a double marginal line. Underside. Forewing
paler fulvous; the costal border and apex pale olivescent-yellow; cell and discal
markings as above; the apical spots dusky olive, with two silvery-white spots in the
interspaces of the two upper outer-discal and submarginal spots, and sometimes two
less-defined similar white spots in the interspaces between the costal streak and upper
outer-discal spots. Hindwing rich deep glossy golden-green ; outer border olivescent-
yellow, three silvery-white transverse subbasal small rounded spots, three inner-
discal larger black-edged spots,a medial-discal series of small much less-defined lunules
contiguous to an outer-discal series of larger silvery-white black-edged spots, followed
by a contiguous outer row of small red spots with white pupils, and then a sub-
marginal row of silvery-white lunules, these latter are inwardly bordered by olive-
ereen and outwardly by a slender black line. Body and palpi above olivescent-
ochreous, beneath olivescent; tip of palpi blackish; legs fulvous, femora beneath
greyish ; antenne above black, beneath and tip red.

NYMPHALINA. (Group ARGYNNINA.,) 239

Female. Upperside either paler or darker fulvous than in male, the base more
or less dusky olivescent-fulvous, with similar black narrow markings, or either pale
or rich deep fulvous and very dusky olive-brown basal areas, with broader black
diffusedly-bordered markings and veins. Underside as in the male; the hindwing in
some specimens having the silvery-white spots generally somewhat larger and more
distinctly black-edged.

Expanse, d 2 to 2,5,, ? 2,4 to 3 inches.

Haxirat.—North-Western Himalayas.

Disrrisution.—* Taken only at Cheeni in Kunawur, in the Himalayas, at 10,000
feet elevation, flying fast over the meadows, and pitching on tall blossoms of
Crucifere” (Capt. A. M. Lang, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1864, 131). ‘It is very common in
Upper Kunawur ; not appearing in Lower Kunawur. Itisacompanion to A. Kamala,
but only for some twenty miles of its furthest northern range, appearing first on the
meadows of Cheeni, the finest village of Kunawur, this and the next ten miles appear
its headquarters. I caught it, however, as far to the Hastward, on the bare, treeless,
shrubless regions of the Zungcham River, an affluent of the Spiti, in Tibet. It flies
from May to November” (Lang, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, 496). Major H. B. Hellard
obtained it at Pangi and Rogi in Busakir, in July and August, and in Kashmir, in
August and September” (MS. Notes). Mr. W. Doherty records it from ‘‘ Pindari
Valley, 9000 feet, in Kumaon. Rare” (J. A. Soc. Beng. 1886, 121). Mr. J. H. Leech
took it at “Skardo in July,” and Capt. McArthur obtained it in the ‘‘ Chonging
Valley at 15,000 to 17,000 feet elevation, in July and August.” Examples from
Shishi Kuh Valley 9000 to 14,000 feet, taken by Capt. G. H. Colomb, and a female,
from Gilgit, are in the British Museum Collection. Mr. L. de Nicéville “took it
in several places in Kashmir in June, and also in Ladak” (Butt. India, 1. 136).
“ Found somewhat rarely in the higher Valleys of the Upper Ganges, from June to
August” (P. W. Mackinnon, J. Bombay N. H. 8. 1898, 372).

ARGYNNIS VITATHA (Plate 374, fig. 2, 2a, b, J 9).

Argynnis Vitatha, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 568, g. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii.
p. 136 (1886).

Ivaco.—Male. Upperside bright fulvous; basal areas slightly olivescent-
fulvous; veins black lined. Cilia fulvescent-white. Forewing with three black
slender cell-bars and a fourth bar bordering each side -of the discocellulars, which
latter bar is placed obliquely-outward ; a transverse inner-discal irregularly-
angulated series of more or less slender spots, a subapical costal speckled streak, an
outer-discal row of rounded spots, followed by a submarginal continuous row of
dentate spots, which latter are more or less confluent with a duplex marginal line.

240 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Hindwing with two slender black bars at end of cell, a transverse inner-discal
irregular sinuous line, a curved row of small conically-ovate spots, followed by a
submarginal continuous row of dentate lunules and a marginal duplex line. Under-
side. Forewing pale fulyous, the costal border and apical area pale yellow; the cell
and discal markings, as above, less prominent, the apical markings olive-green, the
submarginal row of dentate spots each outwardly edged by a silvery-white point.
Hindwing with the basal area olive-green, the outer border pale yellow ; marked with
three silvery-white transverse subbasal spots, a single or sometimes two superposed
spots in middle of the cell, three inner-discal larger spots, the middle one being
placed at end of the cell, a recurved medial-discal row of seven large spots, each of
which latter, except the upper, with an outer attached green spot, followed by a
submarginal row of silvery-white broad lunules bordered by green.

Female. Upperside much paler fulvous than in male, the bases infuscated, and
the posterior margins somewhat greyish; markings similar. Forewing with the
costal border and interspaces between the submarginal dentate spots and outer
marginal line fulvescent-white ; the lower marginal interspaces on the hindwing also
somewhat fulvescent-yellow. Underside as in the male.

Hixpanse, ¢ 2,%, to 2,4, ¢% 2,4, inches.

Hasrrat.—N. Kashmir.

Disrrisution.—The type-specimens were taken by Capt. H. B. Hellard on the
north side of Rajdiangan Pass and Gurais, Kashmir, in July, 1873. Mr. J. H. Leech
obtained both sexes at ‘*Skoro La, 15,000 feet elevation in July, 1887.” It is also
reported as having been taken on the ‘‘ north side of Darkot, at about 12,000 feet,
and also near the Baroghil Pass at about 14,000 feet, and on both the Great and
Little Pamirs” (Report Pamir Boundary Comm. 1398, pp. 15; 42). A male and
female, labelled Kashgar, is in the British Museum Collection, and also a male from
Hunza, taken in July by Mr. Conway.

Cuina AND Japan Sprotus.—Argynnis pallescens, Butler, Cistula Ent. i. p. 164
(18738). Habitat. Japan.—Argynnis Locuples, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1881, p. 134.
Habitat. Japan.—Argynnis Vorax, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1871, p. 403; Lep.
Exot. p. 151, pl. 54, fig. 1 (1873). Leech, Butt. of China, i. p. 232, pl. 22, fig. 5, ¢.
Habitat. ©. and N. China.—Argynnis Fortuna, Janson, Cist. Ent. ii. p. 154 (1877).
Leech, l.c. p. 230, pl. 22, fig. 6. Habitat. W.China.—Argynnis Ornatissima, Leech;
Butt. of China, i. p. 234, pl. 22, fig. 1, 2, ¢ % (1893). Habitat. W. China.—
Argynnis Ooredippe, Leech, :l.c. i. p. 238, pl. 22, fig. 3, 4, do ¢ (1893). Habitat.
China; Corea.—dArgynnis Nerippe, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats, vi. p. 24 (1861) ;

eis. Noy. Lep. iii. pl. 50, fig. 1, 2 (1867). Habitat. Japan.—Argynnis Coreana,
Leech, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1882, p. 242 ; Butt. of China, 1. p. 234, pl. 22, fig. 7,8, d ?.
Habitat. W.and C. China; Corea; Japan.

NYMPHALINA. (Group 4RGYNNINA.) 241

Genus BRENTHIS.

Brenthis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 30 (1816). Scudder, Syst. Rev. Amer. Butt. p. 24 (1872).
Schiitz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 119 (1887). Kirby, Allen’s Nat. Libr, Butt. i. p. 64 (1894).

Imaco.—Male. Forewing subtriangular; first and second subcostal branches
emitted before end of the cell; basal area slightly hairy. Hindwing broad ; exterior
margin very convex, slightly scalloped, apex and anal angle rounded; basal area
very slightly hairy above, scaly beneath. Body finely hairy; palpi sparsely clothed
with fine setose hairs, apical joint scaly, free; antenne gradually thickened to
a pyriform club.

Tyre.—B. Hecate, Schiff.

No species of this genus has yet been recorded as occurring within the Indian
area.

Japan Spectes.—Brenthis fumida (Argynnis Daphne, var. fumida, Butler, Ann.
Nat. Hist. 1882, p. 16. Leech, Butt. of China and Japan, i. p. 229). Habitat.
Japan; Corea.—Brenthis Rabdia (Argynnis Rabdia, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1877,
p- 93. Leech, l.c. p. 229. Habitat. Japan; Corea.

Genus RATHORA.

Argynnis (part), Auctorum.
Issoria* (part), Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 31 (1816).

Imaco.—Male. Forewing triangular; apex abruptly rounded, exterior margin
oblique and slightly concave in middle, slightly uneven ; discocellulars slightly con-
cave ; first and second subcostal branches emitted before end of the cell. Hindwing
short, very broad, scutiform; base of costa abruptly lobed, thence straight to end,
the apex being pointed, exterior margin convex, uneven; anal angle somewhat
produced and pointed. Body hairy; palpi densely hairy to the tip; antenne rather
long, the club short and broadly spatular.

Type.—R. Lathonia, Linn.

RATHORA ISSA (Plate 375, fig. 1, la, b, J 2).

Argynnis Isswa, Doubleday, Gray’s Lep. Ins. Nepal, p, 11 (1846) ; 7d. Gen. D. Lep. p. 174 (1848).
Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. Company, i. p. 156 (1857); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 495.
Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 362. Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 121.

Argynnis Lathonia, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. pt. 2, p. 440 (1844), Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soe.

* Eygista became the type of Hiibner’s genus Jssoria, in 1852 (see Zutr. Exot. Schmett. iv. p. 32).
g YE s , P

VOL. IV. Li

242 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA,

Lond. 1882, p. 404; Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1889, p. 556. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, i.
p. 137 (1886). Leech, Butt, of China, i. p. 227 (1892).

Iuaco.—Male. Upperside pale fulvous, with black spots; forewing with the
base, costa, and posterior margin, and hindwing with the basal and abdominal area
widely dusky olivescent-fulvous ; cilia fulvescent-white alternated with dark fulvous
and black at tip of veins. Forewing with two black bars and a broad bar across
middle of the cell, and a broader bar at end of the cell, the latter being sometimes
divided by the fulvous discocellular veinlet; a transverse inner-discal angulated
series of spots and an additional smaller spot towards the base of submedian
interspace ; a diffused costal triangular spot beyond; an outer-discal row of seven
rounded spots, of which the three, or four upper are decreasingly smaller ; followed
by a submarginal similar row of more or less lunular spots, and then two marginal
coalescent dentated lines. Hindiwing with an obscure black bar across middle of
the cell, and one at its end; a transverse inner-discal angulated series of small
black spots, an outer-discal similar row of six large spots, followed by a submarginal
row of more lunate-shaped spots, and then two marginal coalescent slightly-dentate
lines. Underside. Both wings pale fulvous-yellow, palest apically. Forewing with
the cell and diseal black spots as above, but less prominent; the costal large
triangular spot and the five upper submarginal increasingly large oval spots being
brilliant silvery-white; the upper and sometimes the lower onter-discal spots also
pupilled with silver ; all the apical spots are bordered with fulvous-red, and sometimes
the lower outer-discal and submarginal spots are either slightly surrounded with red,
or the spots themselves are almost red; marginal lines obscure red. Hindwing with
a prominent brilliant silvery-white precostal spot, a slender curved spot in basal
costal interspace below, a very small oval basal and round middle cell-spot, a large
elongate spot in basal submedian interspace, and two narrow abdominal streaks ;
three discal Jarge irregular-shaped spots, the upper placed in the costal interspace,
the second extending across and outside end of the cell, and the lower in submedian
interspace ; below the upper spot are two small narrow basal subcostal pale yellow
streaks, and below the middle spot are two very small silvery basal median spots ;
beyond is a medial-discal recurved silvery-white transverse broken band extending
from the costal vein to the submedian, the upper and lower end of which is dilated,
its middle portions being slender and lunular; followed by an outer-discal recurved
row of very small dark purple-black spots with silver pupils and outer pale fulvous
ring; and beyond a marginal series of large conically-triangular silver spots, of
which the first, fourth, and seventh, are the smallest; marginal line obscure, red.
All the silver spots, except the medial-discal lunular series, are edged by a fine
black line, and bordered by fulvous-red of a bright or dark shade.

Female. Upperside. Ground-colour slightly paler than in male, the basal areas

NYMPHALINZ. (Group ARGYNNINA.) 243

darker olivesceut-green; black markings similar, but broader, and on the forewing,
the upper submarginal spots are partly confluent with that portion of the marginal
line, and their interspaces forming a series of three or four rounded fulvous spots.
Underside as in the male. Body above olivescent-fulvous; palpi above fulvous ; body
and palpi beneath pale fulvous-yellow ; legs fulvous ; antenne black, tip red.

Expanse, ¢ 2 to 2,%, ? 2,% to 2,4 inches.

Hasirat.—Western and Eastern Himalayas; W. China.

DistrisuTion ayD Hasrts.—‘* This is one of the commonest Himalayan species
of Argynnis, occurring in Simla almost throughout the year. It occurs as far West
as Kashmir, thence Eastwards to Sikkim, where, however, it occurs plentifully in
native territory only, but has occasionally been taken in the station at Darjiling”’
(L. de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. ii. 138). ‘There is hardly a month in the year when
this hardy and apparently multi-brooded insect is not to be met with, in the W.
Himalayas. It seems to have an antipathy to water; grassy hill tops and sides,
particularly where the wild thyme grows seem its favourite grounds” (id. Indian
Agriculturist, January, 1880). Capt. A. M. Lang says it is ‘* very abundant in the
Western Himalayas, from 5000 to 8000 feet elevation. At all seasons of the year,
even in winter, when snow hes deep on sheltered slopes, this insect may be seen on
open sunny sites’ (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, 495). “Common at Murree, in August
and September, and found along the Hills as far as Thundiana”’ (Major J. W.
Yerbury, P. Z.S8. 1886, 362). Mr. W. Doherty records this species as “ common
all over Kumaon, from Bagheswar, 3500 feet,in the Sarju Valley, to the Lepu
Lake 16,000 feet elevation. At very high altitudes the specimens are small” (Journ.
As. Soc. Beng. 1886, 121). Major H. B. Hellard obtained it at Simla, Masuri,
Pangi in Busahir; and at Gulmurg, Kashmir, June to October” (MS. Notes).
“© Very common in Masuri and the adjoining Hills, from the earliest spring to late
autumn” (P. W. Mackinnen, J. Bomb. N. H.S. 1898, 872). In Sikkim it is “ very
common in the interior, and has been taken as low as 5000 feet in the station of
Darjiling during the winter. It occurs all along the road from Kalimpong to
Pedong”’ (L. de Nicéville, Sikkim Gaz. 1894, 139). Specimens are in the British
Museum Collection from Yalung, Tibet, taken in June, from Col. Bingham.

Genus BOLORIA.

Argynnis (part), Auctorum.
Brenthis (sect, 2), Felder, Neues Lep. p. 10 (1861).

Imaco.—Male. Forewing somewhat triangular ; apex obtusely pointed; exterior
margin oblique and slightly convex, even, posterior margin short; basal area very
hairy ; first subcostal branch emitted before end of the cell, second branch at about

244 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

one-sixth beyond the cell ; discocellulars outwardly-oblique, upper very short, middle
discocellular deeply concave, lower slightly concave ; middle median emitted at
some distance before lower end of the cell. Hindiwing very short and broad, almost
quadrate, apex and anal angle somewhat pointed, exterior margin even ; basal area
very hairy both above and beneath; cell broad across its middle; discocellulars
disposed very obliquely-outward; middle median emitted at some distance before
lower end of the cell. Body densely hairy ; palpi densely hairy, apical joint imbedded
in hairs; antennal club short, thick, oval.

Type.—B. Pales, Schiff.

BOLORIA SIPORA (Plate 375, fig. 2, 2a, b, @, 2c, d, 2).

Argynnis Sipora, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 568, pl. 66, fig. 11,2. de Nicéville, Butt.

of India, i. p. 159, pl. 18, fig. 72, g 9 (1886).
Argynnis Buralacha, Moore, P. ZS. Lond. 1882, p. 242, pl. 1, la, @.

Ivaco.—Male. Upperside pale fulvous, varying from yellowish to brighter
shade; basal areas irrorated with black scales and clothed with fulvous hairs. Cilia
paler fulvous, slightly alternated with fulvescent-black. Forewing with a black
slender short bar, two superposed dots and a slender recurved bar within the cell,
and an incurved bar at its end; in some specimens the inner cell-bar and the lower
dot, or both dots, are absent; a black slender dentate spot in the submedian
interspace below the cell; a transverse inner-discal zigzag series of more or less
narrow lunular spots, the three lower of which are somewhat angled, the lower
most distinetly ; a slightly-defined subapical costal diffused patch, an outer-discal
recurved row of small conical spots, a submarginal row of more triangular shaped
spots, and a marginal row of less-defined spots confluent with the outer marginal
line, one being placed at end of each veinlet. Hindwing with two black slender
parallel bars at end of the cell, which are more or less separated from the dark
basal area ; beyond is an inner-discal transverse irregular and almost continuous
slender sinuous lunular line, an outer-discal row of six very small spots, a
submarginal row of dentate spots, and then a marginal macular duplex line.
Underside. Forewing paler fulvous, apex and outer border yellow and blotched with
castaneous red ; cell and discal black markings, as above, less defined. Hindiing.
Ground-colour yellow, base and abdominal border somewhat greenish ; crossed by a
broad irregular subbasal and a clouded discal deep castaneous-red band; the
subbasal band enclosing a pearly-white round spot in middle of the cell, and an
oval spot below the cell, this band also being sharply defined externally by a slender
black edge-line and then narrowly bordered externally by pearly-white divided into
three portions; the discal band is inwardly-edged by a series of more or less

NYMPHALIN A. (Group A4RGYNNINA.) 245

apparent slender blackish lunules, and also traversed inwardly by a sinuous series of
less-defined pearly-white lunules, which latter are widest at the costal and anal end ;
followed by an outer-discal row of more or less apparent black or dusky-red small
spots, and then a marginal row of quadrate pearly-white spots, inwardly edged by
a more or less blackish lunule. Body and palpi dusky fulvous, and clothed with long
fulvous hairs; body beneath and legs pale fulvous; antennew black above, beneath
and tip fulvous.

Female. Upperside more dusky fulvous than in male, the basal areas also
darker; the black markings broader and more prominent; the outer-discal and
submarginal spots larger, and occasionally these two series are longitudinally
confluent ; the subapical interspaces of forewing and the submarginal and marginal
intervening spaces of both wings paler fulvous or whitish. Cilia more heavily
alternated with black. Underside as in the male, the colours being brighter and
markings more prominent.

Hxpanse, ¢ 2, 1,4, to 18, inch.

Hasrrat.—Kashmir; Lahoul.

Distripurion.—Capt. H. B. Hellard’s specimens were taken in “* Kashmir near
the Gungabul Lake, at foot of the Haramook Peak, in September, and also on the
South side of Sarsungar Pass, Stakpila Pass, and Upper Boorzil Valley, Kashmir,
in July, generally over 12,000 feet elevation’? (MS. Notes). Mr. L. de Nicéville
obtained “a large series in June and July in Kashmir and Lahoul, and a single
specimen at Zoji La, Kashmir, at about 11,000 feet elevation, in June” (Butt. Ind.
1.139). Mr. J. H. Leech took both sexes in the Deosai Plains, 18,000 feet elevation
in August, and has examples from Kokser, taken in July, and from the Baralacha
Pass, taken in August, by Capt. H. MacArthur. Col. C. Swinhoe has specimens
from Kulu.

BOLORIA GENERATOR (Plate 376, fig. 1, la, b, @ 9).
Argynnis Pales, var. generator, Staudinger, Stett. Ent. Zeit, 1886, 235.

Imaco.—Differs from B, Pales and Sipora, in both sexes having the forewing more
subtriangular in shape, the costa more arched and the outer margin curved and less
oblique. Forewing with two blackish very obscurely-defined slender bars and a dot
within the cell, and a curved streak at its end; the ordinary inner-discal irregular
series of marks, subapical patch and the outer-diseal row of spots, also very obscurely
defined, being more or less obsolete hindward; the submarginal row of spots and
marginal line somewhat more defined. Hindwing with two black very slender cell-
bars and inner-discal sinuous marks very obscurely defined, the outer-discal and sub-
marginal row of spots somewhat more defined, the marginal line slender. Underside.

246 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA,

Forewing paler fulvous, the costal and apical area yellow ; apical markings obscurely
castaneous-red ; cell and discal marks obsolete. Hindwing. Ground-colour yellow,
the abdominal margin pale olive-brown; markings similarly disposed as in Pales
and Sipora, but differ in the basal castaneous band being narrower and directed more
obliquely inward to the costa, the portions of its outer pearly-white border being
broader, the adjoining upper-discal yellow area is twice as broad, and the yellow
colour extends through the upper median interspace to outer-discal border, the
ordinary outer-discal small black spot being absent in this interspace; the lower
portion of the medial-discal pearly-white lunules is much longer and more prominent ;
the marginal pearly-white spot less prominent.

Female. Upperside slightly paler fulvous than in male. Both wings with the cell,
discal, and outer markings somewhat more defined. Underside as in the male.

Expanse, ¢ 1,8, ? 2 inches.

Hasitat.—Namangan, Tian Tchan, Turkestan; Skoro La, W. Ladak; N.
Afghanistan.

Distripurion.—Specimens of both sexes from Namangan; Kashgar ; and
from Hunza, are in the British Museum Collection, and a male and female from
Murgarh, N. Afghanistan, in Mr. P. Crowley’s Collection. Mr. J. H. Leech took
several specimens at Skoro La, 15,000 feet elevation, in July.

Our illustrations of this species on Plate 376, fig. 1, la, b, are from a male and
female example taken by Mr. Leech at Skoro La.

BOLORIA HEGEMONE (Plate 376, fig. 2, 2a, 3).

Argynnis Hegemone, Staudinger, MS. Alpheraky, Hore Soe. Ent. Ross. xvi. p. 407, pl. 15, fig. 16, 17,
3 ¢ (1882).

Tuaco.—Male. Upperside pale fulvous, base of both wings ereyish-black.
Cilia whitish. Forewing yellowish along the costa; a slightly-defined black very
slender short bar near base of the cell, a recurved broader bar across middle of the
cell and a streak at end of cell; a transverse inner-discal irregular zigzag series of
slender short bars, the lowest being angled ; a slender short bar also present below
the cell in the submedian interspace; followed by an outer-discal row of conical
spots ; a submarginal row of smaller dentate continuous lunules, which are
coalescent with the marginal line. Hindwing witha black narrow bar near outer
end of the cell which is joined to a short bar on upper end of the discocellular ;
an inner-disecal zigzag series of slender short lunate bars, followed by
an outer-discal row of six rounded spots, a submarginal row of dentate
lunules coalescing with the marginal line. Underside paler fulvous. Forewing with
the costa, apex, and outer margin whitish ; the cell and discal and outer markings

NYMPHALIN ZA. (Group 4RGYNNINA.) 247

less prominent, the upper outer-diseal spots with white centres. Hiidwing with two
black-edged white subbasal patches, a broad whitish zigzag discal band with
its lower portion tinged with grey; followed by. an outer-discal whitish fascia
bearing a row of small black-ringed spots centred with greyish-white; and then a
marginal continuous row of broad whitish conical spots inwardly edged by a slender
black lunule.

Female. Upperside paler than in male, the apex of forewing also paler yellow ;
the cell, discal, and outer black markings somewhat broader. Forewing with two
black short curved subbasal bars in the cell, or the second bar is very small and still
shorter, the middle and outer cell-bar being as inthe male; the discal zigzag marks
are slightly conjoined, the subbasal spot in submedian interspace is either slightly
or acutely dentate, the outer marginal interspaces are pale yellowish. Hindwing
with the discal and outer markings somewhat broader, the marginal interspaces being
pale yellowish. Underside brighter than in male. Forewing with the markings, as
above, similar; the apical border more yellowish. Hindwing with similar markings
as in male, but with their interspaces yellowish, and there is a small black dot in
middle of the cell.

Expanse, ¢ 1, ?1,% inch.

Hasrrat.—Koulja; Namangan; Tian Tchan; N. Ladak.

DisrrisutTioN.—The type is recorded from Koulia. Specimensare in the British
Museum Collection from Namangan, and Tian Tchan. Mr. J. H. Leech has
examples from the Chonging Valley, 15,000 feet elevation, N. Ladak, taken in July
and August by Capt. MacArthur.

Our illustrations of this species on Plate $76, fig. 2, 2a, are from a Chonging
Valley example of the male.

BOLORIA JERDONI (Plate 376, fig. 4, 4a, b, ¢ 2).

Argynnis Jerdoni, Lang, Entomologists’ Monthly Mag. v. p. 34 (1868). de Niccville, Butt. of India,
ii. p. 140 (1886).
Argynnis Cashmirensis, Moore, Proc, Zool. Soe. Lond. 1874, p. 267, pl. 43, fig. 4.

Imaco.—Male. Upperside bright fulvous; cilia fulvescent-white alternated with
black. Forewing with the base and posterior margin below the submedian vein
fulvescent-brown ; a black short bar bordering the dark base of the cell, a rounded,
or in some, an incurved lunate spot in middle of the cell, a bar which is either
slightly excurved or nearly obliquely-straight across the cell beyond the middle, and
then an incurved bar at end of the cell; a transverse inner-discal zigzag series of
seven somewhat quadrate spots, of which the four upper are more or less confluent ;

248 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

in the submedian interspace below the cell is an additional spot which is either some-
what quadrate or acutely angled; beyond is a subapical costal less distinct diffused
triangular patch, followed by an outer-discal slightly recurved row of seven almost
quadrate spots, a submarginal curved row of smaller dentate spots, and then
a marginal line which is expanded at end of each vein. Hindwing with the base
fulvescent-black and an obscure fulvous-bordered black streak at end of the cell; an
inner-discal angulated series of black spots partly bordering the dark basal area and
which are more or less slender and continuous anteriorly, followed by an outer-diseal
curved row of six round spots, a submarginal row of dentate spots, and then
a marginal almost duplex dentated line. Underside. Forewing pale fulvous, the
costal border, apex, and outer margin yellow; the cell and discal black markings
narrower and less defined, the anterior spots of outer-discal and submarginal row with
a white central dot; the subapical costal streak, borders of apical spots and marginal
macular line more or less castaneous; a black patch at base of submedian inter-
space. Hindwing. Ground-colour yellow, the base and blotched patches on outer-
discal area castaneous ; two basal small silvery-white spots with black-speckled edges,
and two similar smaller blacker spots in middle of the cell ; a transverse inner-discal
broad curved band with irregular angulated slender black edges, the band composed
of three silvery-white portions and yellow intervening spaces, as follows—the upper
silvery portion placed between the costal and subcostal vein, the next across end of
the cell and divided by the discocellular veinlet, the third portion being between the
lower median and submedian vein, the first and third silvery portion being much con-
stricted ; beyond is an outer-discal curved row of six prominent small white-pupilled
black spots, followed by a marginal row of silvery-white quadrate spots, each of
which latter is separated by a castaneous-red streak and bordered inwardly with
a similar red or blackish dentate lunule. Body and palpi above fulvescent-
brown, beneath yellowish; legs fulyous; antenne black above, beneath and tip
fulvous.

Female. Upperside slightly paler fulvous than in male, basal areas and black
markings the same as in male ; with the subapical interspaces of the forewing and of
the outer marginal markings in both wings distinctly paler. Underside as in
the male.

Expanse, d # 1,° to 1,% inch.

Hasirat.—Kashmir.

Disrrisution.—The type-specimen, in Capt. A. M. Lang’s Collection, was
taken by Dr. Jerdon in Gulmurg, 8. W. Kashmir. Mr. L. de Nicéville obtained “a
large series of both sexes at Chunpur, Kashmir, in June. Mrs. R. Bazett also took it
in considerable numbers at Bayadmulla, 6500 feet elevation, and elsewhere in
Kashmir at 8500 feet, in June, and records it also from Sunamurg, N. EH. Kashmir”

NYMPHALIN, (Group ARGYNNINA.) 249

(Butt. Ind. ii. 140). Capt. H. B. Hellard also obtained it at “ Sunamurg, and south
side of the Stakpila Pass, near the top, in July’? (MS. Notes). Mr. J. H. Leech took
it in the Goorais Valley, Kashmir, at 7000 feet, in June.

BOLORIA CHITRALENSIS (Plate 376, fig. 3, 3a, 3).

Ivaco.—Male and female. Smaller than Lb. Jerdoni. Upperside bright deep
reddish-fulvous ; basal areas blacker. Both wings with similar but more compactly-
disposed black markings. Underside. Forewing bright deep fulvous, apex slightly
yellowish interspaced; markings smaller than in upperside, apical spots white
pupilled. Hindwing very dark castaneous-red, slightly paler ochreous on middle of
outer-discai area ; markings similar to those in B. Jerdoni, the inner-discal transverse
silvery-white markings smaller, narrower, and the upper and lower portions more
constricted ; the discal row of white-pupilled black spots very prominent; the
marginal silvery-white spots narrower,

Eixpanse, ¢ 1,4, to 18,, ? 1,5 inch.

Hasitat.—Chitral, N. of Kashmir.

Specimens from Chitral are in the collections of Mr. H. Grose-Smith and

Mr. P. Crowley.

BOLORIA GEMMATA (Plate 377, fig. 1, la, b, ¢ ?).
Argynnis Gemmata, Butler, Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist. 1881, p. 32, pl 4, fig. 1, la, g. Elwes
lc. 1881, p. 467; id. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1882, p. 404, pl. 25, figs. 6, 7, ¢ 2. de Nicéville,
Butt. of India, ii. p. 138 (1886).

Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale fulvous, of either a yellowish or reddish tinge ;
the base densely irrorated with black scales and clothed with fulvous hairs. Cilia
fulvous or fulvescent-white. Forewing with a black reniform mark and a straight
bar across middle of the cell, and a broader constricted bar at its end; a transverse
inner-discal angulated series of six spots, the upper three being partly conjoined, a
subapical costal diffused triangular spot, an outer-discal slightly recurved regular
row of seven somewhat rounded spots, a submarginal parallel row of more or less
dentate spots, followed by an inner marginal lunular line more or less confluent
with an outer marginal slender even line. Hindwing with a transverse inner-discal
angulated series of either separated or partly confluent black spots bordering the
basal black area; an outer-discal curved row of rounded spots, a submarginal row
of lunate spots, and then a duplex marginal partly confluent line. Underside.
Forewing paler fulvous, the apex ochreous-red ; cell and discal black markings
somewhat smaller; the subapical costal spots, a pupil in the three upper outer-discal
spots, and the five upper submarginal triangular spots being prominently silvery-

von. Iv. August 13th, 1900. Kk

250 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

white. Hindwing with the ground-colour yellow, blotched with deep castaneous-red
in the cell, costal, medial-discal, and outer marginal interspaces; marked with
prominent silvery-white spots with slender black edges, as follows :—two small
spots above base of the cell, one in middle of the cell, an elongated spot at end of
the cell, an inner-discal augulated series of spots, the upper larger and irregular-
shaped, the two next minute, the fourth elongated and extended from end of the
cell, the fifth minute, and the next elongated ; followed by a slender streak in the
submedian interspace and another along the abdominal border ; beyond is a medial-
discal sinuous series of spots, of which the two upper and the three lower are large
and dentate in shape, the upper third spot being minute; followed by an outer-
discal curved row of six minute round ocellate spots, and then a marginal row of
large triangular spots. Body above fulvous-black, clothed with fulyous hairs; palpi
dusky fulvous ; body beneath and legs fulvous-red; antennz above black, beneath
and tip red.

Female. Upperside pale fulvous ; basal areas and posterior margin of forewing
dusky grey. Cilia alternated with dusky fulvous; markings as in the male, but
more compact. Forewing with the interspaces between the subapical diffused spot
and the upper outer-discal spot, and also between the submarginal spots and
marginal line more or less fulyous-white or quite white. AHindwing with the slender
interspace between the submarginal spots and marginal black border also more or
less fulvous white. Underside as in the male. Hindwing with all the silvery-white
markings broader, the red interspaces much darker.

Expanse, d ? 1,5,-to 1,5, inch.

Hasirar.—EHastern Himalayas.

Disrrisction.—‘ I saw this insect first on the high Chola Range in 1870, and
have since obtained it in quantity from natives who have been sent to Chumbi and
Western Bhotan” (H. J. Elwes, Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 349). ‘‘ Apparently very
common in July at high elevations in Native Sikkim” (L. de Nicéville, Sikkim Gaz.
1894, 139).

BOLORIA ALTISSIMA (Plate 377, fig. 2, 2a, 9).

Argynnis Altissima, Elwes, Proe, Zool. Soc, Lond. 1882, p. 403, pl. 25, fig. 8, g. de Nicéville,
Butt. of India, ii. p. 139 (1886).

Imaco.—Male and female. Upperside pale fulvous, palest in the male; basal
areas irrorated with black scales, speckled with grey in female, and clothed with
fulvous hairs. Cilia white, alternated with black. Forewing with ordinary black
cell-bars, inner-discal angulated series of small spots, a subapical costal patch,

NYMPHALINZ. (Group ARGYNNINA.) 251

medial-discal row of very small round spots, followed by a submarginal row of black
confluent dentate spots merging into the marginal band and traversed by a row of
decreasing small white spots, the upper ones of which are rounded, the lower
lunular and slightly fulvescent ; the interspaces between the subapical costal patch
and the upper medial-discal spots also white. Hindwing with an ordinary black
inner-discal angulated continuous series of narrow lunular spots, the upper ones
being well separated from the black basal area ; a curved medial-discal row of small
rounded spots, followed by a black marginal band traversed by a row of prominent
white spots, the upper three of which are longitudinally-oval, the second and third
being the longest, the fourth round, the three lower broken and somewhat hastate
in shape. Underside. Forewing pale fulvous, the costa grey; basal and discal
black markings, as above, but much less defined; the discocellular streak grey-
centred; subapical triangular spots and submarginal spots silvery greyish-white,
the upper of the latter longitudinally-oval, the lower somewhat hastate in shape.
Hindwing. Ground-colour olive-yellow, the basal, medial-discal, and outer marginal
interspaces more or less castaneous and irrorated with black scales; two small
silvery-greyish white upper basal spots, another in middle of the cell, an oblique
streak at end of cell, an inner-discal irregular series of spots of which the upper one
is placed in the costal interspace and is obliquely elongated, the next two very
small, the next much elongated and joined to the cell-streak, the next two in the
median interspaces small, a lengthened narrow streak in the submedian and another
in the internal interspace; beyond is a medial-discal curved row of spots, the two
upper being the largest, the next small, the three next placed in the median and
submedian interspaces being dentate ; followed by an outer-discal row of very small
spots, which are also black speckled ; and then a marginal row of longitudinally-
narrow oval spots; all these silvery spots are slightly black-edged. Body blackish,
clothed with fulvous hairs; palpi above fulvous, clothed with blackish hairs, beneath
ereyish; body beneath greyish; legs fulvous; femora grey beneath; antennze
black above, beneath and tip fulvous.

Expanse, 1% to 1, inch.

Hanitat.—Chumbi, Tibetan frontier of Sikkim; Bhotan.

Distrinution.— Only found in the high ranges on the eastern frontier of
Sikkim, and in Bhotan ; the exact locality and elevation unknown, as it has never
been taken by a European. Those which I have received recently from Bhotan are
somewhat larger than the type, but do not vary except in size” (H.J. Elwes, Trans.
Ent. Soc. 1888, 350). ‘Very rare; has only, I believe, been obtained on two
occasions by Mr. Elwes’ native collectors in Native Sikkim at an even higher
elevation than that at which A. gemmata was found” (L. de Niceville, Sikkim Gaz.
1894, 139).

kK k 2

252 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA,

BOLORIA MACKINNONII (Plate 377, fig. 3, 3a, f 2).
Argynnis Mackinnonii, de Nicéville, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 346, pl. F,
figs. 4,5, d @).

Imaco.— Male. Upperside. Both wings bright fulvous, the base more or less
heavily irrorated with black. Forewing with the usual double zigzag black lines
across the middle of the discoidal cell, a black streak closing the cell, and exactly
midway between these streaks is another narrowest one extending across the cell ;
the dise bears three series of black spots—the first is placed irregularly just beyond
the cell, and consists of six irregularly-shaped spots, the second consists of a regularly
sinuous series of seven round spots, the third of eight cordiform spots, following the
outline of the outer margin ; this latter is narrowly black ; a small triangular black
patch on the costa placed just within the middle series of black spots. Hindwing
with a pair of elongated streaks joined at both ends at the end of the cell, a curved
series of spots immediately beyond the cell, then another series of five or six rounded
spots, followed by a series of seven lunulated spots, between these latter and the
black outer margin isa series of pale fulvous spots which are much more distinct in
some specimens than in others. Underside. Forewing bright fulvous ; all the black
spots of the upperside present but much smaller ; an oblique apical rich castaneous
streak, inwardly marked with two outwardly by four silvery spots. Hindwing with
the ground-colour much more yellow than in the forewing, the base bearing large
blotches of rich castaneous, with prominent discal and marginal bands of the same
colour; with the following silvery spots :—a small one placed on the precostal
nervure, one filling the base of the costal interspace, and a large one placed obliquely
across its middle ; a small round spot in the middle of the cell, a large elongated

one filling its outer end, joined to another elongated spot in the discoidal interspace
reaching to the outer edge of the discal rich castaneous band, this latter bears on its
outer edge a series of seven more or less wedge-shaped spots, the uppermost of which
in the costal interspace is much the largest ; an elongated narrow silvery streak in
the submedian interspace, which springs from the base of the wing and ends on the
inner edge of the rich castaneous discal band, the streak is quite separated or broken
into two portions at about its middle; there is a second narrow streak in the internal
interspace, which commences opposite the point where the streak in the submedian
interspace is broken and reaches the abdominal margin ; a very indistinct somewhat
ocellular series of spots placed in the middle of the band of the ground-colour between
the discal and marginal rich castaneous bands; the latter bearing a prominent series
of more or less oval silvery spots, one in each interspace. Cilia of both wings on
the upperside pale fulvous, of the forewing on the underside on the apical half of
the wing pale fulvous alternated with darker fulvons, on the hindwing pale fulvous
throughout.

NYMPHALINA. (Group ARGYNNINA.) 253

‘Female. Upperside. Both wings darker fulvous than in the male, all the black
spots larger, the black basal irroration much more extensive, completely filling the
sutural area of the forewing, the outer margin broadly black, bearing a series of very
pale yellow, almost whitish, spots. Underside. Forewing as in the male, but all the
markings more prominent. Hindwing with the ground-colour more of a greenish
tinge, the rich castaneous bands and the silvery spots more prominent. Cilia very
pale yellowish, almost white, on the forewing prominently, on the hindwing obscurely
alternated with darker.”’

Hixpanse, 2 1,5, to 1,8, 2 1,8, to 1,4 imch.

Hapirat.—Busabir, N.W. Himalayas.

-Disrripution.—‘* Taken by Mr. P. W. Mackinnon’s native collectors in the upper
part of the Buspa Valley, an affluent of the Sutlej, at 11,000 feet elevation, and in
the Gonas Pass, in August” (Journ. Bombay N. H. 8. 1598, 372). The two
specimens referred to by Mr. Butler, in his description of A. gemmata, as having
been taken by Major Charlton, are identical wich Mr. de Nicéville’s figure of
A, Mackinnon.

+0
—

BOLORIA CLARA (Plate 378, fig. 1, la, b, c,d, e, g 9

Argynnis Clara, Blanchard, Jacquemont’s Voy. dans |’Inde, iv. p. 20; Ins. pl. 2, fig. 2,3, ¢ (1844).
de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 136 (1886); Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1889, p. 165,
pl. A, fig. 6, 2.

Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Ground-colour of various shades of dull fulvous,
base thickly irrorated with dusky olivescent fulvous-brown scales, in some the outer
borders are also slightly powdered with dusky scales ; veins black lined ; cilia white
alternated with black. Forewing with the upper, middle and lower median and the
submedian, for a portion of their leneth from the base thickened with black raised
androconial scales ; a black reniform mark in middle of the cell, a comma-shaped streak
beyond and then a duplex mark at end of the cell; a transverse inner-discal sinuous
series of narrow somewhat quadrate spots, a diffused subapical costal streak, an
outer-discal row of seven rounded spots, followed by a submarginal series of narrow-
dentated lunules bordering an inner marginal line, and then an outer marginal line ;
the interspaces of submarginal dentate marks being slightly paler than the ground-
colour. Hindwing with a black quadrate spot at end of the cell, an inner-discal
sinuous series of narrow angled spots, an outer-discal row of cordate spots, followed
by a submarginal row of lunules, bordering an inner-submarginal line with slightly
paler interspaces than the ground-colour, and then an outer marginal line. Under-
side. Forewing paler, but of a redder-fulvous ; the black markings as above, but
less prominent, the interspaces of submarginal dentate marks and of the subapical

254 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

streaks and upper-discal spots being prominently silvery-white. Hindwing golden-
ereen, powdered with black scales; a slightly black-edged silvery-white subbasal
slender broken streak, a dot in middle of the cell, an inner-discal outwardly-oblique
sinuous broken series of slender streaks, a prominent discal excurved row of
longitudinal narrow spots, and a submarginal row of triangular spots.

Female. Upperside. Both wings with the fulvous ground-colour, as in male,
almost entirely overlaid with dark bronzy-greenish or grey scales, or these bronzy
scales are restricted to the basal areas, and the outer areas either greyish- black or deep
ereyish-purple ; the black markings larger. Forewing also with the middle cell-bar
placed on a fulvous ground, the dise with fulvous streaks between the veins, and a
submarginal series of whitish dentate spots, and a less-defined inner submarginal upper
row of pale spots. Hindwing also with a more or less prominent curved discal series
of rich fulyous narrow spots, two submarginal series of dentate spots, either both
whitish or the inner is sometimes fulvescent. Underside. Both wings as in the male.

Expanse, ¢ ? 2,3, to 2,4, inches.

Hasirat.—N.W. Himalayas.

DistriButTion.—* Several examples were taken about the middle of August, 1883,
by Mr. J. C. Pyne (who accompanied Mr. J. F. Duthie on a trip into the Gurhwal
Himalayas) on the side of a mountain called Phulaldaru in the Nila Valley. The
elevation must have been about 12,000 feet, and the locality in the territory of Tihri
Gurhwal” (L. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. 137). Specimens, taken as above noted,
are in the British Museum Collection, and have locality labels attached as follows :—
*Kalom Valley, 12,000 feet, August; Bilang in Dhauli Valley, 13,000 to 14,000
feet; Kharga, 14,000, August; Phulaldaru, 14,000, August; and Soosa,;
N. Kumaon.” Col. C. Swinhoe and Mr. J. H. Leech have also specimens from the
Kah Valley, Tihri Gurhwa]. Captain H. B. Hellard took it on the “ North side of
the Rupin Pass, from about 12,000 feet to near the top of the Pass, in September ”
(MS. Notes). ‘Mr. P. W. Mackinnon obtained this species in large numbers,
through his native collectors, from several places in Tihri Gurbwal, at considerable
elevations, in August ” (L. de Nicéville, U.c. 166).

Cuinest Specirs.—Boloria dilutior (Argynnis Selene, var. dilutior, Staudinger,
Rom. Mem. Lep. ii. p. 303 (1887). Habitat. Manchuria.—Boloria Perryi (Brenthis
Perryi, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1882, p.16. Arg. Selene, var. Perryi, Leech, Butt. of
China, i. p. 223, pl. 24, fig. 13 (1893). Habitat. Corea.—Boloria Gong (Argynnis
Gong, Oberthiir, Etudes Hnt. ix. p. 15, pl. 2, fig. 9 (1884). Leech, Butt. of China,
i. p. 224, Habitat. W. China.—Boloria Charis (Argynnis Charis, Oberthiir, Et.
Ent. xv. p. 8, pl. 1, fig. 4 (1891). Habitat. Yunan.—Bolorvia Rhea (Argynnis
Rhea, Gr. Gr. Hore Ross. 1891, p. 456. Leech, lc. pl. 24, fig. 15, ¢. Habitat.
Kk. Tibet ; W. China.

INDEX. OF

Acipatia, Hiibn. 230.
Castetsi, Oberth. 236.

Hyperbius, Johanssen, 232.

inconstans, Butler, 237.
Javaniea, Qherth. 237.
Niphe, Linn. 232.
Taprobana, Moore, 237.
Acuats, Dalm. 87,
Chinensis, Leech, 91.
Connexa, Butler, 91.
Kaschmirensis, Kol/ar, 87.
Ladakensia, Moore, 90.
Rizana, Moore, 89.
Acatasa, Moore, 127.
Belisama, Crowley, 128.
Calydonia, Hewits. 130.
Chrysodonia, Sftaud. 130.
Heterodonia, Stand. 130.
Alazonia, Hiibn. 176.

Symbiblis, Hubn. 181, 184.

Alcyoneis, Hiibn. 62.
Almana, Hubn., 78.
Asterie, Hiibn. 79.

Amathusia Ganescha, Kollar, 48.

lutea, Zinken, 54.
Nivea, Zinken, 54.
Philarchus, Westw. 169.
Ammiralis, Rennie, 102.
ANDASENODES, Moore, 44.
Eblis, Butler, 44.
Mimetica, Grose-Smith, 44
Aparura, Fabr. 155.
Anomala, Wallace, 150.
Auge, Cram. 150.
Bolina, Linn. 187.
Diseardia, Weymer, 150.
incommoda, Butler, 150.
Jacintha, Moore, 137,
Kesia, Butler, 150.
Labuana, Butler, 150.

GHNERA

VOL. IV.

ApatTura, Misippus, Linn. 144.
Perimele, Cram. 150.
Philippensis, Butler, 150.

Apaturine, Doherty, 45.

ApsitHrRa, Moore, 58.
Cassandra, Fel/. 62.
Cocles, Fabr. 58.
Dohertyi, Moore, 62.
Horsfieldii, Moore, 62.
Periander, Fabr. 61.
Sericeus, Butler, 62.

ATELLA, Doubleday, 196,
Alcippe, Cram. 201.
Alcippoides, Moore, 199.
Creaghana, Pryer, 202.
fasciata, Feld. 209.
fraterna, Moore, 201.
Luzonica, Moore, 201.
pallidior, Staud. 201.
Phalantha, Drury, 197.
Semperi, Moore, 201.
Sinha, Butler, 202.

Atuarta, Moore, 44.
affinis, Feld. 44.
consimilis, Botsd, 44.
continua, Staud. 44.

Athyma Dama, Moore, 28.
gracilis, Kirseh, 45.
Illigcra, Moore, 14.
Sankara, Westw. 4.

ArascnaniA, Hiibn. 108.
Burejina, Bremer, 109.
Davidis, Poujade, 110.
Dohertyi, Moore, 108
Doris, Leech, 110.
Fallax, Janson, 110.
Levana, 108.
Levanoides, Blanch. 109.
obscura, Fenton, 109.
Oreas, Leech, 110.

AND

SPECIES.

ARASCHNIA, Prorsoides, Blanch. 109.

strigosa, Alph. 109.
ARGYNNINA, Moore, 175.
Argynnine, Doherty, 175.
Argynnide, Newman, 175,
Argynnidi, Steph. 175.
Aryynnites, Blanch. 175,

| ArGynnis, Fabr. 237.

Aglaia, Zinn. 238.
altissima, Elwes, 253.
Anadyomene, Feld. 230.
Aruna, Moore, 232.
Baralacha, Moore, 244.
Cashmirensis, Moore, 247.
Castetst, Oberth. 236.
Charis, Oberth. 254.
Childreni, Gray, 228.
Clara, Blanchard, 253.
Coreana, Leech, 240,
Coredippe, Leech, 240.
dilutior, Staud, 254.
Ella, Brem. 230.
Emalea, Guér. 223.
Fortuna, Janson, 240.
fumida, Butler, 241.
gemmata, Butler, 249.
generator, Staud. 245.
Gong, Oberth, 254.
Hegemone, Staud. 246.
Hyperbius, Johaus. 232.
Isséa, Doubleday, 241.
Jainadeva, Moore, 238.
Japonica, Ménétr. 230.
Jerdoni, Lang, 240.
Kamala, Moore, 224.
Lathonia, Linn. 241.
Locuples, Butler, 240.
Liysippe, Janson, 230.

Mackinnoni, de Nicéville, 252.

Maja, Cram. 227.

Areynnis Midas, Butler, 230,
Nerippe, Feld. 240.
Niphe, Linn, 232.
Ornatissima, Leech, 240.
pallescens, Butler, 240.
Pandora, Schiff. 227.
Paphia, Linn, 224.
Paphoides, Butler, 230.
Penelope, Staud. 280.
Perryi, Leech, 254.
Phalanta, Godt. 197.
Rabdia, Butler, 241.
Rhea, Gr. Gr. 254.
Rudra, Moore, 226.
Sagana, Doubleday, 230.
Sakontala, Kollar, 229,
Sipora, Moore, 244.
Thea, Godt. 218.
Vitatha, Moore, 239.
Vorax, Butler, 240.
Zenobia, Leech, 230,

Bacarora, Moore, 43.

Pata, Moore, 44.
Patalina, Staud. 44.
Semperi, Moore; 44.

Bassarts, Hiibn. 102.

Bimpisara, Moore, 1.
Anjana, Jloore, 9.
Antonia, Oberth. 10.
Burmana, de Nicéville, 3.
Cartica, Moore, 1.
Celebiea, Moore, 11.
Harita, Moore, 8.
llira, Kheil, 11.

Kheilii, Moore, 11.
micromegethes, Holland, 10.
Nar, de Nicéville, 6.
Nashona, Swinhoe, 3.
Nitetis, Hewits. 12.
Omeroda, Moore, 10.
Palawanica, Staudinger, 12.
Pseudovikasi, Meore, 7.
Quilta, Swinhoe, 6.
Sankara, Kollar, 4.

Sinica, Moore, 10.

Vibusa, Semper, 12.
Vikasi, Horsf. 11.

Bisappa, Moore, 13.
Neriphus, Hewits. 14.
Nirvana, Felder, 14.

INDEX.

| Brsappa Sangira, Staudinger, 14.
Bo torts, Moore, 243.

altissima, Elwes, 251.
Charis, Oberth. 254.
Chitralensis, Moore, 249.
Clara, Blanchard, 253.
dilutia, Staud, 254.
gemmata, Butler, 249.
generator, Staud. 254.
Gong, Oberth. 254.
Hegemone, Staud. 246.
Jerdoni, Lang, 247.

Mackinnonii, de Nicéville, 252.

Pales, Schiff. 244.

Perryi, Butler, 254.
Rhea, Gr. Gr. 254.
Sipora, Moore, 244.

Brentuis, Hiibn. 241.

fumida, Butler, 241.
Hecate, Schiff. 241.
Perryi, Butler, 254.
Rabdia, Butler, 241,

Callima, Herr. Sch. 159.
Caruosts, Fabr. 176.

ZEole, Moore, 187.
Biblina, Godt. 184.
Biblis, Drury, 184.
Boholica, Semper, 187.
Carolina, Forbes, 186.
Cyane, Drury, 177.
Eurymena, Feld. 186.
Gabina, Weymer, 187.
Hypsea, Doubleday, 186.
Hypsina, Feld. 156.
Javana, Feld. 186.
Leschenaultii, Godt. 187.
Logani, Distant, 186.
Luzoniea, Feld. 187.
Magindanica, Semper, 187.
Mahratta, Moore, 181.
Methypsea, Butler, 186.
Mindanensis, Feld. 187.
Nietneri, Feld. 183.
Nikobariea, Feld. 180.
Pariana, Semper, 187.
Penthesilea, Cram. 186.
Sandakana, Frwhst, 186.
Thebava, Grose-Smith, 184.

Cnersonesia, Distant, 54.

Celebensis, Rothschild, 58.

Cuurrsonesta Cyanee, de Nicéville,

53.

intermedia, Martin, 58.
Mangolina, Fruhst. 58.
Neella, Szwinhoe, 58.
Nicévillei, Martin, 58,
Peraka, Distant, 57.
Rabria, Moore, 58.
Rahrioides, Moore, 56.
Risa, Doubleday, 55.

Crrrocuroa, Doubleday, 211.
abnormis, Moore, 214.
Anjira, Moore, 216.
Aoris, Doubleday, 212.
Bajadeta, Moore, 223,
Calypso, Wallace, 223.
Clagia, Godt, 222.
Cognata, Moore, 220,
Emalea, Guér. 223.
fasciata, Feld. 209.
Felderi, Kirsch, 211.
Jiraria, Swinhoe, 213.
Johannes, Butler, 223.
Lanka, Moore, 220.
Lapona, Kheil, 228.
lunulata, Kheil, 223.
Malaya, Feld. 223.
Menones, Semper, 223.
Mithila, Moore, 215.
Niasica, Honrath, 223.
Nicobarica, W. Mason, 221.
olivacea, de Nicéville, 214.
Orissa, Feld. 223.
Psyche, Staud. 223.
Ravana, Moore, 223.
relata, de Nicéville, 219.
rotundata, Butler, 215.
Satellitia, Butler, 228.
satyrina, Feld. 211.
Sybilla, Rober, 211.
Similiana, Rober, 211.
Surya, Moore, 217.
Swinhoei, Butler, 218.
Thais, Fabr. 218,

Tyche, Feld. 223.

Comma, Rennie, 95.

Cupua, Billberg, 204.
Andamanica, Moore, 208.
Arias, Feld. 208.
Dapatana, G'rose-Smith, 208.

Cupna Erymanthis, Drury, 304.
Maja, Pruhst. 206.
Nicobarica, Feld, 204.
placida, Moore, 207.

Cynruta, Fabr. 187.

Asela, Moore, 192.
Battaka, Martin, 194.
Cantor?, Distant, 194.
Caurdui, Steph. 105.
Circe, Faweett, 189,
Deione, Hrichs, 194.
Erota, Fabr. 188.
Erotella, Butler, 1938.
Hrotoides, de Nieéville, 19+.
Hainana, //olland, 194.
Orahilia, Ahez/, 194.
pallida, Staud. 190.
Pura, Swinhoe, 189.
rotundata, Oberth. 194.
Saloma, Swinhoe, 191.

Cynthine, Doherty, 175.

Cyrestis, Boisd. 46.
Audamaniea, JW. Mason, 5
59,

Cassander, Feld. 62.
Cocles, Fabr. 58.
Karlet, Distant, 58.
Fadorensis, Ahevl, 54.
Formosa, W. Mason, 58.
Ganescha, Wollar, 48.
TToratius, WW. Mason, 5S.
interrupta, Snellen, 51.
Irme, Forbes, 54.
Lutea, Zink. Som. 54,
Menalis, Hrichs. 54.
Natta, Swinhoe, 58.
Nivalis, Melder, 51.
Nivea, Zink. Som. 5A.
obseurior, Staud. 54,
Periander, Fabr. 61.
Rahvria, Moore, 58.
Risa, Doubleday, 55,
seminigra, Grose- Smith, 5+.
sericeus, Butler, 62.
sumatrensis, Staud, 54.
superbus, Staud. 54.
Tabula, de Nieéville, 52,
Themire, Wonrath, 61.
Therese, de Niceville, 54.
Thyodamas, Boisd. 48.
VOL. IV.

INDEX.

Cyrestis Wernieke’, Staud. 61.
| Damora, Nordm. 230.
| Paulina, Nordm. 230,
Sagana, Doubleday, 230,
Diadema, Boisd. 135,
Bolina, Wallace, 137.
Lisarda, Doubleday, 151.
Misippus, Wallace, 144.
Diademe, Butler, 45.
| DonescnaLnta, Feld. 154.
Andamaniea, Moore, 157.

disaltide, Cram. 158.
Borneensis, Moore, 158.
Indica, Moore, 155.
Niasiea, Butler, 158.
Polibete, Cram. 158.
Pratipa, Meld. 158.
Semperi, Moore, 1S.

Drras, Hiibn, 223.
Anadyomene, Fld, 230.
Childreni, Gray, 228.
Japonica, Ménctr, 230.
Kamala, Moore, 224.
Lysippe, Janson, 230.
Maja, Cram. 227.
Paphia, Linn, 224.
Paphoides, Butler, 250.
Rudra, Moore, 226.
Sakontala, Wollar, 229.
Zenodia, Leech, 230,

Ducara, Moore, 209.
fasciata, lel. 209.
Felderi, Kirsch, 211.

flavobrunnea, Grose-Siith, 211.

Myrsa, Grose-Smith, 211.
Satyrina, Meld. 211.
Sibylla, Rober, 211.
Similiana, Rober, 211.
Nsoptria, Hiibn. 135.
[vuconta, Hiibner, 84.
Xanthomelas, Sehief. 85.
Rugramma, Billberg, 176.
Kurhinia Elpinice, Feld, 133.
Stratonice, Feld. 133.
Kuvanessa, Seudder, 82.
Antiopa, Linn, 83.
Grapta, Kirby, 95.
Agnicula, Moore, 99.
Bockii, Rothschild, 101.
extensa, Leech, 102.

Grapta gigantea, Leech, 102.
Hamadryades, Hiiba, 45,
Tamadryas, Hiibn, 83,
Callirhoe, Hiibn. 108.
Lemonias, Hiibn. 75.
Hypanartia Hippoela, Hiibn. 12
Hypolimnas, Wiibn. 135.
Alcippoides, Butler, 144.
anomala, Wallace, 150.
Polina, Linn, 1387.
Charyhdis, Butler, 137.
incommoda, Butler, 150.
Kesia, Butler, 150.
Labuana, Butler, 150,
Misippus, Linn, 144.
Philippensis, Butler, 150.
Inachis, Hiiln. 83.

257

Isodema formosana, Rothschild, 154.

Issorta, Hiibn. 201.
Yeista, Cram. 205,
Sinha, Nol/ar, 202.

JuNONTA, Hiibner, 62.
Adelaida, Stauw?. 82.
Almana, Linn. 7S.
Aonis, Hiibn. 75.

Asterie, Linn. 78.

Atlites, Linn. 67.

Evigone, Cram. 82.

Hierta, Fabr. 72.

Hopfleri, Mosehler, 66.

Horsfieldii, Moore, 82.

Ida, Cram. 82.

intermedia, Meld. 82.

Iphita, Cram. 64.

Javana, Feld. 79.

Laomedia, Linn. 67.

Lemonias, Linn. 75.
neglecta, Swinhoe, 82.
Nicobariensis, Feld. 79.
Oenone, Cram, 72.
Orithya, Linn, 69.
Villida, Fubr. 82.
Wallacei, Distant, 82.

Katnima, Doubleday, 159.
albofaseciata, Moore, 174.
Alompra, Moore, 173.
amplirufa, Fruhst. 175.
Atiinsoni, Moore, 15+.
Boisduvali, Moore, 168.
Buekleyi, Moore, 164.

L |

258

Katia Buxtoni, Alvore, 175.
Chinensis, Swinhoe, 175.
Doubledayi, Moore, 171.
Eucerea, Fruhst. 175.
Hewitsoni, Moore, 175.
Horstieldii, Kollar, 170.
Hugelii, Kollar, 162.
Huttoni, Moore, 164.
Inachus, Boisd. 165.
Knyvetti, de Nicéville, 173.
Limborgii, J/oore, 168.
Mackwoodi, Moore, 170
Paralekta, Horsf. 175.
Philarchus, Westw. 169.
Ramsayi, Moore, 166.
Spiridion, Grose-Smith, 175.
Spiridiva, Grose-Smith, 175.
Wardiz, Moore, 171.

Katitimm, Doherty, 45.

Kaniska, Moore, 91.
Battakana, de Nicéville, 95.
Benguetana, Semper, 95.
Canace, Johanssen, 92.
Charonia, Drury, 94.
Haronica, Moore, 94.
Japonicum, Sebold, 94.
Perakana, Distant, 94.

Laoygona, Boisd. 110.

Hypatia, Wallace, 122.
Hypselis, Boisd. 125.

Lastrpa, Moore, 39.

Camboja, Moore, 43.
Heliodore, Fabr. 40.
Kuhasa, de Nicéville, 41.
Sattanga, Moore, 42
Siaka, Moore, 43.

LimenrTiNna (continued) 1.

Limenitis consimilis, Boisd. 44.
Illigera, Esch. 14.
Sankara, Kollar, 4.

Marosra, Moore, 14.

Antara, Moore, 14.
Zenica, Swinhoe, 14.

Messaras, Doubleday, 204.

Arias, Feld. 208.

Dapatana, Grose-Smith, 208.

disjuncta, Weymer, 204.

Evrymanthis, Drury, 204.

Nicobarica, Feld. 204.
Neopyrameis, Scudder, 102.

INDEX.

Neopyrameis Cardut, Scudder, 105.

Neptis affinis, Feld. 44.
Amba, Moore, 4.
Amboides, Moore, 5.
Ananta, Moore, 22.
Anjana, Moore, 9.
Antara, Moore, 14.
Antigone, Leech, 28.
Antilope, Leech, 28.
Antonia, Oberth. 10.
Arachne, Leech, 28.
Armandia, Oberth, 28.
Aspasia, Leech, 28.
Assamica, Moore, 37.
Asterastilis, Oberth. 15.
Athenais, Feld. 29.
Athene, Staud. 29.
Attica, Semper, 29.
aurelia, Staud. 54.
Batara, Moore, 27.
Bella, Stgr. 15.

Beroe, Leech, 28.

Bieti, Oberth. 39.
Burmana, de Nicéville, 3.
Camboja, Moore, 43.
Cartica, Moore, 1.
Carticoides, Moore, 1.
Celebica, Wallace, 11.
Chinensis, Leech, 28.
Cnacalis, Hewits. 53.
consimilis, Boisd. 44.
continua, Staud. 44.
Cura, Weymer, 13.
Cydippe, Leech, 28.
Cyrilla, Feld. 29.
Dahana, Kheil, 36.
Dama, Moore, 28.
Dindinga, Butler, 38.
Dohertyi, Grose-Smith, 45.
Disopa, Swinhoe, 28.
Dorelia, Butler, 40.
Doronia, Staud. 39.
Eblis, Butler, 44.

Ebusa, Felder, 13.
Epira, Feld. 39.
Eschscholtzia, Semper, 15.
Jervescens, Butler, 29.
Suliginosa, Moore, 12.
Giddeneme, Oberth. 28.
Harita, Moore, 8.

Neptis Heliobole, Semper, 39.
Heliodore, Fabr. 40.
Hesione, Leech, 28.
Hordonia, Stoll. 30.
Tlira, Kheil, 11.
LIlligerella, Stgr. 14.
Tsabellina, Feld. 44.
Kulhasa, de Nicéville, 41.
Livilla, Wallengren, 14.
Manasa, Moore, 18.
Miah, Moore, 25.
Micromegethes, Holland, 10.
mimetica, Grose-Smith, 44,
Monata, Weig. 13.
Mysia, Feld. 29.

Nana, de Nicéville, 18.
Nar, de Nicéville, 6.
Narayana, Moore, 17.
Nashona, Swinhoe, 3.
Neriphus, Hewits. 14.
Nirvana, Feld. 14.
Nitetiz, Hewits. 12.
Nolana, Druce, 27.
Nycteus, de Nicéville, 19.
Omeroda, Moore, 10.
Palawanica, Staud. 12.
Paraka, Butler, 36.
Pata, Moore, 44.
Patalina, Staud. 44.
Peraka, Distant, 36.
Phrygia, Feld. 29.
plagiosa, Moore, 30.
Quilta, Swinhoe, 6.
Radha, Moore, 15.
Rihodana, Moore, 39.
Sangira, Staud. 14.
Sankara, Kollar, 4.
Sattanga, Moore, 42.
Siaka, Moore, 48.
sinuata, Moore, 33.
Thamala, Moore, 12.
Themis, Leech, 28.
Thestias, Leech, 28.
Thetis, Leech, 28.
Thisbe, Ménetr. 28.
Tiga, Moore, 40.
tricolor, Staud. 39.
Vibusa, Semper, 12.
Vidua, Staud. 29.
Vikast, Horsf. 11,

Neptis Vikasina, Staud. 12.
viraa, Moore, 23.

Zaida, Doubleday, 20.
Zentea, Swinhoe, 14.

Nympuanina, Moore, 45.

Nymeuauina, 1.

Nymeuanis, Linn, 85.
Agnicula, Kirby, 99.
antiopa, Kirby, 88.

C. album, Kirby, 97.
Canace, Kirby, 92.
Euphrone, Westw. Lot.
Franehi, Godt. 127.

lo, Linn. 83.

Rizana, Kirby, 89.
Vau-album, Wirby, 96.

Paduea, Moore, 209.
fasciata, Distant, 209.
flavobrunnea, Grose - Smith,

Zi?
Myrsa, Grose-Smith, 211.

Patanpa, Moore, 14.

Bella, Staudinger, 15.
Eschscholtzia, Semper, 15.
Illigera, Mseh. 14.
Illigerella, Staudinger, 14.

Panpassana, Moore, 12.
Cura, Weymer, 18.
Ebusa, Felder, 13.
fuliginosa, Moore, 12.
Monata, Wey. 15.

Paphia Horsfieldii, Koliar, 170.
Inaehus, Boisd. 165.

Papilio Aleippe, Cram, 201.
Almana, Linn. 78.
Angelica, Cram. 101,
Antiopa, Linn. 83.

Aonis, Cram. 75.
Argynnis, Drury, 232
Argyrius, Sparrm. 232,
Asterie, Linn. 78.
Atalanta, Cram. 103.
Atlita, Fabr. 196.
Atlites, Linn. 67.
Auge, Cram, 150,
Avia, Fabr, 137.
Biblis, Drury, 184.
C-album, Linn. 97.
Canace, Johanssen, 92.
Carduelis, Cram. 105.

INDEX.

Papilio Cardui, Linn. 105.
C-aureum, Linn. LOL.
chrysippus, Sulzer, 144.
Coeles, Fabr. 58.
Columbina, Cram. 197.
Cyane, Drury, 177.
Cynara, Fabr. 227.
Dioeippus, Cram, 144.
Eyista, Cram, 203.
Erigone, Cram, 82.
Erota, Fabr. 188.
Erymanthis, Drury, 204.
Hierta, Linn. 72.
Hippoclus, Cram, 122.
Hyperbius, Johans. 252.
Ida, Cram. 82.

Inaria, Cram, 144.
Indica, Herbst, 103.
Iphita, Cram. 64,
Jacintha, Drury, 137.
L. album, Esper. 96.
Laodamia, Clerck, 67.
Laomedva, Linn, 67.
Laudonius, Jabl, 197.
Lemonias, Linn, 75,
Lotis, Sulzer, 204.
Maja, Cram. 227.
Niphe, Linn, 232.
Ocyale, Hiibn. 82.
Ocnone, Cram. 72
Orithya, Linn. 69.
Pandora, Schit¥. 227.
Penthesilea, Cram. 186.
Periander, Fabr. 61.
Perimele, Cram. 150.
Phalantha, Drury, 197.
Polychloros, Cram, 96,
Polynice, Cram, 131.
Populi, Miller, 184.
Proserpina, Cram, 150.
Thais, Fabry. 218.
Ligris, Goeze, 232.
Xanthomelas, Schiett 85.
Vau-album, Schieff. 96.
Villida, Fabry. 82.

Prntuema, Doubleday, 150.
Binghami, W. Mason, 153,
Darlisa, Moore, 152.
formosana, Rothschild, 154.
Gallorum, Oberth. 154.

259

PentHema Lisarda, Doubleday, 151.
Michallati, Janet, 154.
| Phalanta, Horsf. 196.
Columbina, Horsf. 197.
| Phanessa, Sodott. 102.
Po.yGonta, Hiibn. 95.
Agnicula, Moore, 99.
Bockiit, Rothschild, 101.
| C-album, Linn. 97.
C-aureum, Linn. 101,
| cognata, Moore, 98.
| extensa, Leech, 102.
Fentoni, Butler, 102.
gigantea, Leech, 102.
Hamigera, Butler, 102.
interposita, Staud. 100.
lunigera, Butler, 102.
Pryeri, Janson, 101.
| Vau-album, Schief’. 96.
Precis, Witbn. 62.
Adelaida, Staud. 52.
Hopffert, Moschler, 66,
Ida, Cram, 82.
intermedia, Feld. 82.
Iphitu, Cram, 64.
Laomedia, Linn. 67.
neglecta, Swinhoe, 82.
Prornoi, Hiibn, 123.
Angelica, Butler, 124.
Belisama, Crowley, 128.
Calydonia, Hewits. 130.
Chrysodonia, Stau/. 150.
Francki, Godt. 127.
Heterodonia, Stawd. 130.
Niasica, Robber, 127.
Plateni, Staud, 127.
| regalis, Butler, 126.
Semperi, Honrath, 127.
uniformis, Butler, 124.
Pyramets, Hiibn. 102.
Yallirhoé, Hiibn. 108.
Cardui, Linn. 105.
indica, Kirby, 103.
nubicola, Fruhst. 105.
Sumani, Hagen, 107.
Raurtnpa, Moore, 29.
Assamica, Aoore, 57.
Aurelia, Staud. 34.
Bieti, Oberth. 39.
Cnacalis, Hewits. 33.

Raninpda Dindinga, Butler, 55.

Doronia, Staud, 39.
Epira, Feld. 39.
Heliobole, Semper, 39.
Hordonia, Stol/. 30.
Paraka, Butler, 36.
Rihodana, Moore, 39.
Sandaka, Butler, 39.
sinuata, Moore, 33.
3

tricolor, Stawd. 39.

Rasawia, Moore, 44.

gracilis, Kirsch, 45.

RatuHora, Moore, 241.

Isswa, Doubleday, 241.
Lathonia, Zinn. 241,

Ruinoraura, Felder, 130.

Birmana, Fruhst. 131,
Callonice, Frulst. 133.
Elpinice, Feld. 133.
Eudoxia, Guérin, 133.
fulva, Feld. 131,
Polynice, Cram. 151.
Stratonice, Meld, 133,

Fasuli, de Nieéville, 133.
Scudderia, Grote, 82.

Antiopa, Linn, 83.

STABROBATES, Moore, 15.

Ananta, Moore, 22.
Antigone, Leech, 28.
Antilope, Leech, 28.
Arachne, Leech, 28.
Armandia, Oberth, 28.
Aspasia, Leech, 28,
Batara, Moore, 27.
Beroe, Leech, 28.
Chinensis, Leech, 28.
Cydippe, Leech, 25,
Disopa, Srwinhoe, 28.
Hesione, Leech, 28.
Javanica, Moore, 27.
Manasa, Moore, 18.
Miah, Moore, 25.
Nana, de Nicéville, 18.
Narayana, Moore, 17.
Nolana, Druce, 27.

Nyeteus, de Nicéville, 19.

INDEX.

| Srapropates Radha, Moore, 15.

Themis, Leech, 28.
Thestias, Leech, 28.
Thetis, Leech, 28.
Thisbe, Ménetr. 28.
Viraja, Moore, 23.
Zaida, Doubleday, 20.

| Symprentura, Hiibn, 110.

Anna, Semper, 122.
Asthala, Moore, 116.
Brabira, Moore, 116.
Chersonesia, Fruhst, 122.
Cotanda, Moore, 114.
Daruka, Moore, 112.
dissoluta, Staw/?. 123.
Hippoelus, Cram. 122.
Hippoerene, Staud. 122.
Hypatia, Wallace, 122.
Hypselis, Doubleday, 114.
Hysudra, Moore, 118.
Javanus, Staud, 122.
Khasiana, Moore, 111.
Lueina, Cram, 111.
Niasica, Moore, 122.
Niphanda, Moore, 119.
Ottilia, Fruhst. 125,
Semperi, Moore, 122.
Silana, (le Nicéville, 121.
Siniea, Moore, 123.
Ninis, de Nieéville, 114.
Sivokana, Moore, 117.
Violetta, Hagen, 122.

Symphedra Emalea, Distant, 223.

Taaarsta, Moore, 28.
Athenais, Meld. 29,
Athene, Staud. 29.
Attica, Semper, 29.
Cyrilla, Feld, 28.
Dama, ALoore, 28.
Mysia, Feld. 29.
Phrygia, Meld. 29.
Vidua, Stauc. 29.

Tertnos, Boisd, 194.
Atlita, Zabr. 196.
Clarissa, Boisd. 195.
fulminans, Butler, 196.

END OF VOL. IV.

Tertnos Lueia, Staud. 196.
Lucilla, Butler, 196.
Ludmilla, Staud. 195.
Militum, Oberth. 196.
Nympha, Wallace, 196.
Phalaris, Weymer, 196.
Robertsi, Butler, 196.
Sinha, Kollar, 202.
Teos, de Nicéville, 196.
Terpander, Hev/ts. 196,
Teuthras, Hewits. 196.
Viola, Wallace, 196.

Vanessa, Fabr. 102.
Antiopa, Godt. 83.
Atalanta, Linn. 108.
C-album, Godt. 97.
Calliroé, Gray, 103.
Canace, Johanssen, 92.
Cardui, Linn. 105.
Chinensis, Leech, 91.
connexa, Butler, 91.
Dejeanii, Godt. 107.
Eegea, Ve Nicéville, 100.
Budowxia, Guérin, 138.
Fentoni, Butler, 102.
flacilla, Doubleday, 88.
Hamigera, Butler, 102.
Haronica, Moore, 94.
Hypselis, Godt. 123.
Indiea, Herbst. 105.
imterposita, Staud. 100,
Kaschimirensis, Kollar, 87.
Ladakensis, Moore, 90.
lunigera, Butler, 102.
Orithya, Lueas, 69.
Pryveri, Janson, 101.
Rizana, Moore, 89.
Samani, Tagen, 107.
tibetana, Elwes, 99.
Vau-albun, Godt. 96.
Nanthomelas, Godt. 85,

Vanessipm, Dup. 45.

Vanessipers, Kirby, 45.

Yoma, Doherty, 183.
Vasuki, Doherty, 133.

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